Adding or extending a family of adaptive instructions.

Families of instructions

The core part of PEP 659 (specializing adaptive interpreter) is the families of instructions that perform the adaptive specialization.

A family of instructions has the following fundamental properties:

It corresponds to a single instruction in the code generated by the bytecode compiler.
It has a single adaptive instruction that records an execution count and, at regular intervals, attempts to specialize itself. If not specializing, it executes the non-adaptive instruction.
It has at least one specialized form of the instruction that is tailored for a particular value or set of values at runtime.
All members of the family have access to the same number of cache entries. Individual family members do not need to use all of the entries.

The current implementation also requires the following, although these are not fundamental and may change:

If a family uses one or more entries, then the first entry must be a _PyAdaptiveEntry entry.
If a family uses no cache entries, then the oparg is used as the counter for the adaptive instruction.
All instruction names should start with the name of the non-adaptive instruction.
The adaptive instruction should end in _ADAPTIVE.
Specialized forms should have names describing their specialization.

Example family

The LOAD_GLOBAL instruction (in Python/ceval.c) already has an adaptive family that serves as a relatively simple example.

The LOAD_GLOBAL_ADAPTIVE instruction performs adaptive specialization, calling _Py_Specialize_LoadGlobal() when the counter reaches zero.

There are two specialized instructions in the family, LOAD_GLOBAL_MODULE which is specialized for global variables in the module, and LOAD_GLOBAL_BUILTIN which is specialized for builtin variables.

Performance analysis

The benefit of a specialization can be assessed with the following formula: Tbase/Tadaptive.

Where Tbase is the mean time to execute the base instruction, and Tadaptive is the mean time to execute the specialized and adaptive forms.

Tadaptive = (sum(Ti*Ni) + Tmiss*Nmiss)/(sum(Ni)+Nmiss)

Ti is the time to execute the ith instruction in the family and Ni is the number of times that instruction is executed. Tmiss is the time to process a miss, including de-optimzation and the time to execute the base instruction.

The ideal situation is where misses are rare and the specialized forms are much faster than the base instruction. LOAD_GLOBAL is near ideal, Nmiss/sum(Ni) ≈ 0. In which case we have Tadaptive ≈ sum(Ti*Ni). Since we can expect the specialized forms LOAD_GLOBAL_MODULE and LOAD_GLOBAL_BUILTIN to be much faster than the adaptive base instruction, we would expect the specialization of LOAD_GLOBAL to be profitable.

Design considerations

While LOAD_GLOBAL may be ideal, instructions like LOAD_ATTR and CALL_FUNCTION are not. For maximum performance we want to keep Ti low for all specialized instructions and Nmiss as low as possible.

Keeping Nmiss low means that there should be specializations for almost all values seen by the base instruction. Keeping sum(Ti*Ni) low means keeping Ti low which means minimizing branches and dependent memory accesses (pointer chasing). These two objectives may be in conflict, requiring judgement and experimentation to design the family of instructions.

Gathering data

Before choosing how to specialize an instruction, it is important to gather some data. What are the patterns of usage of the base instruction? Data can best be gathered by instrumenting the interpreter. Since a specialization function and adaptive instruction are going to be required, instrumentation can most easily be added in the specialization function.

Choice of specializations

The performance of the specializing adaptive interpreter relies on the quality of specialization and keeping the overhead of specialization low.

Specialized instructions must be fast. In order to be fast, specialized instructions should be tailored for a particular set of values that allows them to:

Verify that incoming value is part of that set with low overhead.
Perform the operation quickly.

This requires that the set of values is chosen such that membership can be tested quickly and that membership is sufficient to allow the operation to performed quickly.

For example, LOAD_GLOBAL_MODULE is specialized for globals() dictionaries that have a keys with the expected version.

This can be tested quickly:

globals->keys->dk_version == expected_version

and the operation can be performed quickly:

value = globals->keys->entries[index].value.

Because it is impossible to measure the performance of an instruction without also measuring unrelated factors, the assessment of the quality of a specialization will require some judgement.

As a general rule, specialized instructions should be much faster than the base instruction.

Implementation of specialized instructions

In general, specialized instructions should be implemented in two parts:

A sequence of guards, each of the form DEOPT_IF(guard-condition-is-false, BASE_NAME), followed by a record_cache_hit().
The operation, which should ideally have no branches and a minimum number of dependent memory accesses.

In practice, the parts may overlap, as data required for guards can be re-used in the operation.

If there are branches in the operation, then consider further specialization to eliminate the branches.

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