2012-06-26 23:53:07 +00:00
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<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
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2019-03-14 13:40:58 +00:00
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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2023-12-25 14:48:33 +00:00
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd">
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2020-11-09 04:23:58 +00:00
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<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
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2012-06-26 23:53:07 +00:00
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2020-08-20 15:41:19 +00:00
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<refentry id="systemd-analyze" conditional='ENABLE_ANALYZE'
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2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<refentryinfo>
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<title>systemd-analyze</title>
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<productname>systemd</productname>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>systemd-analyze</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>systemd-analyze</refname>
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2018-01-11 09:44:38 +00:00
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<refpurpose>Analyze and debug system manager</refpurpose>
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2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg>time</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">blame</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">critical-chain</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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2018-04-26 11:49:50 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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<arg choice="plain">dump</arg>
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2022-09-13 14:13:16 +00:00
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable></arg>
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2018-04-26 11:49:50 +00:00
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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2018-02-09 11:27:27 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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<arg choice="plain">plot</arg>
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<arg choice="opt">>file.svg</arg>
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2018-02-09 11:27:27 +00:00
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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<arg choice="plain">dot</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable></arg>
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<arg choice="opt">>file.dot</arg>
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2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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2023-02-24 13:24:18 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">unit-files</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2015-10-06 08:03:58 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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<arg choice="plain">unit-paths</arg>
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2017-09-07 21:41:20 +00:00
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2019-07-29 13:44:39 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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2019-07-29 17:18:56 +00:00
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<arg choice="plain">exit-status</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>STATUS</replaceable></arg>
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2019-07-29 13:44:39 +00:00
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2020-08-27 13:45:53 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">capability</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>CAPABILITY</replaceable></arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2019-06-26 12:58:45 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">condition</arg>
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<arg choice="plain"><replaceable>CONDITION</replaceable>…</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2016-11-02 15:58:18 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">syscall-filter</arg>
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2016-12-11 22:01:07 +00:00
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<arg choice="opt"><replaceable>SET</replaceable>…</arg>
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2016-11-02 15:58:18 +00:00
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2021-02-08 14:10:13 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">filesystems</arg>
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<arg choice="opt"><replaceable>SET</replaceable>…</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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<arg choice="plain">calendar</arg>
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2019-05-17 07:39:22 +00:00
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<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>SPEC</replaceable></arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">timestamp</arg>
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<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>TIMESTAMP</replaceable></arg>
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2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2017-11-17 09:33:22 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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<arg choice="plain">timespan</arg>
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<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>SPAN</replaceable></arg>
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2017-11-17 09:33:22 +00:00
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2018-01-11 09:44:38 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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<arg choice="plain">cat-config</arg>
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<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>NAME</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></arg>
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2018-01-11 09:44:38 +00:00
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2022-05-17 14:28:45 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">compare-versions</arg>
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<arg choice="plain"><replaceable>VERSION1</replaceable></arg>
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<arg choice="opt"><replaceable>OP</replaceable></arg>
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<arg choice="plain"><replaceable>VERSION2</replaceable></arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2018-10-15 11:55:35 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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<arg choice="plain">verify</arg>
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2024-01-09 09:11:59 +00:00
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<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>FILE</replaceable></arg>
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2018-10-15 11:55:35 +00:00
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2018-11-09 11:19:30 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">security</arg>
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2024-01-09 09:11:59 +00:00
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></arg>
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2018-11-09 11:19:30 +00:00
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2023-02-24 13:24:18 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">inspect-elf</arg>
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<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>FILE</replaceable></arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2023-01-26 13:28:15 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">malloc</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>D-BUS SERVICE</replaceable></arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2023-03-27 16:16:03 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">fdstore</arg>
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2024-01-09 09:11:59 +00:00
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<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></arg>
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2023-03-27 16:16:03 +00:00
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2022-12-01 21:41:47 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">image-policy</arg>
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<arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>POLICY</replaceable></arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2023-06-27 16:45:34 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">pcrs</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>PCR</replaceable></arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2023-11-08 21:34:24 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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2023-12-23 14:09:50 +00:00
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<arg choice="plain">srk</arg>
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2024-02-20 17:14:53 +00:00
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<arg choice="opt"><replaceable>>FILE</replaceable></arg>
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2023-11-08 21:34:24 +00:00
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2023-11-16 15:08:15 +00:00
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-analyze</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="plain">architectures</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>NAME</replaceable></arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para><command>systemd-analyze</command> may be used to determine
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system boot-up performance statistics and retrieve other state and
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tracing information from the system and service manager, and to
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2018-01-11 09:44:38 +00:00
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verify the correctness of unit files. It is also used to access
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special functions useful for advanced system manager debugging.</para>
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2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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<para>If no command is passed, <command>systemd-analyze
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time</command> is implied.</para>
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2018-04-26 11:49:50 +00:00
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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<refsect2>
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<title><command>systemd-analyze time</command></title>
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<para>This command prints the time spent in the kernel before userspace has been reached, the time
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2022-09-23 13:10:06 +00:00
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spent in the initrd before normal system userspace has been reached, and the time normal system
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userspace took to initialize. Note that these measurements simply measure the time passed up to the
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point where all system services have been spawned, but not necessarily until they fully finished
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initialization or the disk is idle.</para>
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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<example>
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<title><command>Show how long the boot took</command></title>
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<programlisting># in a container
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$ systemd-analyze time
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Startup finished in 296ms (userspace)
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multi-user.target reached after 275ms in userspace
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# on a real machine
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$ systemd-analyze time
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Startup finished in 2.584s (kernel) + 19.176s (initrd) + 47.847s (userspace) = 1min 9.608s
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multi-user.target reached after 47.820s in userspace
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</programlisting>
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</example>
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</refsect2>
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<refsect2>
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<title><command>systemd-analyze blame</command></title>
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<para>This command prints a list of all running units, ordered by the time they took to initialize.
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This information may be used to optimize boot-up times. Note that the output might be misleading as the
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initialization of one service might be slow simply because it waits for the initialization of another
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service to complete. Also note: <command>systemd-analyze blame</command> doesn't display results for
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services with <varname>Type=simple</varname>, because systemd considers such services to be started
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2019-07-12 07:36:17 +00:00
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immediately, hence no measurement of the initialization delays can be done. Also note that this command
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only shows the time units took for starting up, it does not show how long unit jobs spent in the
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execution queue. In particular it shows the time units spent in <literal>activating</literal> state,
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which is not defined for units such as device units that transition directly from
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<literal>inactive</literal> to <literal>active</literal>. This command hence gives an impression of the
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performance of program code, but cannot accurately reflect latency introduced by waiting for
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hardware and similar events.</para>
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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<example>
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<title><command>Show which units took the most time during boot</command></title>
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<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze blame
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32.875s pmlogger.service
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20.905s systemd-networkd-wait-online.service
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13.299s dev-vda1.device
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...
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23ms sysroot.mount
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11ms initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service
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3ms sys-kernel-config.mount
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</programlisting>
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</example>
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</refsect2>
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<refsect2>
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<title><command>systemd-analyze critical-chain <optional><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>
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<para>This command prints a tree of the time-critical chain of units (for each of the specified
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<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>s or for the default target otherwise). The time after the unit is
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active or started is printed after the "@" character. The time the unit takes to start is printed after
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the "+" character. Note that the output might be misleading as the initialization of services might
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2022-08-23 10:12:28 +00:00
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depend on socket activation and because of the parallel execution of units. Also, similarly to the
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2019-07-12 07:36:17 +00:00
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<command>blame</command> command, this only takes into account the time units spent in
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<literal>activating</literal> state, and hence does not cover units that never went through an
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<literal>activating</literal> state (such as device units that transition directly from
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<literal>inactive</literal> to <literal>active</literal>). Moreover it does not show information on
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jobs (and in particular not jobs that timed out).</para>
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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<example>
|
2019-12-31 12:56:02 +00:00
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<title><command>systemd-analyze critical-chain</command></title>
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2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
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<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze critical-chain
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multi-user.target @47.820s
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└─pmie.service @35.968s +548ms
|
|
|
|
└─pmcd.service @33.715s +2.247s
|
|
|
|
└─network-online.target @33.712s
|
|
|
|
└─systemd-networkd-wait-online.service @12.804s +20.905s
|
|
|
|
└─systemd-networkd.service @11.109s +1.690s
|
|
|
|
└─systemd-udevd.service @9.201s +1.904s
|
|
|
|
└─systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @7.306s +1.776s
|
|
|
|
└─kmod-static-nodes.service @6.976s +177ms
|
|
|
|
└─systemd-journald.socket
|
|
|
|
└─system.slice
|
|
|
|
└─-.slice
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
2022-09-13 14:13:16 +00:00
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze dump [<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>…]</command></title>
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-09-13 14:13:16 +00:00
|
|
|
<para>Without any parameter, this command outputs a (usually very long) human-readable serialization of
|
|
|
|
the complete service manager state. Optional glob pattern may be specified, causing the output to be
|
|
|
|
limited to units whose names match one of the patterns. The output format is subject to change without
|
2023-04-27 22:23:30 +00:00
|
|
|
notice and should not be parsed by applications. This command is rate limited for unprivileged users.</para>
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Show the internal state of user manager</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze --user dump
|
|
|
|
Timestamp userspace: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
|
|
|
|
Timestamp finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
|
|
|
|
Timestamp generators-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
|
|
|
|
Timestamp generators-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
|
|
|
|
Timestamp units-load-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
|
|
|
|
Timestamp units-load-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
|
|
|
|
-> Unit proc-timer_list.mount:
|
|
|
|
Description: /proc/timer_list
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
-> Unit default.target:
|
|
|
|
Description: Main user target
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
2023-01-26 13:28:15 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze malloc [<replaceable>D-Bus service</replaceable>…]</command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command can be used to request the output of the internal memory state (as returned by
|
2023-05-30 08:04:02 +00:00
|
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>malloc_info</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
|
|
|
|
of a D-Bus service. If no service is specified, the query will be sent to
|
2023-01-26 13:28:15 +00:00
|
|
|
<filename>org.freedesktop.systemd1</filename> (the system or user service manager). The output format
|
2023-05-30 08:04:02 +00:00
|
|
|
is not guaranteed to be stable and should not be parsed by applications.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>The service must implement the <filename>org.freedesktop.MemoryAllocation1</filename> interface.
|
|
|
|
In the systemd suite, it is currently only implemented by the manager.</para>
|
2023-01-26 13:28:15 +00:00
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze plot</command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-14 12:31:22 +00:00
|
|
|
<para>This command prints either an SVG graphic, detailing which system services have been started at what
|
|
|
|
time, highlighting the time they spent on initialization, or the raw time data in JSON or table format.</para>
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>Plot a bootchart</command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze plot >bootup.svg
|
|
|
|
$ eog bootup.svg&
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
2023-01-11 12:52:12 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that this plot is based on the most recent per-unit timing data of loaded units. This means
|
|
|
|
that if a unit gets started, then stopped and then started again the information shown will cover the
|
|
|
|
most recent start cycle, not the first one. Thus it's recommended to consult this information only
|
|
|
|
shortly after boot, so that this distinction doesn't matter. Moreover, units that are not referenced by
|
|
|
|
any other unit through a dependency might be unloaded by the service manager once they terminate (and
|
|
|
|
did not fail). Such units will not show up in the plot.</para>
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze dot [<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>...]</command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command generates textual dependency graph description in dot format for further processing
|
|
|
|
with the GraphViz
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>dot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
|
|
tool. Use a command line like <command>systemd-analyze dot | dot -Tsvg >systemd.svg</command> to
|
|
|
|
generate a graphical dependency tree. Unless <option>--order</option> or <option>--require</option> is
|
|
|
|
passed, the generated graph will show both ordering and requirement dependencies. Optional pattern
|
|
|
|
globbing style specifications (e.g. <filename>*.target</filename>) may be given at the end. A unit
|
|
|
|
dependency is included in the graph if any of these patterns match either the origin or destination
|
|
|
|
node.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Plot all dependencies of any unit whose name starts with <literal>avahi-daemon</literal>
|
|
|
|
</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze dot 'avahi-daemon.*' | dot -Tsvg >avahi.svg
|
|
|
|
$ eog avahi.svg</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Plot the dependencies between all known target units</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze dot --to-pattern='*.target' --from-pattern='*.target' \
|
|
|
|
| dot -Tsvg >targets.svg
|
|
|
|
$ eog targets.svg</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze unit-paths</command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command outputs a list of all directories from which unit files, <filename>.d</filename>
|
|
|
|
overrides, and <filename>.wants</filename>, <filename>.requires</filename> symlinks may be
|
|
|
|
loaded. Combine with <option>--user</option> to retrieve the list for the user manager instance, and
|
|
|
|
<option>--global</option> for the global configuration of user manager instances.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>Show all paths for generated units</command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze unit-paths | grep '^/run'
|
|
|
|
/run/systemd/system.control
|
|
|
|
/run/systemd/transient
|
|
|
|
/run/systemd/generator.early
|
|
|
|
/run/systemd/system
|
|
|
|
/run/systemd/system.attached
|
|
|
|
/run/systemd/generator
|
|
|
|
/run/systemd/generator.late
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that this verb prints the list that is compiled into <command>systemd-analyze</command>
|
2019-04-27 00:22:40 +00:00
|
|
|
itself, and does not communicate with the running manager. Use
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
<programlisting>systemctl [--user] [--global] show -p UnitPath --value</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
to retrieve the actual list that the manager uses, with any empty directories omitted.</para>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
2019-07-29 13:44:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
2019-07-29 17:18:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze exit-status <optional><replaceable>STATUS</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>
|
2019-07-29 13:44:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2019-07-29 17:18:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<para>This command prints a list of exit statuses along with their "class", i.e. the source of the
|
2019-07-29 13:44:39 +00:00
|
|
|
definition (one of <literal>glibc</literal>, <literal>systemd</literal>, <literal>LSB</literal>, or
|
|
|
|
<literal>BSD</literal>), see the Process Exit Codes section in
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
2021-02-24 20:39:03 +00:00
|
|
|
If no additional arguments are specified, all known statuses are shown. Otherwise, only the
|
2019-07-29 13:44:39 +00:00
|
|
|
definitions for the specified codes are shown.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
2019-07-29 17:18:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<title><command>Show some example exit status names</command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze exit-status 0 1 {63..65}
|
|
|
|
NAME STATUS CLASS
|
|
|
|
SUCCESS 0 glibc
|
|
|
|
FAILURE 1 glibc
|
|
|
|
- 63 -
|
|
|
|
USAGE 64 BSD
|
|
|
|
DATAERR 65 BSD
|
2019-07-29 13:44:39 +00:00
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
2020-08-27 13:45:53 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze capability <optional><replaceable>CAPABILITY</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command prints a list of Linux capabilities along with their numeric IDs. See <citerefentry
|
|
|
|
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
|
|
for details. If no argument is specified the full list of capabilities known to the service manager and
|
|
|
|
the kernel is shown. Capabilities defined by the kernel but not known to the service manager are shown
|
|
|
|
as <literal>cap_???</literal>. Optionally, if arguments are specified they may refer to specific
|
|
|
|
cabilities by name or numeric ID, in which case only the indicated capabilities are shown in the
|
|
|
|
table.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>Show some example capability names</command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze capability 0 1 {30..32}
|
|
|
|
NAME NUMBER
|
|
|
|
cap_chown 0
|
|
|
|
cap_dac_override 1
|
|
|
|
cap_audit_control 30
|
|
|
|
cap_setfcap 31
|
|
|
|
cap_mac_override 32</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
2019-06-26 12:58:45 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze condition <replaceable>CONDITION</replaceable>...</command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
2019-11-21 19:22:12 +00:00
|
|
|
<para>This command will evaluate <varname index="false">Condition*=...</varname> and
|
|
|
|
<varname index="false">Assert*=...</varname> assignments, and print their values, and
|
2019-06-26 12:58:45 +00:00
|
|
|
the resulting value of the combined condition set. See
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
|
|
for a list of available conditions and asserts.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Evaluate conditions that check kernel versions</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze condition 'ConditionKernelVersion = ! <4.0' \
|
|
|
|
'ConditionKernelVersion = >=5.1' \
|
|
|
|
'ConditionACPower=|false' \
|
|
|
|
'ConditionArchitecture=|!arm' \
|
|
|
|
'AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release'
|
|
|
|
test.service: AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release succeeded.
|
|
|
|
Asserts succeeded.
|
|
|
|
test.service: ConditionArchitecture=|!arm succeeded.
|
|
|
|
test.service: ConditionACPower=|false failed.
|
|
|
|
test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=>=5.1 succeeded.
|
|
|
|
test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=!<4.0 succeeded.
|
|
|
|
Conditions succeeded.</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze syscall-filter <optional><replaceable>SET</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command will list system calls contained in the specified system call set
|
|
|
|
<replaceable>SET</replaceable>, or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument
|
|
|
|
<replaceable>SET</replaceable> must include the <literal>@</literal> prefix.</para>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
2021-02-08 14:10:13 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze filesystems <optional><replaceable>SET</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command will list filesystems in the specified filesystem set
|
|
|
|
<replaceable>SET</replaceable>, or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument
|
|
|
|
<replaceable>SET</replaceable> must include the <literal>@</literal> prefix.</para>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze calendar <replaceable>EXPRESSION</replaceable>...</command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command will parse and normalize repetitive calendar time events, and will calculate when
|
|
|
|
they elapse next. This takes the same input as the <varname>OnCalendar=</varname> setting in
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
|
|
following the syntax described in
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. By
|
|
|
|
default, only the next time the calendar expression will elapse is shown; use
|
|
|
|
<option>--iterations=</option> to show the specified number of next times the expression
|
2019-05-17 07:39:22 +00:00
|
|
|
elapses. Each time the expression elapses forms a timestamp, see the <command>timestamp</command>
|
|
|
|
verb below.</para>
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Show leap days in the near future</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze calendar --iterations=5 '*-2-29 0:0:0'
|
|
|
|
Original form: *-2-29 0:0:0
|
|
|
|
Normalized form: *-02-29 00:00:00
|
|
|
|
Next elapse: Sat 2020-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
|
|
|
|
From now: 11 months 15 days left
|
|
|
|
Iter. #2: Thu 2024-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
|
|
|
|
From now: 4 years 11 months left
|
|
|
|
Iter. #3: Tue 2028-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
|
|
|
|
From now: 8 years 11 months left
|
|
|
|
Iter. #4: Sun 2032-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
|
|
|
|
From now: 12 years 11 months left
|
|
|
|
Iter. #5: Fri 2036-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
|
|
|
|
From now: 16 years 11 months left
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
2019-05-17 07:39:22 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze timestamp <replaceable>TIMESTAMP</replaceable>...</command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command parses a timestamp (i.e. a single point in time) and outputs the normalized form and
|
|
|
|
the difference between this timestamp and now. The timestamp should adhere to the syntax documented in
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
|
|
section "PARSING TIMESTAMPS".</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Show parsing of timestamps</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze timestamp yesterday now tomorrow
|
|
|
|
Original form: yesterday
|
2019-05-21 07:50:05 +00:00
|
|
|
Normalized form: Mon 2019-05-20 00:00:00 CEST
|
|
|
|
(in UTC): Sun 2019-05-19 22:00:00 UTC
|
|
|
|
UNIX seconds: @15583032000
|
2019-05-17 07:39:22 +00:00
|
|
|
From now: 1 day 9h ago
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Original form: now
|
2019-05-21 07:50:05 +00:00
|
|
|
Normalized form: Tue 2019-05-21 09:48:39 CEST
|
|
|
|
(in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 07:48:39 UTC
|
|
|
|
UNIX seconds: @1558424919.659757
|
|
|
|
From now: 43us ago
|
2019-05-17 07:39:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Original form: tomorrow
|
2019-05-21 07:50:05 +00:00
|
|
|
Normalized form: Wed 2019-05-22 00:00:00 CEST
|
|
|
|
(in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 22:00:00 UTC
|
|
|
|
UNIX seconds: @15584760000
|
2019-05-17 07:39:22 +00:00
|
|
|
From now: 14h left
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze timespan <replaceable>EXPRESSION</replaceable>...</command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
2019-05-17 07:39:22 +00:00
|
|
|
<para>This command parses a time span (i.e. a difference between two timestamps) and outputs the
|
|
|
|
normalized form and the equivalent value in microseconds. The time span should adhere to the syntax
|
|
|
|
documented in
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
|
|
section "PARSING TIME SPANS". Values without units are parsed as seconds.</para>
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Show parsing of timespans</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze timespan 1s 300s '1year 0.000001s'
|
|
|
|
Original: 1s
|
|
|
|
μs: 1000000
|
|
|
|
Human: 1s
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Original: 300s
|
|
|
|
μs: 300000000
|
|
|
|
Human: 5min
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Original: 1year 0.000001s
|
|
|
|
μs: 31557600000001
|
|
|
|
Human: 1y 1us
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze cat-config</command>
|
|
|
|
<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>...</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command is similar to <command>systemctl cat</command>, but operates on config files. It
|
|
|
|
will copy the contents of a config file and any drop-ins to standard output, using the usual systemd
|
|
|
|
set of directories and rules for precedence. Each argument must be either an absolute path including
|
|
|
|
the prefix (such as <filename>/etc/systemd/logind.conf</filename> or
|
|
|
|
<filename>/usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf</filename>), or a name relative to the prefix (such as
|
|
|
|
<filename>systemd/logind.conf</filename>).</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Showing logind configuration</title>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/logind.conf
|
2018-04-26 11:49:50 +00:00
|
|
|
# /etc/systemd/logind.conf
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
[Login]
|
|
|
|
NAutoVTs=8
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf.d/20-test.conf
|
|
|
|
... some override from another package
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# /etc/systemd/logind.conf.d/50-override.conf
|
2018-06-12 14:19:21 +00:00
|
|
|
... some administrator override
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
2018-11-09 11:19:30 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-05-17 14:28:45 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze compare-versions
|
|
|
|
<replaceable>VERSION1</replaceable>
|
|
|
|
<optional><replaceable>OP</replaceable></optional>
|
|
|
|
<replaceable>VERSION2</replaceable></command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command has two distinct modes of operation, depending on whether the operator
|
|
|
|
<replaceable>OP</replaceable> is specified.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>In the first mode — when <replaceable>OP</replaceable> is not specified — it will compare the two
|
|
|
|
version strings and print either <literal><replaceable>VERSION1</replaceable> <
|
|
|
|
<replaceable>VERSION2</replaceable></literal>, or <literal><replaceable>VERSION1</replaceable> ==
|
|
|
|
<replaceable>VERSION2</replaceable></literal>, or <literal><replaceable>VERSION1</replaceable> >
|
|
|
|
<replaceable>VERSION2</replaceable></literal> as appropriate.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>The exit status is <constant>0</constant> if the versions are equal, <constant>11</constant> if
|
|
|
|
the version of the right is smaller, and <constant>12</constant> if the version of the left is
|
|
|
|
smaller. (This matches the convention used by <command>rpmdev-vercmp</command>.)</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>In the second mode — when <replaceable>OP</replaceable> is specified — it will compare the two
|
|
|
|
version strings using the operation <replaceable>OP</replaceable> and return <constant>0</constant>
|
|
|
|
(success) if they condition is satisfied, and <constant>1</constant> (failure)
|
|
|
|
otherwise. <constant>OP</constant> may be <command>lt</command>, <command>le</command>,
|
|
|
|
<command>eq</command>, <command>ne</command>, <command>ge</command>, <command>gt</command>. In this
|
|
|
|
mode, no output is printed.
|
|
|
|
(This matches the convention used by
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
|
|
<option>--compare-versions</option>.)</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Compare versions of a package</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
|
|
$ systemd-analyze compare-versions systemd-250~rc1.fc36.aarch64 systemd-251.fc36.aarch64
|
|
|
|
systemd-250~rc1.fc36.aarch64 < systemd-251.fc36.aarch64
|
|
|
|
$ echo $?
|
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ systemd-analyze compare-versions 1 lt 2; echo $?
|
|
|
|
0
|
|
|
|
$ systemd-analyze compare-versions 1 ge 2; echo $?
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze verify <replaceable>FILE</replaceable>...</command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command will load unit files and print warnings if any errors are detected. Files specified
|
2021-09-29 14:09:34 +00:00
|
|
|
on the command line will be loaded, but also any other units referenced by them. A unit's name on disk
|
|
|
|
can be overridden by specifying an alias after a colon; see below for an example. The full unit search
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
path is formed by combining the directories for all command line arguments, and the usual unit load
|
2020-07-06 08:49:59 +00:00
|
|
|
paths. The variable <varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname> is supported, and may be used to replace or
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
augment the compiled in set of unit load paths; see
|
2020-07-06 08:49:59 +00:00
|
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. All
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
units files present in the directories containing the command line arguments will be used in preference
|
|
|
|
to the other paths.</para>
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
<para>The following errors are currently detected:</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>unknown sections and directives,</para></listitem>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>missing dependencies which are required to start the given unit,</para></listitem>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>man pages listed in <varname>Documentation=</varname> which are not found in the
|
|
|
|
system,</para></listitem>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>commands listed in <varname>ExecStart=</varname> and similar which are not found in
|
|
|
|
the system or not executable.</para></listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Misspelt directives</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ cat ./user.slice
|
|
|
|
[Unit]
|
|
|
|
WhatIsThis=11
|
|
|
|
Documentation=man:nosuchfile(1)
|
|
|
|
Requires=different.service
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Service]
|
|
|
|
Description=x
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ systemd-analyze verify ./user.slice
|
|
|
|
[./user.slice:9] Unknown lvalue 'WhatIsThis' in section 'Unit'
|
|
|
|
[./user.slice:13] Unknown section 'Service'. Ignoring.
|
|
|
|
Error: org.freedesktop.systemd1.LoadFailed:
|
|
|
|
Unit different.service failed to load:
|
|
|
|
No such file or directory.
|
|
|
|
Failed to create user.slice/start: Invalid argument
|
|
|
|
user.slice: man nosuchfile(1) command failed with code 16
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Missing service units</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ tail ./a.socket ./b.socket
|
|
|
|
==> ./a.socket <==
|
|
|
|
[Socket]
|
|
|
|
ListenStream=100
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
==> ./b.socket <==
|
|
|
|
[Socket]
|
|
|
|
ListenStream=100
|
|
|
|
Accept=yes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ systemd-analyze verify ./a.socket ./b.socket
|
|
|
|
Service a.service not loaded, a.socket cannot be started.
|
|
|
|
Service b@0.service not loaded, b.socket cannot be started.
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
2021-09-29 14:09:34 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Aliasing a unit</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ cat /tmp/source
|
|
|
|
[Unit]
|
|
|
|
Description=Hostname printer
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Service]
|
|
|
|
Type=simple
|
|
|
|
ExecStart=/usr/bin/echo %H
|
|
|
|
MysteryKey=true
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ systemd-analyze verify /tmp/source
|
|
|
|
Failed to prepare filename /tmp/source: Invalid argument
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$ systemd-analyze verify /tmp/source:alias.service
|
2023-05-30 08:06:05 +00:00
|
|
|
alias.service:7: Unknown key name 'MysteryKey' in section 'Service', ignoring.
|
2021-09-29 14:09:34 +00:00
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze security <optional><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command analyzes the security and sandboxing settings of one or more specified service
|
|
|
|
units. If at least one unit name is specified the security settings of the specified service units are
|
|
|
|
inspected and a detailed analysis is shown. If no unit name is specified, all currently loaded,
|
|
|
|
long-running service units are inspected and a terse table with results shown. The command checks for
|
|
|
|
various security-related service settings, assigning each a numeric "exposure level" value, depending
|
|
|
|
on how important a setting is. It then calculates an overall exposure level for the whole unit, which
|
|
|
|
is an estimation in the range 0.0…10.0 indicating how exposed a service is security-wise. High exposure
|
|
|
|
levels indicate very little applied sandboxing. Low exposure levels indicate tight sandboxing and
|
|
|
|
strongest security restrictions. Note that this only analyzes the per-service security features systemd
|
|
|
|
itself implements. This means that any additional security mechanisms applied by the service code
|
|
|
|
itself are not accounted for. The exposure level determined this way should not be misunderstood: a
|
|
|
|
high exposure level neither means that there is no effective sandboxing applied by the service code
|
|
|
|
itself, nor that the service is actually vulnerable to remote or local attacks. High exposure levels do
|
|
|
|
indicate however that most likely the service might benefit from additional settings applied to
|
|
|
|
them.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>Please note that many of the security and sandboxing settings individually can be circumvented —
|
|
|
|
unless combined with others. For example, if a service retains the privilege to establish or undo mount
|
|
|
|
points many of the sandboxing options can be undone by the service code itself. Due to that is
|
|
|
|
essential that each service uses the most comprehensive and strict sandboxing and security settings
|
|
|
|
possible. The tool will take into account some of these combinations and relationships between the
|
|
|
|
settings, but not all. Also note that the security and sandboxing settings analyzed here only apply to
|
|
|
|
the operations executed by the service code itself. If a service has access to an IPC system (such as
|
|
|
|
D-Bus) it might request operations from other services that are not subject to the same
|
|
|
|
restrictions. Any comprehensive security and sandboxing analysis is hence incomplete if the IPC access
|
|
|
|
policy is not validated too.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
2019-11-21 19:22:12 +00:00
|
|
|
<title>Analyze <filename index="false">systemd-logind.service</filename></title>
|
2019-03-15 09:13:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze security --no-pager systemd-logind.service
|
|
|
|
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
|
|
|
|
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
|
|
|
|
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
|
|
|
|
✗ DeviceAllow= Service has no device ACL 0.2
|
|
|
|
✓ IPAddressDeny= Service blocks all IP address ranges
|
|
|
|
...
|
|
|
|
→ Overall exposure level for systemd-logind.service: 4.1 OK 🙂
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
analyze: add inspect-elf verb to parse package metadata
Parses and prints package metadata from executables, libraries and core files
$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf /tmp/core ../fsverity-utils/fsverityb /bin/bash --json=off --no-pager
__________________________
path: /tmp/core
elfType: coredump
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
module name: /tmp/crash
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: b33541096a09c29a0ba4ec5c69364a2711b7c269
module name: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.31.so
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: 54eef5ce96cf37cb175b0d93186836ca1caf470c
module name: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.31.so
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: 32438eb3b034da54caf58c7a65446639f7cfe274
__________________________________________________________________
path: /home/luca/git/systemd/../fsverity-utils/fsverity
elfType: executable
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
type: deb
name: fsverity-utils
version: 1.3-1
architecture: amd64
os: debian
debugInfoUrl: https://debuginfod.debian.net
buildId: 05b899e6ee0d3653e20458719b202ed3ca8d566f
_________________________
path: /bin/bash
elfType: executable
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
buildId: 4fef260f60e257d2dbd4126bf8add83837aea190
$
$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf /tmp/core ../fsverity-utils/fsverity /bin/bash /tmp/core.test-condition.1000.f9b9a84a9fd1482c9702d6afa6f6934b.37640.1637083078000000 --json=pretty --no-pager
{
"elfType" : "coredump",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
},
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/libfsverity.so.0" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "b5e428254abf14237b0ae70ed85fffbb98a78f88"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "executable",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/home/bluca/git/systemd/../fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "executable",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/bin/bash" : {
"buildId" : "3313b4cb119dcce16927a9b6cc61dcd97dfc4d59"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "coredump",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64"
}
2021-11-17 01:45:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze inspect-elf <replaceable>FILE</replaceable>...</command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
2022-10-15 14:06:20 +00:00
|
|
|
<para>This command will load the specified files, and if they are ELF objects (executables,
|
analyze: add inspect-elf verb to parse package metadata
Parses and prints package metadata from executables, libraries and core files
$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf /tmp/core ../fsverity-utils/fsverityb /bin/bash --json=off --no-pager
__________________________
path: /tmp/core
elfType: coredump
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
module name: /tmp/crash
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: b33541096a09c29a0ba4ec5c69364a2711b7c269
module name: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.31.so
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: 54eef5ce96cf37cb175b0d93186836ca1caf470c
module name: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.31.so
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: 32438eb3b034da54caf58c7a65446639f7cfe274
__________________________________________________________________
path: /home/luca/git/systemd/../fsverity-utils/fsverity
elfType: executable
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
type: deb
name: fsverity-utils
version: 1.3-1
architecture: amd64
os: debian
debugInfoUrl: https://debuginfod.debian.net
buildId: 05b899e6ee0d3653e20458719b202ed3ca8d566f
_________________________
path: /bin/bash
elfType: executable
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
buildId: 4fef260f60e257d2dbd4126bf8add83837aea190
$
$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf /tmp/core ../fsverity-utils/fsverity /bin/bash /tmp/core.test-condition.1000.f9b9a84a9fd1482c9702d6afa6f6934b.37640.1637083078000000 --json=pretty --no-pager
{
"elfType" : "coredump",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
},
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/libfsverity.so.0" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "b5e428254abf14237b0ae70ed85fffbb98a78f88"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "executable",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/home/bluca/git/systemd/../fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "executable",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/bin/bash" : {
"buildId" : "3313b4cb119dcce16927a9b6cc61dcd97dfc4d59"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "coredump",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64"
}
2021-11-17 01:45:07 +00:00
|
|
|
libraries, core files, etc.) it will parse the embedded packaging metadata, if any, and print
|
|
|
|
it in a table or json format. See the <ulink url="https://systemd.io/COREDUMP_PACKAGE_METADATA/">
|
|
|
|
Packaging Metadata</ulink> documentation for more information.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
2023-05-30 08:06:05 +00:00
|
|
|
<title>Print information about a core file as JSON</title>
|
analyze: add inspect-elf verb to parse package metadata
Parses and prints package metadata from executables, libraries and core files
$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf /tmp/core ../fsverity-utils/fsverityb /bin/bash --json=off --no-pager
__________________________
path: /tmp/core
elfType: coredump
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
module name: /tmp/crash
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: b33541096a09c29a0ba4ec5c69364a2711b7c269
module name: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.31.so
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: 54eef5ce96cf37cb175b0d93186836ca1caf470c
module name: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.31.so
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: 32438eb3b034da54caf58c7a65446639f7cfe274
__________________________________________________________________
path: /home/luca/git/systemd/../fsverity-utils/fsverity
elfType: executable
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
type: deb
name: fsverity-utils
version: 1.3-1
architecture: amd64
os: debian
debugInfoUrl: https://debuginfod.debian.net
buildId: 05b899e6ee0d3653e20458719b202ed3ca8d566f
_________________________
path: /bin/bash
elfType: executable
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
buildId: 4fef260f60e257d2dbd4126bf8add83837aea190
$
$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf /tmp/core ../fsverity-utils/fsverity /bin/bash /tmp/core.test-condition.1000.f9b9a84a9fd1482c9702d6afa6f6934b.37640.1637083078000000 --json=pretty --no-pager
{
"elfType" : "coredump",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
},
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/libfsverity.so.0" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "b5e428254abf14237b0ae70ed85fffbb98a78f88"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "executable",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/home/bluca/git/systemd/../fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "executable",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/bin/bash" : {
"buildId" : "3313b4cb119dcce16927a9b6cc61dcd97dfc4d59"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "coredump",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64"
}
2021-11-17 01:45:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2023-05-30 08:06:05 +00:00
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf --json=pretty \
|
|
|
|
core.fsverity.1000.f77dac5dc161402aa44e15b7dd9dcf97.58561.1637106137000000
|
analyze: add inspect-elf verb to parse package metadata
Parses and prints package metadata from executables, libraries and core files
$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf /tmp/core ../fsverity-utils/fsverityb /bin/bash --json=off --no-pager
__________________________
path: /tmp/core
elfType: coredump
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
module name: /tmp/crash
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: b33541096a09c29a0ba4ec5c69364a2711b7c269
module name: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.31.so
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: 54eef5ce96cf37cb175b0d93186836ca1caf470c
module name: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.31.so
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: 32438eb3b034da54caf58c7a65446639f7cfe274
__________________________________________________________________
path: /home/luca/git/systemd/../fsverity-utils/fsverity
elfType: executable
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
type: deb
name: fsverity-utils
version: 1.3-1
architecture: amd64
os: debian
debugInfoUrl: https://debuginfod.debian.net
buildId: 05b899e6ee0d3653e20458719b202ed3ca8d566f
_________________________
path: /bin/bash
elfType: executable
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
buildId: 4fef260f60e257d2dbd4126bf8add83837aea190
$
$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf /tmp/core ../fsverity-utils/fsverity /bin/bash /tmp/core.test-condition.1000.f9b9a84a9fd1482c9702d6afa6f6934b.37640.1637083078000000 --json=pretty --no-pager
{
"elfType" : "coredump",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
},
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/libfsverity.so.0" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "b5e428254abf14237b0ae70ed85fffbb98a78f88"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "executable",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/home/bluca/git/systemd/../fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "executable",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/bin/bash" : {
"buildId" : "3313b4cb119dcce16927a9b6cc61dcd97dfc4d59"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "coredump",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64"
}
2021-11-17 01:45:07 +00:00
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
"elfType" : "coredump",
|
|
|
|
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
|
|
|
|
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
|
|
|
|
"type" : "deb",
|
|
|
|
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
|
|
|
|
"version" : "1.3-1",
|
|
|
|
"buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
|
|
|
|
},
|
|
|
|
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/libfsverity.so.0" : {
|
|
|
|
"type" : "deb",
|
|
|
|
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
|
|
|
|
"version" : "1.3-1",
|
|
|
|
"buildId" : "b5e428254abf14237b0ae70ed85fffbb98a78f88"
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
2023-03-27 16:16:03 +00:00
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
2024-01-09 09:11:59 +00:00
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze fdstore <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>...</command></title>
|
2023-03-27 16:16:03 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>Lists the current contents of the specified service unit's file descriptor store. This shows
|
|
|
|
names, inode types, device numbers, inode numbers, paths and open modes of the open file
|
|
|
|
descriptors. The specified units must have <varname>FileDescriptorStoreMax=</varname> enabled, see
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
|
|
|
|
details.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Table output</title>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze fdstore systemd-journald.service
|
|
|
|
FDNAME TYPE DEVNO INODE RDEVNO PATH FLAGS
|
|
|
|
stored sock 0:8 4218620 - socket:[4218620] ro
|
|
|
|
stored sock 0:8 4213198 - socket:[4213198] ro
|
|
|
|
stored sock 0:8 4213190 - socket:[4213190] ro
|
|
|
|
…</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
analyze: add inspect-elf verb to parse package metadata
Parses and prints package metadata from executables, libraries and core files
$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf /tmp/core ../fsverity-utils/fsverityb /bin/bash --json=off --no-pager
__________________________
path: /tmp/core
elfType: coredump
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
module name: /tmp/crash
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: b33541096a09c29a0ba4ec5c69364a2711b7c269
module name: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.31.so
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: 54eef5ce96cf37cb175b0d93186836ca1caf470c
module name: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.31.so
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: 32438eb3b034da54caf58c7a65446639f7cfe274
__________________________________________________________________
path: /home/luca/git/systemd/../fsverity-utils/fsverity
elfType: executable
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
type: deb
name: fsverity-utils
version: 1.3-1
architecture: amd64
os: debian
debugInfoUrl: https://debuginfod.debian.net
buildId: 05b899e6ee0d3653e20458719b202ed3ca8d566f
_________________________
path: /bin/bash
elfType: executable
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
buildId: 4fef260f60e257d2dbd4126bf8add83837aea190
$
$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf /tmp/core ../fsverity-utils/fsverity /bin/bash /tmp/core.test-condition.1000.f9b9a84a9fd1482c9702d6afa6f6934b.37640.1637083078000000 --json=pretty --no-pager
{
"elfType" : "coredump",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
},
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/libfsverity.so.0" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "b5e428254abf14237b0ae70ed85fffbb98a78f88"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "executable",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/home/bluca/git/systemd/../fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "executable",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/bin/bash" : {
"buildId" : "3313b4cb119dcce16927a9b6cc61dcd97dfc4d59"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "coredump",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64"
}
2021-11-17 01:45:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2023-03-27 16:16:03 +00:00
|
|
|
<para>Note: the "DEVNO" column refers to the major/minor numbers of the device node backing the file
|
|
|
|
system the file descriptor's inode is on. The "RDEVNO" column refers to the major/minor numbers of the
|
|
|
|
device node itself if the file descriptor refers to one. Compare with corresponding
|
|
|
|
<varname>.st_dev</varname> and <varname>.st_rdev</varname> fields in <type>struct stat</type> (see
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry
|
|
|
|
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>stat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
|
|
|
|
details). The listed inode numbers in the "INODE" column are on the file system indicated by
|
|
|
|
"DEVNO".</para>
|
analyze: add inspect-elf verb to parse package metadata
Parses and prints package metadata from executables, libraries and core files
$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf /tmp/core ../fsverity-utils/fsverityb /bin/bash --json=off --no-pager
__________________________
path: /tmp/core
elfType: coredump
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
module name: /tmp/crash
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: b33541096a09c29a0ba4ec5c69364a2711b7c269
module name: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.31.so
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: 54eef5ce96cf37cb175b0d93186836ca1caf470c
module name: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.31.so
type: deb
name: hello
version: 1.0
architecture: amd64
os: debian
osVersion: 11
buildId: 32438eb3b034da54caf58c7a65446639f7cfe274
__________________________________________________________________
path: /home/luca/git/systemd/../fsverity-utils/fsverity
elfType: executable
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
type: deb
name: fsverity-utils
version: 1.3-1
architecture: amd64
os: debian
debugInfoUrl: https://debuginfod.debian.net
buildId: 05b899e6ee0d3653e20458719b202ed3ca8d566f
_________________________
path: /bin/bash
elfType: executable
elfArchitecture: AMD x86-64
buildId: 4fef260f60e257d2dbd4126bf8add83837aea190
$
$ systemd-analyze inspect-elf /tmp/core ../fsverity-utils/fsverity /bin/bash /tmp/core.test-condition.1000.f9b9a84a9fd1482c9702d6afa6f6934b.37640.1637083078000000 --json=pretty --no-pager
{
"elfType" : "coredump",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
},
"/home/bluca/git/fsverity-utils/libfsverity.so.0" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "b5e428254abf14237b0ae70ed85fffbb98a78f88"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "executable",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/home/bluca/git/systemd/../fsverity-utils/fsverity" : {
"type" : "deb",
"name" : "fsverity-utils",
"version" : "1.3-1",
"buildId" : "7c895ecd2a271f93e96268f479fdc3c64a2ec4ee"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "executable",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64",
"/bin/bash" : {
"buildId" : "3313b4cb119dcce16927a9b6cc61dcd97dfc4d59"
}
}
{
"elfType" : "coredump",
"elfArchitecture" : "AMD x86-64"
}
2021-11-17 01:45:07 +00:00
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
2023-03-27 16:16:03 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-12-01 21:41:47 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
2024-01-09 09:11:59 +00:00
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze image-policy <replaceable>POLICY</replaceable>…</command></title>
|
2022-12-01 21:41:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command analyzes the specified image policy string, as per
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.image-policy</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The
|
|
|
|
policy is normalized and simplified. For each currently defined partition identifier (as per the <ulink
|
|
|
|
url="https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/discoverable_partitions_specification">Discoverable
|
2023-11-06 13:59:00 +00:00
|
|
|
Partitions Specification</ulink>) the effect of the image policy string is shown in tabular form.</para>
|
2022-12-01 21:41:47 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Example Output</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze image-policy swap=encrypted:usr=read-only-on+verity:root=encrypted
|
|
|
|
Analyzing policy: root=encrypted:usr=verity+read-only-on:swap=encrypted
|
|
|
|
Long form: root=encrypted:usr=verity+read-only-on:swap=encrypted:=unused+absent
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PARTITION MODE READ-ONLY GROWFS
|
|
|
|
root encrypted - -
|
|
|
|
usr verity yes -
|
|
|
|
home ignore - -
|
|
|
|
srv ignore - -
|
|
|
|
esp ignore - -
|
|
|
|
xbootldr ignore - -
|
|
|
|
swap encrypted - -
|
|
|
|
root-verity ignore - -
|
|
|
|
usr-verity unprotected yes -
|
|
|
|
root-verity-sig ignore - -
|
|
|
|
usr-verity-sig ignore - -
|
|
|
|
tmp ignore - -
|
|
|
|
var ignore - -
|
|
|
|
default ignore - -</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
2023-06-27 16:45:34 +00:00
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze pcrs <optional><replaceable>PCR</replaceable>…</optional></command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command shows the known TPM2 PCRs along with their identifying names and current values.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Example Output</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze pcrs
|
|
|
|
NR NAME SHA256
|
|
|
|
0 platform-code bcd2eb527108bbb1f5528409bcbe310aa9b74f687854cc5857605993f3d9eb11
|
|
|
|
1 platform-config b60622856eb7ce52637b80f30a520e6e87c347daa679f3335f4f1a600681bb01
|
|
|
|
2 external-code 1471262403e9a62f9c392941300b4807fbdb6f0bfdd50abfab752732087017dd
|
|
|
|
3 external-config 3d458cfe55cc03ea1f443f1562beec8df51c75e14a9fcf9a7234a13f198e7969
|
|
|
|
4 boot-loader-code 939f7fa1458e1f7ce968874d908e524fc0debf890383d355e4ce347b7b78a95c
|
|
|
|
5 boot-loader-config 864c61c5ea5ecbdb6951e6cb6d9c1f4b4eac79772f7fe13b8bece569d83d3768
|
|
|
|
6 - 3d458cfe55cc03ea1f443f1562beec8df51c75e14a9fcf9a7234a13f198e7969
|
|
|
|
7 secure-boot-policy 9c905bd9b9891bfb889b90a54c4b537b889cfa817c4389cc25754823a9443255
|
|
|
|
8 - 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
|
|
|
9 kernel-initrd 9caa29b128113ef42aa53d421f03437be57211e5ebafc0fa8b5d4514ee37ff0c
|
|
|
|
10 ima 5ea9e3dab53eb6b483b6ec9e3b2c712bea66bca1b155637841216e0094387400
|
|
|
|
11 kernel-boot 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
|
|
|
12 kernel-config 627ffa4b405e911902fe1f1a8b0164693b31acab04f805f15bccfe2209c7eace
|
|
|
|
13 sysexts 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
|
|
|
14 shim-policy 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
|
|
|
15 system-identity 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
|
|
|
16 debug 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
|
|
|
17 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
|
|
|
|
18 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
|
|
|
|
19 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
|
|
|
|
20 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
|
|
|
|
21 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
|
|
|
|
22 - ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
|
|
|
|
23 application-support 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
2022-12-01 21:41:47 +00:00
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
2023-11-08 21:34:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
2024-02-20 17:14:53 +00:00
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze srk <optional>><replaceable>FILE</replaceable></optional></command></title>
|
2023-11-08 21:34:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>This command reads the Storage Root Key (SRK) from the TPM2 device, and writes it in marshalled
|
2024-02-20 17:14:53 +00:00
|
|
|
TPM2B_PUBLIC format to stdout. The output is non-printable data, so it should be redirected to a file
|
|
|
|
or into a pipe.</para>
|
2023-11-08 21:34:24 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2024-02-20 17:14:53 +00:00
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Save the Storage Root Key to <filename>srk.tpm2b_public</filename></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>systemd-analyze srk >srk.tpm2b_public</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
2023-11-08 21:34:24 +00:00
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
2023-11-16 15:08:15 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect2>
|
|
|
|
<title><command>systemd-analyze architectures <optional><replaceable>NAME</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>Lists all known CPU architectures, and which ones are native. The listed architecture names are
|
|
|
|
those <varname>ConditionArchitecture=</varname> supports, see
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for
|
|
|
|
details. If architecture names are specified only those specified are listed.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>Table output</title>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>$ systemd-analyze architectures
|
|
|
|
NAME SUPPORT
|
|
|
|
alpha foreign
|
|
|
|
arc foreign
|
|
|
|
arc-be foreign
|
|
|
|
arm foreign
|
|
|
|
arm64 foreign
|
|
|
|
…
|
|
|
|
sparc foreign
|
|
|
|
sparc64 foreign
|
|
|
|
tilegx foreign
|
|
|
|
x86 secondary
|
|
|
|
x86-64 native</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect2>
|
|
|
|
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<title>Options</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>The following options are understood:</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
2018-02-08 10:53:00 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--system</option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Operates on the system systemd instance. This
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
is the implied default.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
|
2018-02-08 10:53:00 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--user</option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Operates on the user systemd
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
instance.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v186"/></listitem>
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
2018-02-08 10:53:00 +00:00
|
|
|
<term><option>--global</option></term>
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2018-02-08 10:53:00 +00:00
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Operates on the system-wide configuration for
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
user systemd instance.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/></listitem>
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--order</option></term>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--require</option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
2024-03-22 19:18:42 +00:00
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When used in conjunction with the <command>dot</command> command (see above),
|
|
|
|
selects which dependencies are shown in the dependency graph. If <option>--order</option> is passed,
|
|
|
|
only dependencies of type <varname>After=</varname> or <varname>Before=</varname> are shown.
|
|
|
|
If <option>--require</option> is passed, only dependencies of type <varname>Requires=</varname>,
|
|
|
|
<varname>Requisite=</varname>, <varname>BindsTo=</varname>, <varname>Wants=</varname>, and
|
|
|
|
<varname>Conflicts=</varname> are shown. If neither is passed, this shows dependencies of
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
all these types.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/></listitem>
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--from-pattern=</option></term>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--to-pattern=</option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When used in conjunction with the
|
|
|
|
<command>dot</command> command (see above), this selects which
|
2015-02-13 23:38:33 +00:00
|
|
|
relationships are shown in the dependency graph. Both options
|
|
|
|
require a
|
2020-06-25 12:37:24 +00:00
|
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
2015-02-13 23:38:33 +00:00
|
|
|
pattern as an argument, which will be matched against the
|
|
|
|
left-hand and the right-hand, respectively, nodes of a
|
|
|
|
relationship.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>Each of these can be used more than once, in which case
|
|
|
|
the unit name must match one of the values. When tests for
|
|
|
|
both sides of the relation are present, a relation must pass
|
|
|
|
both tests to be shown. When patterns are also specified as
|
|
|
|
positional arguments, they must match at least one side of the
|
|
|
|
relation. In other words, patterns specified with those two
|
|
|
|
options will trim the list of edges matched by the positional
|
|
|
|
arguments, if any are given, and fully determine the list of
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
edges shown otherwise.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v201"/></listitem>
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
2024-04-12 09:12:15 +00:00
|
|
|
<term><option>--fuzz=<replaceable>timespan</replaceable></option></term>
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When used in conjunction with the
|
|
|
|
<command>critical-chain</command> command (see above), also
|
|
|
|
show units, which finished <replaceable>timespan</replaceable>
|
|
|
|
earlier, than the latest unit in the same level. The unit of
|
|
|
|
<replaceable>timespan</replaceable> is seconds unless
|
|
|
|
specified with a different unit, e.g.
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
"50ms".</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v203"/></listitem>
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
2017-09-16 09:29:34 +00:00
|
|
|
<term><option>--man=no</option></term>
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2020-07-06 08:49:59 +00:00
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Do not invoke
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>man</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
to verify the existence of man pages listed in <varname>Documentation=</varname>.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v235"/></listitem>
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
2017-09-16 09:29:34 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--generators</option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Invoke unit generators, see
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
|
2018-02-02 13:39:57 +00:00
|
|
|
Some generators require root privileges. Under a normal user, running with
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
generators enabled will generally result in some warnings.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v235"/></listitem>
|
2017-09-16 09:29:34 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
systemd-analyze: option to exit with an error when 'verify' fails
The commit introduces a callback invoked from log_syntax_internal.
Use it from systemd-analyze to gather a list of units that contain
syntax warnings. A new command line option is added to make use of this.
The new option --recursive-errors takes in three possible modes:
1. yes - which is the default. systemd-analyze exits with an error when syntax warnings arise during verification of the
specified units or any of their dependencies.
3. no - systemd-analyze exits with an error when syntax warnings arise during verification of only the selected unit.
Analyzing and loading any dependencies will be skipped.
4. one - systemd-analyze exits with an error when syntax warnings arise during verification
of only the selected units and their direct dependencies.
Below are two service unit files that I created for the purposes of testing:
1. First, we run the commands on a unit that does not have dependencies but has a non-existing key-value setting (i.e. foo = bar).
> cat <<EOF>testcase.service
[Unit]
foo = bar
[Service]
ExecStart = echo hello
EOF
OUTPUT:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=yes testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=no testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=one testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
2. Next, we run the commands on a unit that is syntactically valid but has a non-existing dependency (i.e. foo2.service)
> cat <<EOF>foobar.service
[Unit]
Requires = foo2.service
[Service]
ExecStart = echo hello
EOF
OUTPUT:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify foobar.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
foobar.service: Failed to create foobar.service/start: Unit foo2.service not found.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=yes foobar.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
foobar.service: Failed to create foobar.service/start: Unit foo2.service not found.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=no foobar.service
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
0
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=one foobar.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
foobar.service: Failed to create foobar.service/start: Unit foo2.service not found.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
2021-07-26 20:02:17 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--recursive-errors=<replaceable>MODE</replaceable></option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Control verification of units and their dependencies and whether
|
|
|
|
<command>systemd-analyze verify</command> exits with a non-zero process exit status or not. With
|
|
|
|
<command>yes</command>, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification
|
2022-04-06 10:15:33 +00:00
|
|
|
of either the specified unit or any of its associated dependencies. With <command>no</command>,
|
|
|
|
return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification of only the specified
|
|
|
|
unit. With <command>one</command>, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during
|
|
|
|
verification of either the specified unit or its immediate dependencies. If this option is not
|
|
|
|
specified, zero is returned as the exit status regardless whether warnings arise during verification
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
or not.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
|
systemd-analyze: option to exit with an error when 'verify' fails
The commit introduces a callback invoked from log_syntax_internal.
Use it from systemd-analyze to gather a list of units that contain
syntax warnings. A new command line option is added to make use of this.
The new option --recursive-errors takes in three possible modes:
1. yes - which is the default. systemd-analyze exits with an error when syntax warnings arise during verification of the
specified units or any of their dependencies.
3. no - systemd-analyze exits with an error when syntax warnings arise during verification of only the selected unit.
Analyzing and loading any dependencies will be skipped.
4. one - systemd-analyze exits with an error when syntax warnings arise during verification
of only the selected units and their direct dependencies.
Below are two service unit files that I created for the purposes of testing:
1. First, we run the commands on a unit that does not have dependencies but has a non-existing key-value setting (i.e. foo = bar).
> cat <<EOF>testcase.service
[Unit]
foo = bar
[Service]
ExecStart = echo hello
EOF
OUTPUT:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=yes testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=no testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=one testcase.service
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/testcase.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
2. Next, we run the commands on a unit that is syntactically valid but has a non-existing dependency (i.e. foo2.service)
> cat <<EOF>foobar.service
[Unit]
Requires = foo2.service
[Service]
ExecStart = echo hello
EOF
OUTPUT:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify foobar.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
foobar.service: Failed to create foobar.service/start: Unit foo2.service not found.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=yes foobar.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
foobar.service: Failed to create foobar.service/start: Unit foo2.service not found.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=no foobar.service
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
0
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze verify --recursive-errors=one foobar.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'. Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
foobar.service: Failed to create foobar.service/start: Unit foo2.service not found.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (log-error)$ echo $?
1
2021-07-26 20:02:17 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-27 06:55:16 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--root=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
2024-01-11 10:00:37 +00:00
|
|
|
<listitem><para>With <command>cat-config</command>, <command>verify</command>,
|
|
|
|
<command>condition</command> and <command>security</command> when used with
|
|
|
|
<option>--offline=</option>, operate on files underneath the specified root path
|
|
|
|
<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>.</para>
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v239"/></listitem>
|
2018-04-27 06:55:16 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
2021-06-30 17:02:51 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--image=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
2024-01-11 10:00:37 +00:00
|
|
|
<listitem><para>With <command>cat-config</command>, <command>verify</command>,
|
|
|
|
<command>condition</command> and <command>security</command> when used with
|
|
|
|
<option>--offline=</option>, operate on files inside the specified image path
|
|
|
|
<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>.</para>
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
|
2021-06-30 17:02:51 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-01 21:41:47 +00:00
|
|
|
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="image-policy-open" />
|
|
|
|
|
systemd-analyze: 'security' option to perform offline reviews of the specified unit file(s)
New option --offline which works with the 'security' command and takes in a boolean value. When set to true,
it performs an offline security review of the specified unit file(s). It does not rely on PID 1 to acquire
security information for the files like 'security' when used by itself does. It makes use of the refactored
security_info struct instead (commit #8cd669d3d3cf1b5e8667acc46ba290a9e8a8e529). This means that --offline can be
used with --image and --root as well. When used with --threshold, if a unit's overall exposure level is above
that set by the user, the default value being 100, --offline returns a non-zero exit status.
Example Run:
1. testcase.service is a unit file created for testing the --offline option
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ cat<<EOF>testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> EOF
For the purposes of this demo, the security table outputted below has been cut to show only the first two security settings.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
2. The testcase.service unit file is modified to set PrivateNetwork to "yes". This reduces the exposure level from 9.6 to 9.1.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ nano testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> EOF
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✓ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.1 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
3. Next, we use the same testcase.service unit file but add the additional --threshold=60 option to see how --threshold works with
--offline. Since the overall exposure level is 91 which is greater than the threshold value set by the user (= 60), we can expect
a non-zero exit status.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true --threshold=60 testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✓ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.1 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 1
2021-08-17 17:25:38 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--offline=<replaceable>BOOL</replaceable></option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>With <command>security</command>, perform an offline security review
|
2022-10-15 14:06:20 +00:00
|
|
|
of the specified unit files, i.e. does not have to rely on PID 1 to acquire security
|
systemd-analyze: 'security' option to perform offline reviews of the specified unit file(s)
New option --offline which works with the 'security' command and takes in a boolean value. When set to true,
it performs an offline security review of the specified unit file(s). It does not rely on PID 1 to acquire
security information for the files like 'security' when used by itself does. It makes use of the refactored
security_info struct instead (commit #8cd669d3d3cf1b5e8667acc46ba290a9e8a8e529). This means that --offline can be
used with --image and --root as well. When used with --threshold, if a unit's overall exposure level is above
that set by the user, the default value being 100, --offline returns a non-zero exit status.
Example Run:
1. testcase.service is a unit file created for testing the --offline option
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ cat<<EOF>testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> EOF
For the purposes of this demo, the security table outputted below has been cut to show only the first two security settings.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
2. The testcase.service unit file is modified to set PrivateNetwork to "yes". This reduces the exposure level from 9.6 to 9.1.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ nano testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> EOF
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✓ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.1 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
3. Next, we use the same testcase.service unit file but add the additional --threshold=60 option to see how --threshold works with
--offline. Since the overall exposure level is 91 which is greater than the threshold value set by the user (= 60), we can expect
a non-zero exit status.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true --threshold=60 testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✓ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.1 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 1
2021-08-17 17:25:38 +00:00
|
|
|
information for the files like the <command>security</command> verb when used by itself does.
|
|
|
|
This means that <option>--offline=</option> can be used with <option>--root=</option> and
|
|
|
|
<option>--image=</option> as well. If a unit's overall exposure level is above that set by
|
|
|
|
<option>--threshold=</option> (default value is 100), <option>--offline=</option> will return
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
an error.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
|
systemd-analyze: 'security' option to perform offline reviews of the specified unit file(s)
New option --offline which works with the 'security' command and takes in a boolean value. When set to true,
it performs an offline security review of the specified unit file(s). It does not rely on PID 1 to acquire
security information for the files like 'security' when used by itself does. It makes use of the refactored
security_info struct instead (commit #8cd669d3d3cf1b5e8667acc46ba290a9e8a8e529). This means that --offline can be
used with --image and --root as well. When used with --threshold, if a unit's overall exposure level is above
that set by the user, the default value being 100, --offline returns a non-zero exit status.
Example Run:
1. testcase.service is a unit file created for testing the --offline option
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ cat<<EOF>testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> EOF
For the purposes of this demo, the security table outputted below has been cut to show only the first two security settings.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
2. The testcase.service unit file is modified to set PrivateNetwork to "yes". This reduces the exposure level from 9.6 to 9.1.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ nano testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> EOF
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✓ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.1 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
3. Next, we use the same testcase.service unit file but add the additional --threshold=60 option to see how --threshold works with
--offline. Since the overall exposure level is 91 which is greater than the threshold value set by the user (= 60), we can expect
a non-zero exit status.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true --threshold=60 testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✓ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.1 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 1
2021-08-17 17:25:38 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
2021-11-26 15:46:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--profile=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>With <command>security</command> <option>--offline=</option>, takes into
|
2022-10-15 14:06:20 +00:00
|
|
|
consideration the specified portable profile when assessing unit settings.
|
2021-11-26 15:46:40 +00:00
|
|
|
The profile can be passed by name, in which case the well-known system locations will
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
be searched, or it can be the full path to a specific drop-in file.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
|
2021-11-26 15:46:40 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
systemd-analyze: add new 'security' option to compare unit's overall exposure level with
--threshold option added to work with security verb and with the --offline option so that
users can determine what qualifies as a security threat. The threshold set by the user is
compared with the overall exposure level assigned to a unit file and if the exposure is
higher than the threshold, 'security' will return a non-zero exit status. The default value
of the --threshold option is 100.
Example Run:
1. testcase.service is a unit file created for testing the --threshold option
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ cat<<EOF>testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> EOF
For the purposes of this demo, the security table outputted below has been cut to show only the first two security settings.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
2. Next, we use the same testcase.service file but add an additional --threshold=60 parameter. We would expect 'security' to exit
with a non-zero status because the overall exposure level (= 96) is higher than the set threshold (= 60).
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true --threshold=60 testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 1
2021-08-17 17:40:15 +00:00
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--threshold=<replaceable>NUMBER</replaceable></option></term>
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<listitem><para>With <command>security</command>, allow the user to set a custom value
|
2022-10-15 14:06:20 +00:00
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to compare the overall exposure level with, for the specified unit files. If a unit's
|
systemd-analyze: add new 'security' option to compare unit's overall exposure level with
--threshold option added to work with security verb and with the --offline option so that
users can determine what qualifies as a security threat. The threshold set by the user is
compared with the overall exposure level assigned to a unit file and if the exposure is
higher than the threshold, 'security' will return a non-zero exit status. The default value
of the --threshold option is 100.
Example Run:
1. testcase.service is a unit file created for testing the --threshold option
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ cat<<EOF>testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> EOF
For the purposes of this demo, the security table outputted below has been cut to show only the first two security settings.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
2. Next, we use the same testcase.service file but add an additional --threshold=60 parameter. We would expect 'security' to exit
with a non-zero status because the overall exposure level (= 96) is higher than the set threshold (= 60).
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true --threshold=60 testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 1
2021-08-17 17:40:15 +00:00
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overall exposure level, is greater than that set by the user, <command>security</command>
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will return an error. <option>--threshold=</option> can be used with <option>--offline=</option>
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2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
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as well and its default value is 100.</para>
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<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
|
systemd-analyze: add new 'security' option to compare unit's overall exposure level with
--threshold option added to work with security verb and with the --offline option so that
users can determine what qualifies as a security threat. The threshold set by the user is
compared with the overall exposure level assigned to a unit file and if the exposure is
higher than the threshold, 'security' will return a non-zero exit status. The default value
of the --threshold option is 100.
Example Run:
1. testcase.service is a unit file created for testing the --threshold option
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ cat<<EOF>testcase.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> EOF
For the purposes of this demo, the security table outputted below has been cut to show only the first two security settings.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 0
2. Next, we use the same testcase.service file but add an additional --threshold=60 parameter. We would expect 'security' to exit
with a non-zero status because the overall exposure level (= 96) is higher than the set threshold (= 60).
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --offline=true --threshold=60 testcase.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
→ Overall exposure level for testcase.service: 9.6 UNSAFE 😨
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (systemd-security)$ echo $? 1
2021-08-17 17:40:15 +00:00
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</varlistentry>
|
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|
|
systemd-analyze: add new 'security' option to allow user to choose custom requirements
A new option --security-policy= is added to work with the 'security' verb in order to enable
users to create and pass in a JSON file consisting of user defined requirements
against which to compare the specified unit file(s). These requirements then serve
as the measure of security threats for the file instead of the initial hard coded set of
requirements that the 'security' verb of systemd-analyze relied on.
Example Run:
A snapshot of the user defined testfile.json file is shown below instead of the complete file
for readability purposes.
{
"PrivateDevices":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
"description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateMounts":
{"description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
"description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateTmp":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateUsers":
{"description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
}
}
1. I created the jsontest.service file in order to test the --security-policy= option as follows:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ cat<<EOF>jsontest.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> PrivateDevices = yes
> PrivateMounts = yes
> EOF
The security analysis table outputted below has been truncated to include only the first few lines for readability.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service has no access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 8.3 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
2. In order to ensure that the JSON data was actually being correctly parsed, I made some changes to the JSON
file, specifically to the id "PrivateNetwork" as follows:
Before:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
}
After:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service runs without access to host network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 6000,
"range": 1
}
As expected, the new description for the description_good field of the Private Network id was updated in
the analysis table outputted below and the overall exposure level of the unit file decreased because
the weight assigned to 'Private Network' (which is set to yes) increased from 2500 to 6000.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
3. When paired with security's --threshold= option, systemd-analyze exits with a non-zero error status indicating
that the overall exposure level for the unit file (=78) is greater than the set threshold (=70). The same
jsontest.service file is used for the demo run below:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json --threshold=70 jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to host network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 1
new option
2021-08-23 21:20:10 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--security-policy=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>With <command>security</command>, allow the user to define a custom set of
|
|
|
|
requirements formatted as a JSON file against which to compare the specified unit file(s)
|
|
|
|
and determine their overall exposure level to security threats.</para>
|
|
|
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|
|
|
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<table>
|
|
|
|
<title>Accepted Assessment Test Identifiers</title>
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
<tgroup cols='1'>
|
|
|
|
<colspec colname='directive' />
|
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
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|
<entry>Assessment Test Identifier</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
</thead>
|
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|
|
<tbody>
|
|
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|
<row>
|
|
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|
<entry>UserOrDynamicUser</entry>
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|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>SupplementaryGroups</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>PrivateMounts</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>PrivateDevices</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
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|
<entry>PrivateTmp</entry>
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|
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|
</row>
|
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|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>PrivateNetwork</entry>
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|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>PrivateUsers</entry>
|
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</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
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|
<entry>ProtectControlGroups</entry>
|
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</row>
|
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<row>
|
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|
|
<entry>ProtectKernelModules</entry>
|
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|
</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
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|
<entry>ProtectKernelTunables</entry>
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</row>
|
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<row>
|
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|
<entry>ProtectKernelLogs</entry>
|
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|
</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
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<entry>ProtectClock</entry>
|
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|
</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
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|
<entry>ProtectHome</entry>
|
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|
</row>
|
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<row>
|
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|
<entry>ProtectHostname</entry>
|
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</row>
|
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<row>
|
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|
<entry>ProtectSystem</entry>
|
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|
</row>
|
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|
|
<row>
|
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|
<entry>RootDirectoryOrRootImage</entry>
|
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</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
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<entry>LockPersonality</entry>
|
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|
</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
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<entry>MemoryDenyWriteExecute</entry>
|
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</row>
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<row>
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<entry>NoNewPrivileges</entry>
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</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
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|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_ADMIN</entry>
|
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</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
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|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP</entry>
|
|
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|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
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|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_PTRACE</entry>
|
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|
</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_TIME</entry>
|
|
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|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_ADMIN</entry>
|
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|
</row>
|
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|
|
<row>
|
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|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_RAWIO</entry>
|
|
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|
</row>
|
|
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|
<row>
|
|
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|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_MODULE</entry>
|
|
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|
</row>
|
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|
<row>
|
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|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_AUDIT</entry>
|
|
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|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYSLOG</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_NICE_RESOURCE</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_MKNOD</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_CHOWN_FSETID_SETFCAP</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_DAC_FOWNER_IPC_OWNER</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_KILL</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE_BROADCAST_RAW</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_BOOT</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_MAC</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_IPC_LOCK</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_CHROOT</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_WAKE_ALARM</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_LEASE</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
2022-05-03 04:24:42 +00:00
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_BPF</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
systemd-analyze: add new 'security' option to allow user to choose custom requirements
A new option --security-policy= is added to work with the 'security' verb in order to enable
users to create and pass in a JSON file consisting of user defined requirements
against which to compare the specified unit file(s). These requirements then serve
as the measure of security threats for the file instead of the initial hard coded set of
requirements that the 'security' verb of systemd-analyze relied on.
Example Run:
A snapshot of the user defined testfile.json file is shown below instead of the complete file
for readability purposes.
{
"PrivateDevices":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
"description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateMounts":
{"description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
"description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateTmp":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateUsers":
{"description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
}
}
1. I created the jsontest.service file in order to test the --security-policy= option as follows:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ cat<<EOF>jsontest.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> PrivateDevices = yes
> PrivateMounts = yes
> EOF
The security analysis table outputted below has been truncated to include only the first few lines for readability.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service has no access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 8.3 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
2. In order to ensure that the JSON data was actually being correctly parsed, I made some changes to the JSON
file, specifically to the id "PrivateNetwork" as follows:
Before:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
}
After:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service runs without access to host network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 6000,
"range": 1
}
As expected, the new description for the description_good field of the Private Network id was updated in
the analysis table outputted below and the overall exposure level of the unit file decreased because
the weight assigned to 'Private Network' (which is set to yes) increased from 2500 to 6000.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
3. When paired with security's --threshold= option, systemd-analyze exits with a non-zero error status indicating
that the overall exposure level for the unit file (=78) is greater than the set threshold (=70). The same
jsontest.service file is used for the demo run below:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json --threshold=70 jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to host network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 1
new option
2021-08-23 21:20:10 +00:00
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>UMask</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>KeyringMode</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>ProtectProc</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>ProcSubset</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>NotifyAccess</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>RemoveIPC</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>Delegate</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>RestrictRealtime</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>RestrictSUIDSGID</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
2021-09-06 15:33:16 +00:00
|
|
|
<entry>RestrictNamespaces_user</entry>
|
systemd-analyze: add new 'security' option to allow user to choose custom requirements
A new option --security-policy= is added to work with the 'security' verb in order to enable
users to create and pass in a JSON file consisting of user defined requirements
against which to compare the specified unit file(s). These requirements then serve
as the measure of security threats for the file instead of the initial hard coded set of
requirements that the 'security' verb of systemd-analyze relied on.
Example Run:
A snapshot of the user defined testfile.json file is shown below instead of the complete file
for readability purposes.
{
"PrivateDevices":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
"description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateMounts":
{"description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
"description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateTmp":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateUsers":
{"description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
}
}
1. I created the jsontest.service file in order to test the --security-policy= option as follows:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ cat<<EOF>jsontest.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> PrivateDevices = yes
> PrivateMounts = yes
> EOF
The security analysis table outputted below has been truncated to include only the first few lines for readability.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service has no access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 8.3 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
2. In order to ensure that the JSON data was actually being correctly parsed, I made some changes to the JSON
file, specifically to the id "PrivateNetwork" as follows:
Before:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
}
After:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service runs without access to host network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 6000,
"range": 1
}
As expected, the new description for the description_good field of the Private Network id was updated in
the analysis table outputted below and the overall exposure level of the unit file decreased because
the weight assigned to 'Private Network' (which is set to yes) increased from 2500 to 6000.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
3. When paired with security's --threshold= option, systemd-analyze exits with a non-zero error status indicating
that the overall exposure level for the unit file (=78) is greater than the set threshold (=70). The same
jsontest.service file is used for the demo run below:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json --threshold=70 jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to host network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 1
new option
2021-08-23 21:20:10 +00:00
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
2021-09-06 15:33:16 +00:00
|
|
|
<entry>RestrictNamespaces_mnt</entry>
|
systemd-analyze: add new 'security' option to allow user to choose custom requirements
A new option --security-policy= is added to work with the 'security' verb in order to enable
users to create and pass in a JSON file consisting of user defined requirements
against which to compare the specified unit file(s). These requirements then serve
as the measure of security threats for the file instead of the initial hard coded set of
requirements that the 'security' verb of systemd-analyze relied on.
Example Run:
A snapshot of the user defined testfile.json file is shown below instead of the complete file
for readability purposes.
{
"PrivateDevices":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
"description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateMounts":
{"description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
"description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateTmp":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateUsers":
{"description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
}
}
1. I created the jsontest.service file in order to test the --security-policy= option as follows:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ cat<<EOF>jsontest.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> PrivateDevices = yes
> PrivateMounts = yes
> EOF
The security analysis table outputted below has been truncated to include only the first few lines for readability.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service has no access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 8.3 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
2. In order to ensure that the JSON data was actually being correctly parsed, I made some changes to the JSON
file, specifically to the id "PrivateNetwork" as follows:
Before:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
}
After:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service runs without access to host network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 6000,
"range": 1
}
As expected, the new description for the description_good field of the Private Network id was updated in
the analysis table outputted below and the overall exposure level of the unit file decreased because
the weight assigned to 'Private Network' (which is set to yes) increased from 2500 to 6000.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
3. When paired with security's --threshold= option, systemd-analyze exits with a non-zero error status indicating
that the overall exposure level for the unit file (=78) is greater than the set threshold (=70). The same
jsontest.service file is used for the demo run below:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json --threshold=70 jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to host network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 1
new option
2021-08-23 21:20:10 +00:00
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
2021-09-06 15:33:16 +00:00
|
|
|
<entry>RestrictNamespaces_ipc</entry>
|
systemd-analyze: add new 'security' option to allow user to choose custom requirements
A new option --security-policy= is added to work with the 'security' verb in order to enable
users to create and pass in a JSON file consisting of user defined requirements
against which to compare the specified unit file(s). These requirements then serve
as the measure of security threats for the file instead of the initial hard coded set of
requirements that the 'security' verb of systemd-analyze relied on.
Example Run:
A snapshot of the user defined testfile.json file is shown below instead of the complete file
for readability purposes.
{
"PrivateDevices":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
"description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateMounts":
{"description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
"description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateTmp":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateUsers":
{"description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
}
}
1. I created the jsontest.service file in order to test the --security-policy= option as follows:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ cat<<EOF>jsontest.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> PrivateDevices = yes
> PrivateMounts = yes
> EOF
The security analysis table outputted below has been truncated to include only the first few lines for readability.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service has no access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 8.3 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
2. In order to ensure that the JSON data was actually being correctly parsed, I made some changes to the JSON
file, specifically to the id "PrivateNetwork" as follows:
Before:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
}
After:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service runs without access to host network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 6000,
"range": 1
}
As expected, the new description for the description_good field of the Private Network id was updated in
the analysis table outputted below and the overall exposure level of the unit file decreased because
the weight assigned to 'Private Network' (which is set to yes) increased from 2500 to 6000.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
3. When paired with security's --threshold= option, systemd-analyze exits with a non-zero error status indicating
that the overall exposure level for the unit file (=78) is greater than the set threshold (=70). The same
jsontest.service file is used for the demo run below:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json --threshold=70 jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to host network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 1
new option
2021-08-23 21:20:10 +00:00
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
2021-09-06 15:33:16 +00:00
|
|
|
<entry>RestrictNamespaces_pid</entry>
|
systemd-analyze: add new 'security' option to allow user to choose custom requirements
A new option --security-policy= is added to work with the 'security' verb in order to enable
users to create and pass in a JSON file consisting of user defined requirements
against which to compare the specified unit file(s). These requirements then serve
as the measure of security threats for the file instead of the initial hard coded set of
requirements that the 'security' verb of systemd-analyze relied on.
Example Run:
A snapshot of the user defined testfile.json file is shown below instead of the complete file
for readability purposes.
{
"PrivateDevices":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
"description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateMounts":
{"description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
"description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateTmp":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateUsers":
{"description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
}
}
1. I created the jsontest.service file in order to test the --security-policy= option as follows:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ cat<<EOF>jsontest.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> PrivateDevices = yes
> PrivateMounts = yes
> EOF
The security analysis table outputted below has been truncated to include only the first few lines for readability.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service has no access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 8.3 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
2. In order to ensure that the JSON data was actually being correctly parsed, I made some changes to the JSON
file, specifically to the id "PrivateNetwork" as follows:
Before:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
}
After:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service runs without access to host network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 6000,
"range": 1
}
As expected, the new description for the description_good field of the Private Network id was updated in
the analysis table outputted below and the overall exposure level of the unit file decreased because
the weight assigned to 'Private Network' (which is set to yes) increased from 2500 to 6000.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
3. When paired with security's --threshold= option, systemd-analyze exits with a non-zero error status indicating
that the overall exposure level for the unit file (=78) is greater than the set threshold (=70). The same
jsontest.service file is used for the demo run below:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json --threshold=70 jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to host network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 1
new option
2021-08-23 21:20:10 +00:00
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
2021-09-06 15:33:16 +00:00
|
|
|
<entry>RestrictNamespaces_cgroup</entry>
|
systemd-analyze: add new 'security' option to allow user to choose custom requirements
A new option --security-policy= is added to work with the 'security' verb in order to enable
users to create and pass in a JSON file consisting of user defined requirements
against which to compare the specified unit file(s). These requirements then serve
as the measure of security threats for the file instead of the initial hard coded set of
requirements that the 'security' verb of systemd-analyze relied on.
Example Run:
A snapshot of the user defined testfile.json file is shown below instead of the complete file
for readability purposes.
{
"PrivateDevices":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
"description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateMounts":
{"description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
"description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateTmp":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateUsers":
{"description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
}
}
1. I created the jsontest.service file in order to test the --security-policy= option as follows:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ cat<<EOF>jsontest.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> PrivateDevices = yes
> PrivateMounts = yes
> EOF
The security analysis table outputted below has been truncated to include only the first few lines for readability.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service has no access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 8.3 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
2. In order to ensure that the JSON data was actually being correctly parsed, I made some changes to the JSON
file, specifically to the id "PrivateNetwork" as follows:
Before:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
}
After:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service runs without access to host network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 6000,
"range": 1
}
As expected, the new description for the description_good field of the Private Network id was updated in
the analysis table outputted below and the overall exposure level of the unit file decreased because
the weight assigned to 'Private Network' (which is set to yes) increased from 2500 to 6000.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
3. When paired with security's --threshold= option, systemd-analyze exits with a non-zero error status indicating
that the overall exposure level for the unit file (=78) is greater than the set threshold (=70). The same
jsontest.service file is used for the demo run below:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json --threshold=70 jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to host network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 1
new option
2021-08-23 21:20:10 +00:00
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
2021-09-06 15:33:16 +00:00
|
|
|
<entry>RestrictNamespaces_uts</entry>
|
systemd-analyze: add new 'security' option to allow user to choose custom requirements
A new option --security-policy= is added to work with the 'security' verb in order to enable
users to create and pass in a JSON file consisting of user defined requirements
against which to compare the specified unit file(s). These requirements then serve
as the measure of security threats for the file instead of the initial hard coded set of
requirements that the 'security' verb of systemd-analyze relied on.
Example Run:
A snapshot of the user defined testfile.json file is shown below instead of the complete file
for readability purposes.
{
"PrivateDevices":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
"description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateMounts":
{"description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
"description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateTmp":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateUsers":
{"description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
}
}
1. I created the jsontest.service file in order to test the --security-policy= option as follows:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ cat<<EOF>jsontest.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> PrivateDevices = yes
> PrivateMounts = yes
> EOF
The security analysis table outputted below has been truncated to include only the first few lines for readability.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service has no access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 8.3 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
2. In order to ensure that the JSON data was actually being correctly parsed, I made some changes to the JSON
file, specifically to the id "PrivateNetwork" as follows:
Before:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
}
After:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service runs without access to host network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 6000,
"range": 1
}
As expected, the new description for the description_good field of the Private Network id was updated in
the analysis table outputted below and the overall exposure level of the unit file decreased because
the weight assigned to 'Private Network' (which is set to yes) increased from 2500 to 6000.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
3. When paired with security's --threshold= option, systemd-analyze exits with a non-zero error status indicating
that the overall exposure level for the unit file (=78) is greater than the set threshold (=70). The same
jsontest.service file is used for the demo run below:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json --threshold=70 jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to host network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 1
new option
2021-08-23 21:20:10 +00:00
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
2021-09-06 15:33:16 +00:00
|
|
|
<entry>RestrictNamespaces_net</entry>
|
systemd-analyze: add new 'security' option to allow user to choose custom requirements
A new option --security-policy= is added to work with the 'security' verb in order to enable
users to create and pass in a JSON file consisting of user defined requirements
against which to compare the specified unit file(s). These requirements then serve
as the measure of security threats for the file instead of the initial hard coded set of
requirements that the 'security' verb of systemd-analyze relied on.
Example Run:
A snapshot of the user defined testfile.json file is shown below instead of the complete file
for readability purposes.
{
"PrivateDevices":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
"description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateMounts":
{"description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
"description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateTmp":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateUsers":
{"description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
}
}
1. I created the jsontest.service file in order to test the --security-policy= option as follows:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ cat<<EOF>jsontest.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> PrivateDevices = yes
> PrivateMounts = yes
> EOF
The security analysis table outputted below has been truncated to include only the first few lines for readability.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service has no access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 8.3 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
2. In order to ensure that the JSON data was actually being correctly parsed, I made some changes to the JSON
file, specifically to the id "PrivateNetwork" as follows:
Before:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
}
After:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service runs without access to host network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 6000,
"range": 1
}
As expected, the new description for the description_good field of the Private Network id was updated in
the analysis table outputted below and the overall exposure level of the unit file decreased because
the weight assigned to 'Private Network' (which is set to yes) increased from 2500 to 6000.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
3. When paired with security's --threshold= option, systemd-analyze exits with a non-zero error status indicating
that the overall exposure level for the unit file (=78) is greater than the set threshold (=70). The same
jsontest.service file is used for the demo run below:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json --threshold=70 jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to host network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 1
new option
2021-08-23 21:20:10 +00:00
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_INET_INET6</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_UNIX</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_NETLINK</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>RestrictAddressFamilies_AF_PACKET</entry>
|
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|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>RestrictAddressFamilies_OTHER</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>SystemCallArchitectures</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>SystemCallFilter_swap</entry>
|
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|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>SystemCallFilter_obsolete</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>SystemCallFilter_clock</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>SystemCallFilter_cpu_emulation</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>SystemCallFilter_debug</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>SystemCallFilter_mount</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>SystemCallFilter_module</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>SystemCallFilter_raw_io</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>SystemCallFilter_reboot</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>SystemCallFilter_privileged</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>SystemCallFilter_resources</entry>
|
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|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>IPAddressDeny</entry>
|
|
|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>DeviceAllow</entry>
|
|
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|
</row>
|
|
|
|
<row>
|
|
|
|
<entry>AmbientCapabilities</entry>
|
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|
|
</row>
|
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
|
</tgroup>
|
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
<para>See example "JSON Policy" below.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
|
systemd-analyze: add new 'security' option to allow user to choose custom requirements
A new option --security-policy= is added to work with the 'security' verb in order to enable
users to create and pass in a JSON file consisting of user defined requirements
against which to compare the specified unit file(s). These requirements then serve
as the measure of security threats for the file instead of the initial hard coded set of
requirements that the 'security' verb of systemd-analyze relied on.
Example Run:
A snapshot of the user defined testfile.json file is shown below instead of the complete file
for readability purposes.
{
"PrivateDevices":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
"description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateMounts":
{"description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
"description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateTmp":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
},
"PrivateUsers":
{"description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
"description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
"weight": 1000,
"range": 1
}
}
1. I created the jsontest.service file in order to test the --security-policy= option as follows:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ cat<<EOF>jsontest.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> PrivateDevices = yes
> PrivateMounts = yes
> EOF
The security analysis table outputted below has been truncated to include only the first few lines for readability.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service has no access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 8.3 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
2. In order to ensure that the JSON data was actually being correctly parsed, I made some changes to the JSON
file, specifically to the id "PrivateNetwork" as follows:
Before:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 2500,
"range": 1
}
After:
--------
"PrivateNetwork":
{"description_good": "Service runs without access to host network",
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
"weight": 6000,
"range": 1
}
As expected, the new description for the description_good field of the Private Network id was updated in
the analysis table outputted below and the overall exposure level of the unit file decreased because
the weight assigned to 'Private Network' (which is set to yes) increased from 2500 to 6000.
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to the host's network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 0
3. When paired with security's --threshold= option, systemd-analyze exits with a non-zero error status indicating
that the overall exposure level for the unit file (=78) is greater than the set threshold (=70). The same
jsontest.service file is used for the demo run below:
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --root= --offline=true
--security-policy=src/analyze/testfile.json --threshold=70 jsontest.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
NAME DESCRIPTION
✓ PrivateNetwork Service runs without access to host network
✗ UserOrDynamicUser Service runs as root user
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities
✓ PrivateMounts Service cannot install system mounts
✓ PrivateDevices Service has no access to hardware devices
→ Overall exposure level for jsontest.service: 7.8 EXPOSED 🙁
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (custom-security)$ echo $? 1
new option
2021-08-23 21:20:10 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
systemd-analyze: add new option to generate JSON output of security analysis table
The new option --json= works with the 'security' verb and takes in one of three format flags.
These are off which is the default, pretty and short which use JSON format flags for output.
When set to true, it generates a JSON formatted output of the security analysis table. The
format is a JSON array with objects containing the following fields: set which indicates if
the id has been set or not, name which is what is used to refer to the id, json_field
which is the equivalent JSON formatted id name only used for JSON outputs, description which
is an outline of the id state, and exposure which is an unsigned integer in the range 0.0..10.0,
where a higher value corresponds to a higher security threat. The JSON version of the table is
printed on the standard output file.
Example Run:
The unit file testfile.service was created to test the --json= option
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (json-security)$ cat <<EOF >testfile.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> PrivateMounts = yes
> PrivateDevices = yes
> EOF
Both the JSON output and the security analysis table below have been truncated to increase readability.
1. Testing for when --json=off
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (json-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --json=off --root= --offline=true
testfile.service --no-pager
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/foo.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✓ PrivateNetwork= Service has no access to the host's network
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet=~CAP_SET(UID|GID|PCAP) Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities 0.3
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet=~CAP_NET_ADMIN Service has administrator privileges 0.3
→ Overall exposure level for testfile.service: 8.3 EXPOSED 🙁
2. Testing for when --json=pretty
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (json-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --json=pretty --root= --offline=true
testfile.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/foo.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
[
{
"set" : true,
"name" : "PrivateNetwork=",
"json-field" : "PrivateNetwork",
"description" : "Service has no access to the host's network",
"exposure" : null
},
{
"set" : false,
"name" : "User=/DynamicUser=",
"json-field" : "UserOrDynamicUser",
"decsription" : "Service runs as root user",
"exposure" : "0.4"
},
{
"set" : false,
"name" : "CapabilityBoundingSet=~CAP_SET(UID|GID|PCAP)",
"json_field" : "CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP",
"description" : "Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities",
"exposure" : "0.3"
},
{
"set" : false,
"name" : "CapabilityBoundingSet=~CAP_NET_ADMIN",
"json_field" : "CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_ADMIN",
"description" : "Service has administrator privileges",
"exposure" : "0.3"
},
...
]
3. Testing for when --json=short
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (json-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --json=short --root= --offline=true
testfile.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/foo.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
[{"set":true,"name":"PrivateNetwork=", "json_field":"PrivateNetwork", "description":"Service has no access to the host's network","exposure":null}, ...]
2021-08-26 07:17:32 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--json=<replaceable>MODE</replaceable></option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>With the <command>security</command> command, generate a JSON formatted
|
|
|
|
output of the security analysis table. The format is a JSON array with objects
|
|
|
|
containing the following fields: <varname>set</varname> which indicates if the setting has
|
|
|
|
been enabled or not, <varname>name</varname> which is what is used to refer to the setting,
|
|
|
|
<varname>json_field</varname> which is the JSON compatible identifier of the setting,
|
|
|
|
<varname>description</varname> which is an outline of the setting state, and
|
|
|
|
<varname>exposure</varname> which is a number in the range 0.0…10.0, where a higher value
|
|
|
|
corresponds to a higher security threat. The JSON version of the table is printed to standard
|
|
|
|
output. The <replaceable>MODE</replaceable> passed to the option can be one of three:
|
|
|
|
<option>off</option> which is the default, <option>pretty</option> and <option>short</option>
|
2022-12-14 12:31:22 +00:00
|
|
|
which respectively output a prettified or shorted JSON version of the security table.
|
|
|
|
|
2023-01-20 06:32:16 +00:00
|
|
|
With the <command>plot</command> command, generate a JSON formatted output of the raw time data.
|
2022-12-14 12:31:22 +00:00
|
|
|
The format is a JSON array with objects containing the following fields: <varname>name</varname>
|
|
|
|
which is the unit name, <varname>activated</varname> which is the time after startup the
|
|
|
|
service was activated, <varname>activating</varname> which is how long after startup the service
|
|
|
|
was initially started, <varname>time</varname> which is how long the service took to activate
|
|
|
|
from when it was initially started, <varname>deactivated</varname> which is the time after startup
|
2023-01-20 06:32:16 +00:00
|
|
|
that the service was deactivated, <varname>deactivating</varname> which is the time after startup
|
2022-12-14 12:31:22 +00:00
|
|
|
that the service was initially told to deactivate.
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
|
systemd-analyze: add new option to generate JSON output of security analysis table
The new option --json= works with the 'security' verb and takes in one of three format flags.
These are off which is the default, pretty and short which use JSON format flags for output.
When set to true, it generates a JSON formatted output of the security analysis table. The
format is a JSON array with objects containing the following fields: set which indicates if
the id has been set or not, name which is what is used to refer to the id, json_field
which is the equivalent JSON formatted id name only used for JSON outputs, description which
is an outline of the id state, and exposure which is an unsigned integer in the range 0.0..10.0,
where a higher value corresponds to a higher security threat. The JSON version of the table is
printed on the standard output file.
Example Run:
The unit file testfile.service was created to test the --json= option
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (json-security)$ cat <<EOF >testfile.service
> [Service]
> ExecStart = echo hello
> PrivateNetwork = yes
> PrivateMounts = yes
> PrivateDevices = yes
> EOF
Both the JSON output and the security analysis table below have been truncated to increase readability.
1. Testing for when --json=off
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (json-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --json=off --root= --offline=true
testfile.service --no-pager
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/foo.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✓ PrivateNetwork= Service has no access to the host's network
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet=~CAP_SET(UID|GID|PCAP) Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities 0.3
✗ CapabilityBoundingSet=~CAP_NET_ADMIN Service has administrator privileges 0.3
→ Overall exposure level for testfile.service: 8.3 EXPOSED 🙁
2. Testing for when --json=pretty
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (json-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --json=pretty --root= --offline=true
testfile.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/foo.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
[
{
"set" : true,
"name" : "PrivateNetwork=",
"json-field" : "PrivateNetwork",
"description" : "Service has no access to the host's network",
"exposure" : null
},
{
"set" : false,
"name" : "User=/DynamicUser=",
"json-field" : "UserOrDynamicUser",
"decsription" : "Service runs as root user",
"exposure" : "0.4"
},
{
"set" : false,
"name" : "CapabilityBoundingSet=~CAP_SET(UID|GID|PCAP)",
"json_field" : "CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_SET_UID_GID_PCAP",
"description" : "Service may change UID/GID identities/capabilities",
"exposure" : "0.3"
},
{
"set" : false,
"name" : "CapabilityBoundingSet=~CAP_NET_ADMIN",
"json_field" : "CapabilityBoundingSet_CAP_NET_ADMIN",
"description" : "Service has administrator privileges",
"exposure" : "0.3"
},
...
]
3. Testing for when --json=short
maanya-goenka@debian:~/systemd (json-security)$ sudo build/systemd-analyze security --json=short --root= --offline=true
testfile.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/plymouth-start.service:15: Unit configured to use KillMode=none. This is unsafe, as it disables systemd's
process lifecycle management for the service. Please update your service to use a safer KillMode=, such as 'mixed' or 'control-group'.
Support for KillMode=none is deprecated and will eventually be removed.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/dbus.socket:5: ListenStream= references a path below legacy directory /var/run/, updating
/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket → /run/dbus/system_bus_socket; please update the unit file accordingly.
/usr/lib/systemd/system/gdm.service:30: Standard output type syslog is obsolete, automatically updating to journal. Please update your
unit file, and consider removing the setting altogether.
/home/maanya-goenka/systemd/foo.service:2: Unknown key name 'foo' in section 'Unit', ignoring.
[{"set":true,"name":"PrivateNetwork=", "json_field":"PrivateNetwork", "description":"Service has no access to the host's network","exposure":null}, ...]
2021-08-26 07:17:32 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
2019-02-21 11:07:05 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--iterations=<replaceable>NUMBER</replaceable></option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When used with the <command>calendar</command> command, show the specified number of
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
iterations the specified calendar expression will elapse next. Defaults to 1.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v242"/></listitem>
|
2019-02-21 11:07:05 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
2019-11-13 11:55:52 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--base-time=<replaceable>TIMESTAMP</replaceable></option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When used with the <command>calendar</command> command, show next iterations relative
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
to the specified point in time. If not specified defaults to the current time.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v244"/></listitem>
|
2019-11-13 11:55:52 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
2021-08-23 15:44:58 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--unit=<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When used with the <command>condition</command> command, evaluate all the
|
|
|
|
<varname index="false">Condition*=...</varname> and <varname index="false">Assert*=...</varname>
|
|
|
|
assignments in the specified unit file. The full unit search path is formed by combining the
|
|
|
|
directories for the specified unit with the usual unit load paths. The variable
|
|
|
|
<varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname> is supported, and may be used to replace or augment the
|
|
|
|
compiled in set of unit load paths; see
|
|
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. All
|
|
|
|
units files present in the directory containing the specified unit will be used in preference to the
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
other paths.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
|
2021-08-23 15:44:58 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
2022-12-14 12:31:22 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--table</option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When used with the <command>plot</command> command, the raw time data is output in a table.
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v253"/></listitem>
|
2022-12-14 12:31:22 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--no-legend</option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>When used with the <command>plot</command> command in combination with either
|
|
|
|
<option>--table</option> or <option>--json=</option>, no legends or hints are included in the output.
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v253"/></listitem>
|
2022-12-14 12:31:22 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" />
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="machine" />
|
|
|
|
|
2021-11-16 11:19:42 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
2024-01-09 08:05:50 +00:00
|
|
|
<term><option>-q</option></term>
|
2021-11-16 11:19:42 +00:00
|
|
|
<term><option>--quiet</option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
2023-08-22 16:52:36 +00:00
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Suppress hints and other non-essential output.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v250"/></listitem>
|
2021-11-16 11:19:42 +00:00
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
2023-10-12 14:33:01 +00:00
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<term><option>--tldr</option></term>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>With <command>cat-config</command>, only print the "interesting" parts of the
|
|
|
|
configuration files, skipping comments and empty lines and section headers followed only by
|
|
|
|
comments and empty lines.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v255"/></listitem>
|
|
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
|
|
|
|
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<title>Exit status</title>
|
|
|
|
|
2022-05-17 14:28:45 +00:00
|
|
|
<para>For most commands, 0 is returned on success, and a non-zero failure code otherwise.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>With the verb <command>compare-versions</command>, in the two-argument form,
|
|
|
|
<constant>12</constant>, <constant>0</constant>, <constant>11</constant> is returned if the second
|
|
|
|
version string is respectively larger, equal, or smaller to the first. In the three-argument form,
|
|
|
|
<constant>0</constant> or <constant>1</constant> if the condition is respectively true or false.</para>
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
|
2021-02-28 11:18:25 +00:00
|
|
|
<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" />
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2022-02-22 21:55:42 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<title>Examples</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
|
|
<title>JSON Policy</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>The JSON file passed as a path parameter to <option>--security-policy=</option> has a top-level
|
|
|
|
JSON object, with keys being the assessment test identifiers mentioned above. The values in the file
|
|
|
|
should be JSON objects with one or more of the following fields: <option>description_na</option>
|
|
|
|
(string), <option>description_good</option> (string), <option>description_bad</option> (string),
|
|
|
|
<option>weight</option> (unsigned integer), and <option>range</option> (unsigned integer). If any of
|
|
|
|
these fields corresponding to a specific id of the unit file is missing from the JSON object, the
|
|
|
|
default built-in field value corresponding to that same id is used for security analysis as default.
|
|
|
|
The weight and range fields are used in determining the overall exposure level of the unit files: the
|
|
|
|
value of each setting is assigned a badness score, which is multiplied by the policy weight and divided
|
|
|
|
by the policy range to determine the overall exposure that the setting implies. The computed badness is
|
|
|
|
summed across all settings in the unit file, normalized to the 1…100 range, and used to determine the
|
|
|
|
overall exposure level of the unit. By allowing users to manipulate these fields, the 'security' verb
|
|
|
|
gives them the option to decide for themself which ids are more important and hence should have a
|
|
|
|
greater effect on the exposure level. A weight of <literal>0</literal> means the setting will not be
|
|
|
|
checked.</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
"PrivateDevices":
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
"description_good": "Service has no access to hardware devices",
|
|
|
|
"description_bad": "Service potentially has access to hardware devices",
|
|
|
|
"weight": 1000,
|
|
|
|
"range": 1
|
|
|
|
},
|
|
|
|
"PrivateMounts":
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
"description_good": "Service cannot install system mounts",
|
|
|
|
"description_bad": "Service may install system mounts",
|
|
|
|
"weight": 1000,
|
|
|
|
"range": 1
|
|
|
|
},
|
|
|
|
"PrivateNetwork":
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
"description_good": "Service has no access to the host's network",
|
|
|
|
"description_bad": "Service has access to the host's network",
|
|
|
|
"weight": 2500,
|
|
|
|
"range": 1
|
|
|
|
},
|
|
|
|
"PrivateTmp":
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
"description_good": "Service has no access to other software's temporary files",
|
|
|
|
"description_bad": "Service has access to other software's temporary files",
|
|
|
|
"weight": 1000,
|
|
|
|
"range": 1
|
|
|
|
},
|
|
|
|
"PrivateUsers":
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
|
"description_good": "Service does not have access to other users",
|
|
|
|
"description_bad": "Service has access to other users",
|
|
|
|
"weight": 1000,
|
|
|
|
"range": 1
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<title>See Also</title>
|
2023-12-22 18:09:32 +00:00
|
|
|
<para><simplelist type="inline">
|
|
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
|
|
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
|
|
|
|
</simplelist></para>
|
2015-02-04 02:14:13 +00:00
|
|
|
</refsect1>
|
2012-06-26 23:53:07 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</refentry>
|