mirror of
https://github.com/sharkdp/fd
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657 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
657 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
# fd
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[![CICD](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/actions/workflows/CICD.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/actions/workflows/CICD.yml)
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[![Version info](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/fd-find.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/fd-find)
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[[中文](https://github.com/chinanf-boy/fd-zh)]
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[[한국어](https://github.com/spearkkk/fd-kor)]
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`fd` is a program to find entries in your filesystem.
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It is a simple, fast and user-friendly alternative to [`find`](https://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/).
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While it does not aim to support all of `find`'s powerful functionality, it provides sensible
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(opinionated) defaults for a majority of use cases.
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Quick links:
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* [How to use](#how-to-use)
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* [Installation](#installation)
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* [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting)
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## Features
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* Intuitive syntax: `fd PATTERN` instead of `find -iname '*PATTERN*'`.
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* Regular expression (default) and glob-based patterns.
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* [Very fast](#benchmark) due to parallelized directory traversal.
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* Uses colors to highlight different file types (same as *ls*).
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* Supports [parallel command execution](#command-execution)
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* Smart case: the search is case-insensitive by default. It switches to
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case-sensitive if the pattern contains an uppercase
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character[\*](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/options.html#'smartcase').
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* Ignores hidden directories and files, by default.
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* Ignores patterns from your `.gitignore`, by default.
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* The command name is *50%* shorter[\*](https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher) than
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`find` :-).
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## Demo
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![Demo](doc/screencast.svg)
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## How to use
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First, to get an overview of all available command line options, you can either run
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[`fd -h`](#command-line-options) for a concise help message or `fd --help` for a more detailed
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version.
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### Simple search
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*fd* is designed to find entries in your filesystem. The most basic search you can perform is to
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run *fd* with a single argument: the search pattern. For example, assume that you want to find an
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old script of yours (the name included `netflix`):
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``` bash
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> fd netfl
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Software/python/imdb-ratings/netflix-details.py
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```
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If called with just a single argument like this, *fd* searches the current directory recursively
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for any entries that *contain* the pattern `netfl`.
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### Regular expression search
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The search pattern is treated as a regular expression. Here, we search for entries that start
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with `x` and end with `rc`:
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``` bash
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> cd /etc
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> fd '^x.*rc$'
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X11/xinit/xinitrc
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X11/xinit/xserverrc
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```
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The regular expression syntax used by `fd` is [documented here](https://docs.rs/regex/1.0.0/regex/#syntax).
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### Specifying the root directory
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If we want to search a specific directory, it can be given as a second argument to *fd*:
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``` bash
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> fd passwd /etc
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/etc/default/passwd
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/etc/pam.d/passwd
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/etc/passwd
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```
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### List all files, recursively
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*fd* can be called with no arguments. This is very useful to get a quick overview of all entries
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in the current directory, recursively (similar to `ls -R`):
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``` bash
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> cd fd/tests
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> fd
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testenv
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testenv/mod.rs
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tests.rs
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```
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If you want to use this functionality to list all files in a given directory, you have to use
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a catch-all pattern such as `.` or `^`:
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``` bash
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> fd . fd/tests/
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testenv
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testenv/mod.rs
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tests.rs
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```
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### Searching for a particular file extension
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Often, we are interested in all files of a particular type. This can be done with the `-e` (or
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`--extension`) option. Here, we search for all Markdown files in the fd repository:
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``` bash
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> cd fd
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> fd -e md
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CONTRIBUTING.md
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README.md
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```
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The `-e` option can be used in combination with a search pattern:
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``` bash
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> fd -e rs mod
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src/fshelper/mod.rs
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src/lscolors/mod.rs
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tests/testenv/mod.rs
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```
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### Hidden and ignored files
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By default, *fd* does not search hidden directories and does not show hidden files in the
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search results. To disable this behavior, we can use the `-H` (or `--hidden`) option:
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``` bash
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> fd pre-commit
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> fd -H pre-commit
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.git/hooks/pre-commit.sample
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```
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If we work in a directory that is a Git repository (or includes Git repositories), *fd* does not
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search folders (and does not show files) that match one of the `.gitignore` patterns. To disable
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this behavior, we can use the `-I` (or `--no-ignore`) option:
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``` bash
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> fd num_cpu
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> fd -I num_cpu
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target/debug/deps/libnum_cpus-f5ce7ef99006aa05.rlib
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```
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To really search *all* files and directories, simply combine the hidden and ignore features to show
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everything (`-HI`).
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### Command execution
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Instead of just showing the search results, you often want to *do something* with them. `fd`
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provides two ways to execute external commands for each of your search results:
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* The `-x`/`--exec` option runs an external command *for each of the search results* (in parallel).
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* The `-X`/`--exec-batch` option launches the external command once, with *all search results as arguments*.
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#### Examples
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Recursively find all zip archives and unpack them:
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``` bash
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fd -e zip -x unzip
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```
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If there are two such files, `file1.zip` and `backup/file2.zip`, this would execute
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`unzip file1.zip` and `unzip backup/file2.zip`. The two `unzip` processes run in parallel
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(if the files are found fast enough).
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Find all `*.h` and `*.cpp` files and auto-format them inplace with `clang-format -i`:
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``` bash
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fd -e h -e cpp -x clang-format -i
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```
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Note how the `-i` option to `clang-format` can be passed as a separate argument. This is why
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we put the `-x` option last.
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Find all `test_*.py` files and open them in your favorite editor:
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``` bash
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fd -g 'test_*.py' -X vim
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```
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Note that we use capital `-X` here to open a single `vim` instance. If there are two such files,
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`test_basic.py` and `lib/test_advanced.py`, this will run `vim test_basic.py lib/test_advanced.py`.
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To see details like file permissions, owners, file sizes etc., you can tell `fd` to show them
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by running `ls` for each result:
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``` bash
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fd … -X ls -lhd --color=always
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```
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This pattern is so useful that `fd` provides a shortcut. You can use the `-l`/`--list-details`
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option to execute `ls` in this way: `fd … -l`.
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Convert all `*.jpg` files to `*.png` files:
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``` bash
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fd -e jpg -x convert {} {.}.png
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```
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Here, `{}` is a placeholder for the search result. `{.}` is the same, without the file extension.
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See below for more details on the placeholder syntax.
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#### Placeholder syntax
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The `-x` and `-X` options take a *command template* as a series of arguments (instead of a single string).
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If you want to add additional options to `fd` after the command template, you can terminate it with a `\;`.
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The syntax for generating commands is similar to that of [GNU Parallel](https://www.gnu.org/software/parallel/):
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- `{}`: A placeholder token that will be replaced with the path of the search result
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(`documents/images/party.jpg`).
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- `{.}`: Like `{}`, but without the file extension (`documents/images/party`).
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- `{/}`: A placeholder that will be replaced by the basename of the search result (`party.jpg`).
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- `{//}`: The parent of the discovered path (`documents/images`).
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- `{/.}`: The basename, with the extension removed (`party`).
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If you do not include a placeholder, *fd* automatically adds a `{}` at the end.
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#### Parallel vs. serial execution
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For `-x`/`--exec`, you can control the number of parallel jobs by using the `-j`/`--threads` option.
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Use `--threads=1` for serial execution.
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### Excluding specific files or directories
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Sometimes we want to ignore search results from a specific subdirectory. For example, we might
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want to search all hidden files and directories (`-H`) but exclude all matches from `.git`
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directories. We can use the `-E` (or `--exclude`) option for this. It takes an arbitrary glob
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pattern as an argument:
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``` bash
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> fd -H -E .git …
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```
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We can also use this to skip mounted directories:
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``` bash
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> fd -E /mnt/external-drive …
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```
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.. or to skip certain file types:
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``` bash
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> fd -E '*.bak' …
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```
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To make exclude-patterns like these permanent, you can create a `.fdignore` file. They work like
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`.gitignore` files, but are specific to `fd`. For example:
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``` bash
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> cat ~/.fdignore
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/mnt/external-drive
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*.bak
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```
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Note: `fd` also supports `.ignore` files that are used by other programs such as `rg` or `ag`.
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If you want `fd` to ignore these patterns globally, you can put them in `fd`'s global ignore file.
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This is usually located in `~/.config/fd/ignore` in macOS or Linux, and `%APPDATA%\fd\ignore` in
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Windows.
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### Deleting files
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You can use `fd` to remove all files and directories that are matched by your search pattern.
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If you only want to remove files, you can use the `--exec-batch`/`-X` option to call `rm`. For
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example, to recursively remove all `.DS_Store` files, run:
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``` bash
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> fd -H '^\.DS_Store$' -tf -X rm
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```
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If you are unsure, always call `fd` without `-X rm` first. Alternatively, use `rm`s "interactive"
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option:
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``` bash
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> fd -H '^\.DS_Store$' -tf -X rm -i
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```
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If you also want to remove a certain class of directories, you can use the same technique. You will
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have to use `rm`s `--recursive`/`-r` flag to remove directories.
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Note: there are scenarios where using `fd … -X rm -r` can cause race conditions: if you have a
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path like `…/foo/bar/foo/…` and want to remove all directories named `foo`, you can end up in a
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situation where the outer `foo` directory is removed first, leading to (harmless) *"'foo/bar/foo':
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No such file or directory"* errors in the `rm` call.
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### Command-line options
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This is the output of `fd -h`. To see the full set of command-line options, use `fd --help` which
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also includes a much more detailed help text.
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```
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USAGE:
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fd [FLAGS/OPTIONS] [<pattern>] [<path>...]
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FLAGS:
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-H, --hidden Search hidden files and directories
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-I, --no-ignore Do not respect .(git|fd)ignore files
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-s, --case-sensitive Case-sensitive search (default: smart case)
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-i, --ignore-case Case-insensitive search (default: smart case)
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-g, --glob Glob-based search (default: regular expression)
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-a, --absolute-path Show absolute instead of relative paths
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-l, --list-details Use a long listing format with file metadata
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-L, --follow Follow symbolic links
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-p, --full-path Search full path (default: file-/dirname only)
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-0, --print0 Separate results by the null character
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-h, --help Prints help information
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-V, --version Prints version information
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OPTIONS:
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-d, --max-depth <depth> Set maximum search depth (default: none)
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-t, --type <filetype>... Filter by type: file (f), directory (d), symlink (l),
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executable (x), empty (e), socket (s), pipe (p)
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-e, --extension <ext>... Filter by file extension
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-x, --exec <cmd> Execute a command for each search result
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-X, --exec-batch <cmd> Execute a command with all search results at once
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-E, --exclude <pattern>... Exclude entries that match the given glob pattern
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-c, --color <when> When to use colors: never, *auto*, always
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-S, --size <size>... Limit results based on the size of files.
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--changed-within <date|dur> Filter by file modification time (newer than)
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--changed-before <date|dur> Filter by file modification time (older than)
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ARGS:
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<pattern> the search pattern - a regular expression unless '--glob' is used (optional)
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<path>... the root directory for the filesystem search (optional)
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```
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## Benchmark
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Let's search my home folder for files that end in `[0-9].jpg`. It contains ~190.000
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subdirectories and about a million files. For averaging and statistical analysis, I'm using
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[hyperfine](https://github.com/sharkdp/hyperfine). The following benchmarks are performed
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with a "warm"/pre-filled disk-cache (results for a "cold" disk-cache show the same trends).
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Let's start with `find`:
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```
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Benchmark #1: find ~ -iregex '.*[0-9]\.jpg$'
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Time (mean ± σ): 7.236 s ± 0.090 s
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Range (min … max): 7.133 s … 7.385 s
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```
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`find` is much faster if it does not need to perform a regular-expression search:
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```
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Benchmark #2: find ~ -iname '*[0-9].jpg'
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Time (mean ± σ): 3.914 s ± 0.027 s
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Range (min … max): 3.876 s … 3.964 s
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```
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Now let's try the same for `fd`. Note that `fd` *always* performs a regular expression
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search. The options `--hidden` and `--no-ignore` are needed for a fair comparison,
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otherwise `fd` does not have to traverse hidden folders and ignored paths (see below):
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```
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Benchmark #3: fd -HI '.*[0-9]\.jpg$' ~
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Time (mean ± σ): 811.6 ms ± 26.9 ms
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Range (min … max): 786.0 ms … 870.7 ms
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```
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For this particular example, `fd` is approximately nine times faster than `find -iregex`
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and about five times faster than `find -iname`. By the way, both tools found the exact
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same 20880 files :smile:.
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Finally, let's run `fd` without `--hidden` and `--no-ignore` (this can lead to different
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search results, of course). If *fd* does not have to traverse the hidden and git-ignored
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folders, it is almost an order of magnitude faster:
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```
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Benchmark #4: fd '[0-9]\.jpg$' ~
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Time (mean ± σ): 123.7 ms ± 6.0 ms
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Range (min … max): 118.8 ms … 140.0 ms
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```
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**Note**: This is *one particular* benchmark on *one particular* machine. While I have
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performed quite a lot of different tests (and found consistent results), things might
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be different for you! I encourage everyone to try it out on their own. See
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[this repository](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd-benchmarks) for all necessary scripts.
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Concerning *fd*'s speed, the main credit goes to the `regex` and `ignore` crates that are also used
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in [ripgrep](https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep) (check it out!).
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## Troubleshooting
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### Colorized output
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`fd` can colorize files by extension, just like `ls`. In order for this to work, the environment
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variable [`LS_COLORS`](https://linux.die.net/man/5/dir_colors) has to be set. Typically, the value
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of this variable is set by the `dircolors` command which provides a convenient configuration format
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to define colors for different file formats.
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On most distributions, `LS_COLORS` should be set already. If you are on Windows or if you are looking
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for alternative, more complete (or more colorful) variants, see [here](https://github.com/sharkdp/vivid),
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[here](https://github.com/seebi/dircolors-solarized) or
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[here](https://github.com/trapd00r/LS_COLORS).
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`fd` also honors the [`NO_COLOR`](https://no-color.org/) environment variable.
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### `fd` does not find my file!
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Remember that `fd` ignores hidden directories and files by default. It also ignores patterns
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from `.gitignore` files. If you want to make sure to find absolutely every possible file, always
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use the options `-H` and `-I` to disable these two features:
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``` bash
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> fd -HI …
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```
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### `fd` doesn't seem to interpret my regex pattern correctly
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A lot of special regex characters (like `[]`, `^`, `$`, ..) are also special characters in your
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shell. If in doubt, always make sure to put single quotes around the regex pattern:
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``` bash
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> fd '^[A-Z][0-9]+$'
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```
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If your pattern starts with a dash, you have to add `--` to signal the end of command line
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options. Otherwise, the pattern will be interpreted as a command-line option. Alternatively,
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use a character class with a single hyphen character:
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``` bash
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> fd -- '-pattern'
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> fd '[-]pattern'
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```
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## Integration with other programs
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### Using fd with `fzf`
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You can use *fd* to generate input for the command-line fuzzy finder [fzf](https://github.com/junegunn/fzf):
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``` bash
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export FZF_DEFAULT_COMMAND='fd --type file'
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export FZF_CTRL_T_COMMAND="$FZF_DEFAULT_COMMAND"
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```
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Then, you can type `vim <Ctrl-T>` on your terminal to open fzf and search through the fd-results.
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Alternatively, you might like to follow symbolic links and include hidden files (but exclude `.git` folders):
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``` bash
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export FZF_DEFAULT_COMMAND='fd --type file --follow --hidden --exclude .git'
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```
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You can even use fd's colored output inside fzf by setting:
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``` bash
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export FZF_DEFAULT_COMMAND="fd --type file --color=always"
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export FZF_DEFAULT_OPTS="--ansi"
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```
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For more details, see the [Tips section](https://github.com/junegunn/fzf#tips) of the fzf README.
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### Using fd with `rofi`
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[*rofi*](https://github.com/davatorium/rofi) is a graphical launch menu application that is able to create menus by reading from *stdin*. Piping `fd` output into `rofi`s `-dmenu` mode creates fuzzy-searchable lists of files and directories.
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#### Example
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Create a case-insensitive searchable multi-select list of *PDF* files under your `$HOME` directory and open the selection with your configured PDF viewer. To list all file types, drop the `-e pdf` argument.
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``` bash
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fd --type f -e pdf . $HOME | rofi -keep-right -dmenu -i -p FILES -multi-select | xargs -I {} xdg-open {}
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```
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To modify the list that is presented by rofi, add arguments to the `fd` command. To modify the search behaviour of rofi, add arguments to the `rofi` command.
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### Using fd with `emacs`
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The emacs package [find-file-in-project](https://github.com/technomancy/find-file-in-project) can
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use *fd* to find files.
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After installing `find-file-in-project`, add the line `(setq ffip-use-rust-fd t)` to your
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`~/.emacs` or `~/.emacs.d/init.el` file.
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In emacs, run `M-x find-file-in-project-by-selected` to find matching files. Alternatively, run
|
||
`M-x find-file-in-project` to list all available files in the project.
|
||
|
||
### Printing the output as a tree
|
||
|
||
To format the output of `fd` similar to the `tree` command, install [`as-tree`] and pipe the output
|
||
of `fd` to `as-tree`:
|
||
```bash
|
||
fd | as-tree
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
This can be more useful than running `tree` by itself because `tree` does not ignore any files by
|
||
default, nor does it support as rich a set of options as `fd` does to control what to print:
|
||
```bash
|
||
❯ fd --extension rs | as-tree
|
||
.
|
||
├── build.rs
|
||
└── src
|
||
├── app.rs
|
||
└── error.rs
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
For more information about `as-tree`, see [the `as-tree` README][`as-tree`].
|
||
|
||
[`as-tree`]: https://github.com/jez/as-tree
|
||
|
||
### Using fd with `xargs` or `parallel`
|
||
|
||
Note that `fd` has a builtin feature for [command execution](#command-execution) with
|
||
its `-x`/`--exec` and `-X`/`--exec-batch` options. If you prefer, you can still use
|
||
it in combination with `xargs`:
|
||
``` bash
|
||
> fd -0 -e rs | xargs -0 wc -l
|
||
```
|
||
Here, the `-0` option tells *fd* to separate search results by the NULL character (instead of
|
||
newlines). In the same way, the `-0` option of `xargs` tells it to read the input in this way.
|
||
|
||
## Installation
|
||
|
||
[![Packaging status](https://repology.org/badge/vertical-allrepos/fd-find.svg)](https://repology.org/project/fd-find/versions)
|
||
|
||
### On Ubuntu
|
||
*... and other Debian-based Linux distributions.*
|
||
|
||
If you run Ubuntu 19.04 (Disco Dingo) or newer, you can install the
|
||
[officially maintained package](https://packages.ubuntu.com/fd-find):
|
||
```
|
||
sudo apt install fd-find
|
||
```
|
||
Note that the binary is called `fdfind` as the binary name `fd` is already used by another package.
|
||
It is recommended that after installation, you add a link to `fd` by executing command
|
||
`ln -s $(which fdfind) ~/.local/bin/fd`, in order to use `fd` in the same way as in this documentation.
|
||
Make sure that `$HOME/.local/bin` is in your `$PATH`.
|
||
|
||
If you use an older version of Ubuntu, you can download the latest `.deb` package from the
|
||
[release page](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/releases) and install it via:
|
||
``` bash
|
||
sudo dpkg -i fd_8.2.1_amd64.deb # adapt version number and architecture
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### On Debian
|
||
|
||
If you run Debian Buster or newer, you can install the
|
||
[officially maintained Debian package](https://tracker.debian.org/pkg/rust-fd-find):
|
||
```
|
||
sudo apt-get install fd-find
|
||
```
|
||
Note that the binary is called `fdfind` as the binary name `fd` is already used by another package.
|
||
It is recommended that after installation, you add a link to `fd` by executing command
|
||
`ln -s $(which fdfind) ~/.local/bin/fd`, in order to use `fd` in the same way as in this documentation.
|
||
Make sure that `$HOME/.local/bin` is in your `$PATH`.
|
||
|
||
### On Fedora
|
||
|
||
Starting with Fedora 28, you can install `fd` from the official package sources:
|
||
``` bash
|
||
dnf install fd-find
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
For older versions, you can use this [Fedora copr](https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/keefle/fd/) to install `fd`:
|
||
``` bash
|
||
dnf copr enable keefle/fd
|
||
dnf install fd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### On Alpine Linux
|
||
|
||
You can install [the fd package](https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages?name=fd)
|
||
from the official sources, provided you have the appropriate repository enabled:
|
||
```
|
||
apk add fd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### On Arch Linux
|
||
|
||
You can install [the fd package](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/community/x86_64/fd/) from the official repos:
|
||
```
|
||
pacman -S fd
|
||
```
|
||
### On Gentoo Linux
|
||
|
||
You can use [the fd ebuild](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/sys-apps/fd) from the official repo:
|
||
```
|
||
emerge -av fd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### On openSUSE Linux
|
||
|
||
You can install [the fd package](https://software.opensuse.org/package/fd) from the official repo:
|
||
```
|
||
zypper in fd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### On Void Linux
|
||
|
||
You can install `fd` via xbps-install:
|
||
```
|
||
xbps-install -S fd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### On macOS
|
||
|
||
You can install `fd` with [Homebrew](https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/fd):
|
||
```
|
||
brew install fd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
… or with MacPorts:
|
||
```
|
||
sudo port install fd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### On Windows
|
||
|
||
You can download pre-built binaries from the [release page](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/releases).
|
||
|
||
Alternatively, you can install `fd` via [Scoop](http://scoop.sh):
|
||
```
|
||
scoop install fd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Or via [Chocolatey](https://chocolatey.org):
|
||
```
|
||
choco install fd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### On NixOS / via Nix
|
||
|
||
You can use the [Nix package manager](https://nixos.org/nix/) to install `fd`:
|
||
```
|
||
nix-env -i fd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### On FreeBSD
|
||
|
||
You can install [the fd-find package](https://www.freshports.org/sysutils/fd) from the official repo:
|
||
```
|
||
pkg install fd-find
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### From NPM
|
||
|
||
On linux and macOS, you can install the [fd-find](https://npm.im/fd-find) package:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
npm install -g fd-find
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### From source
|
||
|
||
With Rust's package manager [cargo](https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo), you can install *fd* via:
|
||
```
|
||
cargo install fd-find
|
||
```
|
||
Note that rust version *1.42.0* or later is required.
|
||
|
||
### From binaries
|
||
|
||
The [release page](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/releases) includes precompiled binaries for Linux, macOS and Windows. Statically-linked binaries are also available: look for archives with `musl` in the file name.
|
||
|
||
## Development
|
||
```bash
|
||
git clone https://github.com/sharkdp/fd
|
||
|
||
# Build
|
||
cd fd
|
||
cargo build
|
||
|
||
# Run unit tests and integration tests
|
||
cargo test
|
||
|
||
# Install
|
||
cargo install --path .
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## Maintainers
|
||
|
||
- [sharkdp](https://github.com/sharkdp)
|
||
- [tmccombs](https://github.com/tmccombs)
|
||
|
||
## License
|
||
|
||
Copyright (c) 2017-2021 The fd developers
|
||
|
||
`fd` is distributed under the terms of both the MIT License and the Apache License 2.0.
|
||
|
||
See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files for license details.
|