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This document should help new developers get started. Like all of Wine, it
is a work in progress.
SOURCE TREE STRUCTURE
=====================
The Wine source tree is loosely based on the original Windows modules.
Most of the source is concerned with implementing the Wine API, although
there are also various tools, documentation, sample Winelib code, and
code specific to the binary loader. Note that several of the libraries
listed here are "stubbed out", meaning they still need to be implemented.
DLLs (under dlls/):
-------------------
advapi32/ - Crypto, systeminfo, security, eventlogging
amstream/ - MultiMedia Streams
atl - Active Template Library
avicap32/ - AVI capture window class
avifil32/ - COM object to play AVI files
cabinet/ - Cabinet file interface
capi2032/ - Wrapper library for CAPI4Linux access
cards/ - Card graphics
cfgmgr32/ - Config manager
comcat/ - Component category manager
comctl32/ - Common controls
commdlg/ - Common dialog boxes (both 16 & 32 bit)
crtdll/ - Old C runtime library
crypt32/ - Cryptography
ctl3d/ - 3D Effects for Common GUI Components
d3d8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
d3d9/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
d3dim/ - Direct3D Immediate Mode
d3drm/ - Direct3D Retained Mode
d3dx8/ - Direct3D (3D graphics)
d3dxof/ - DirectX Files Functions
dbghelp/ - Engine for symbol and module enumeration
dciman32/ - DCI Manager (graphics)
ddraw/ - DirectDraw (graphics)
devenum/ - Device enumeration (part of DirectShow)
dinput/ - DirectInput (device input)
dinput8/ - DirectInput (device input)
dmband/ - DirectMusic Band
dmcompos/ - DirectMusic Composer
dmime/ - DirectMusic Interactive Engine
dmloader/ - DirectMusic Loader
dmscript/ - DirectMusic Scripting
dmstyle/ - DirectMusic Style Engine
dmsynth/ - DirectMusic Software Synthesizer
dmusic/ - DirectMusic Core Services
dmusic32/ - DirectMusic Legacy Port
dplay/ - DirectPlay (networking)
dplayx/ - DirectPlay (networking)
dpnet/ - DirectPlay (networking)
dpnhpast/ - DirectPlay NAT Helper PAST
dsound/ - DirectSound (audio)
dswave/ - DirectMusic Wave
dxdiagn/ - DirectX Diagnostic Tool
gdi/ - GDI (graphics)
glu32/ - OpenGL Utility library (graphics)
glut32/ - OpenGL Utility Toolkit
hhctrl.ocx/ - HHCTRL OCX implementation
iccvid/ - Radius Cinepak Video Decoder
icmp/ - ICMP protocol (networking)
ifsmgr.vxd/ - IFSMGR VxD implementation
imagehlp/ - PE (Portable Executable) Image Helper lib
imm32/ - Input Method Manager
iphlpapi/ - IP Helper API
itss/ - Infotech Structured Storage (HTML Help)
kernel/ - The Windows kernel
lzexpand/ - Lempel-Ziv compression/decompression
mapi32/ - Mail interface
mlang/ - Multi Language Support
mmdevldr.vxd/ - MMDEVLDR VxD implementation
monodebg.vxd/ - MONODEBG VxD implementation
mpr/ - Multi-Protocol Router (networking)
msacm/ - Audio Compression Manager (multimedia)
msacm/imaadp32/ - IMA ADPCM Audio Codec
msacm/msadp32/ - MS ADPCM Audio Codec
msacm/msg711/ - MS G711 Audio Codec (includes A-Law & MU-Law)
msacm/winemp3/ - Mpeg Layer 3 Audio Codec
msdmo/ - DirectX Media Objects
mshtml/ - MS HTML component
msi/ - Microsoft Installer
msimg32/ - Gradient and transparency (graphics)
msisys/ - System information
msnet32/ - Network interface
msrle32/ - Video codecs
msvcrt/ - C runtime library
msvcrt20/ - C runtime library version 2.0
msvcrt40/ - C runtime library version 4.0
msvcrtd/ - C runtime library debugging
msvidc32/ - Microsoft Video-1 Decoder
msvideo/ - 16 bit video manager
mswsock/ - Misc networking
netapi32/ - Network interface
newdev/ - New Hardware Device Library
ntdll/ - NT implementation of kernel calls
odbc32/ - Open DataBase Connectivity driver manager
ole32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 libraries
oleacc/ - OLE accessibility support
oleaut32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
olecli/ - 16 bit OLE client
oledlg/ - OLE 2.0 user interface support
olepro32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
olesvr/ - 16 bit OLE server
opengl32/ - OpenGL implementation (graphics)
psapi/ - Process Status interface
qcap/ - DirectShow runtime
quartz/ - DirectShow runtime
rasapi32/ - Remote Access Server interface
richedit/ - Rich text editing control
rpcrt4/ - Remote Procedure Call runtime
rsabase/ - RSA encryption
secur32/ - Contains Windows Security functions
serialui/ - Serial port property pages
setupapi/ - Setup interface
setupx/ - Contains functions used by the Windows Setup
shdocvw/ - Shell document object and control
shell32/ - COM object implementing shell views
shfolder/ - Shell folder service
shlwapi/ - Shell Light-Weight interface
snmpapi/ - SNMP protocol interface (networking)
sti/ - Still Image service
tapi32/ - Telephone interface
ttydrv/ - TTY display driver (Wine specific)
twain/ - TWAIN Imaging device communications
unicows/ - Unicows replacement (Unicode layer for Win9x)
url/ - Internet shortcut shell extension
urlmon/ - URL Moniker allows binding to a URL (like KIO/gnome-vfs)
user/ - Window management, standard controls, etc.
uxtheme/ - Theme library
vdhcp.vxd/ - VDHCP VxD implementation
vdmdbg/ - Virtual DOS machine debug library
version/ - File installation library
vmm.vxd/ - VMM VxD implementation
vnbt.vxd/ - VNBT VxD implementation
vnetbios.vxd/ - VNETBIOS VxD implementation
vtdapi.vxd/ - VTDAPI VxD implementation
vwin32.vxd/ - VWIN32 VxD implementation
win32s/ - 32-bit function access for 16-bit systems
winaspi/ - 16 bit Advanced SCSI Peripheral Interface
wined3d/ - Wine internal Direct3D helper
winedos/ - DOS features and BIOS calls (interrupts) (wine specific)
wineps/ - Postscript driver (Wine specific)
wininet/ - Internet extensions
winmm/ - Multimedia (16 & 32 bit)
winmm/joystick/ - Joystick driver
winmm/mcianim/ - MCI animation driver
winmm/mciavi/ - MCI video driver
winmm/mcicda/ - MCI audio CD driver
winmm/mciseq/ - MCI MIDI driver
winmm/mciwave/ - MCI wave driver
winmm/midimap/ - MIDI mapper
winmm/wavemap/ - Audio mapper
winmm/winealsa/ - ALSA audio driver
winmm/winearts/ - aRts audio driver
winmm/wineaudioio/ - audioio audio driver
winmm/winejack/ - JACK audio server driver
winmm/winenas/ - NAS audio driver
winmm/wineoss/ - OSS audio driver
winnls/ - National Language Support
winsock/ - Sockets 2.0 (networking)
winspool/ - Printing & Print Spooler
wintab32/ - Tablet device interface
wintrust/ - Trust verification interface
wow32/ - WOW subsystem
wsock32/ - Sockets 1.1 (networking)
x11drv/ - X11 display driver (Wine specific)
Winelib programs (under programs/):
-----------------------------------
avitools/ - AVI information viewer and player
clock/ - Graphical clock
cmdlgtst/ - Common dialog tests
control/ - Control panel
expand/ - Decompress Lempel-Ziv compressed archive
msiexec/ - Microsoft Installer frontend
notepad/ - Notepad replacement
progman/ - Program manager
regedit/ - Registry editor
regsvr32/ - Register COM server
rpcss/ - RPC services
rundll32/ - Execute DLL functions directly
start/ - Replacement for start.exe
taskmgr/ - Manage running Windows/Winelib applications
uninstaller/ - Remove installed programs
view/ - Metafile viewer
wcmd/ - Command line interface
wineboot/ - Wine bootstrap process
winecfg/ - Wine configuration utility
wineconsole/ - Console
winedbg/ - Debugger
winefile/ - File manager
winemenubuilder/ - Helper program for building Unix menu entries
winemine/ - Mine game
winepath/ - Translate between Wine and Unix paths
winetest/ - Wine testing shell
winevdm/ - Wine virtual DOS machine
winhelp/ - Help viewer
winver/ - Windows Version Program
Support programs, libraries, etc:
---------------------------------
dlls/dxerr8/ - DirectX 8 error import lib
dlls/dxerr9/ - DirectX 9 error import lib
dlls/dxguid/ - DirectX UUID import lib
dlls/uuid/ - Windows-compatible UUID import lib
documentation/ - some documentation
documentation/samples/ - sample configuration files
include/ - Windows standard includes
include/msvcrt/ - MSVC compatible libc headers
include/wine/ - Wine specific headers
libs/ - the Wine libraries
libs/port/ - portability library
libs/unicode/ - Unicode support shared
libs/wine/ - Wine bootstrap library
libs/wpp/ - C preprocessor
loader/ - the main Wine loader
server/ - the Wine server
tools/ - various tools used to build/check Wine
tools/widl/ - the IDL compiler
tools/winapi{,_check}/ - A Win32 API checker
tools/winebuild/ - Wine build tool
tools/winedump/ - a .DLL dump utility
tools/winegcc/ - a MinGW command line compatible gcc wrapper
tools/wmc/ - the message compiler
tools/wpp/ - the C pre-processor library
tools/wrc/ - the resource compiler
Miscellaneous:
--------------
Note: these directories will ultimately get moved into their
respective dlls.
misc/ - KERNEL registry
windows/ - USER window management
IMPLEMENTING NEW API CALLS
==========================
This is the simple version, and covers only Win32. Win16 is slightly
uglier, because of the Pascal heritage and the segmented memory model.
All of the Win32 APIs known to Wine are listed in the .spec file of
their corresponding dll. An unimplemented call will look like (from
gdi32.spec)
269 stub PolyBezierTo
To implement this call, you need to do the following four things.
1. Find the appropriate parameters for the call, and add a prototype to
the correct header file. In this case, that means [include/wingdi.h],
and it might look like
BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC, LPCVOID, DWORD);
If the function has both an ASCII and a Unicode version, you need to
define both and add a #define WINELIB_NAME_AW declaration. See below
for discussion of function naming conventions.
2. Modify the .spec file to tell Wine that the function has an
implementation, what the parameters look like and what Wine function
to use for the implementation. In Win32, things are simple--everything
is 32-bits. However, the relay code handles pointers and pointers to
strings slightly differently, so you should use 'str' and 'wstr' for
strings, 'ptr' for other pointer types, and 'long' for everything else.
269 stdcall PolyBezierTo(long ptr long) PolyBezierTo
The 'PolyBezierTo' at the end of the line is which Wine function to use
for the implementation.
3. Implement the function as a stub. Once you add the function to the .spec
file, you must add the function to the Wine source before it will link.
Add a function called 'PolyBezierTo' somewhere. Good things to put
into a stub:
o a correct prototype, including the WINAPI
o header comments, including full documentation for the function and
arguments (see documentation/README.documentation)
o A FIXME message and an appropriate return value are good things to
put in a stub.
/************************************************************
* PolyBezierTo (GDI32.269)
*
* Draw many Bezier curves.
*
* PARAMS
* hdc [I] Device context to draw to
* p [I] Array of POINT structs
* count [I] Number of points in p
*
* RETURNS
* Success: Non-zero.
* Failure: FALSE. Use GetLastError() to find the error cause.
*
* BUGS
* Unimplemented
*/
BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC hdc, LPCVOID p, DWORD count)
{
/* tell the user they've got a substandard implementation */
FIXME(gdi, ":(%x,%p,%d): stub\n", hdc, p, count);
/* some programs may be able to compensate,
* if they know what happened
*/
SetLastError(ERROR_CALL_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
return FALSE; /* error value */
}
4. Implement and test the rest of the function.
IMPLEMENTING A NEW DLL
======================
Generic directions
------------------
Apart from writing the set of needed .c files, you also need to do the
following:
1. Create a directory <MyDll> where to store the implementation of
the DLL. This directory has to be put under the dlls/ directory.
If the DLL exists under Windows as both 16 and 32 bit DLL, you
should have a single directory with both implementations.
2. Create the Makefile.in in the ./dlls/<MyDll>/ directory. You can
copy an existing Makefile.in from another ./dlls/ subdirectory.
You need at least to change the MODULE and C_SRCS macros.
3. Add the directory in ./configure.ac (in AC_OUTPUT macro at the end
of the file to trigger the Makefile generation)
4. Run ./make_dlls in the dlls directory to update Makefile.in in
that directory.
5. You can now regenerate ./configure file (with 'make configure')
and the various Makefiles (with 'configure; make depend') (run
from the top of Wine's tree).
You should now have a Makefile file in ./dlls/<MyDll>/
6. Create the .spec file for the DLL exported functions in your
directory. Refer to 'Implementation of new API calls' earlier in
this document for more information on this part.
7. You can now start adding .c files. For the .h files, if they are
standard Windows one, put them in include/. If they are linked to
*your* implementation of the dll, put them in your newly created
directory.
Debug channels
--------------
If you need to create a new debug channel, just add the
WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL to your .c file(s), and use them.
All the housekeeping will happen automatically.
Resources
---------
If you also need to add resources to your DLL, then create the .rc
file. Add to your ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in, in the RC_SRCS macro,
the list of .rc files to add to the DLL. See dlls/comctl32/ for an
example of this.
Thunking
--------
If you're building a 16 & 32 bit DLLs pair, then from the 32 bit code
you might need to call 16 bit routine. The way to do it to add in the
code, fragments like:
/* ### Start build ### */
extern WORD CALLBACK <PREFIX>_CallTo16_word_wwlll(FARPROC16,WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG);
/* ### stop build ### */
Where <PREFIX>_ is an internal prefix for your module. The first
parameter is always of type FARPROC16. Then, you can get the regular
list of parameters. The _word_wwlll indicates the type of return (long
or word) and the size of the parameters (here l=>long, w=>word; which
maps to WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG.
You can put several functions between the Start/Stop build pair.
You can also read the winebuild manpage for more details on this.
Then, add to ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in a line like:
EXTRA_OBJS = $(MODULE).glue.o
See dlls/winmm/ for an example of this.
MEMORY AND SEGMENTS
===================
NE (Win16) executables consist of multiple segments. The Wine loader
loads each segment into a unique location in the Wine processes memory
and assigns a selector to that segment. Because of this, it's not
possible to exchange addresses freely between 16-bit and 32-bit code.
Addresses used by 16-bit code are segmented addresses (16:16), formed
by a 16-bit selector and a 16-bit offset. Those used by the Wine code
are regular 32-bit linear addresses.
There are four ways to obtain a segmented pointer:
- Using the MapLS function (recommended).
- Allocate a block of memory from the global heap and use
WIN16_GlobalLock to get its segmented address.
- Declare the argument as 'segptr' instead of 'ptr' in the spec file
for a given API function.
Once you have a segmented pointer, it must be converted to a linear
pointer before you can use it from 32-bit code. This can be done with
the MapSL function. The linear pointer can then be used freely with
standard Unix functions like memcpy() etc. without worrying about 64k
boundaries. Note: there's no easy way to convert back from a linear
to a segmented address.
In most cases, you don't need to worry about segmented address, as the
conversion is made automatically by the callback code and the API
functions only see linear addresses. However, in some cases it is
necessary to manipulate segmented addresses; the most frequent cases
are:
- API functions that return a pointer
- lParam of Windows messages that point to a structure
- Pointers contained inside structures accessed by 16-bit code.
It is usually a good practice to used the type 'SEGPTR' for segmented
pointers, instead of something like 'LPSTR' or 'char *'. As SEGPTR is
defined as a DWORD, you'll get a compilation warning if you mistakenly
use it as a regular 32-bit pointer.
STRUCTURE PACKING
=================
Under Windows, data structures are tightly packed, i.e. there is no
padding between structure members. On the other hand, by default gcc
aligns structure members (e.g. WORDs are on a WORD boundary, etc.).
This means that a structure like
struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
will take 3 bytes under Windows, but 4 with gcc, because gcc will add a
dummy byte between x and y. To have the correct layout for structures
used by Windows code, you need to embed the struct within two special
#include's which will take care of the packing for you:
#include "pshpack1.h"
struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
#include "poppack1.h"
For alignment on a 2-byte boundary, there is a "pshpack2.h", etc.
NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES
==============================================
In order to support both Win16 and Win32 APIs within the same source
code, the following convention must be used in naming all API
functions and types. If the Windows API uses the name 'xxx', the Wine
code must use:
- 'xxx16' for the Win16 version,
- 'xxx' for the Win32 version when no strings are involved,
- 'xxxA' for the Win32 version with ASCII strings,
- 'xxxW' for the Win32 version with Unicode strings.
If the function has both ASCII and Unicode version, you should then
use the macros WINELIB_NAME_AW(xxx) or DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(xxx)
(defined in include/windef.h) to define the correct 'xxx' function
or type for Winelib. When compiling Wine itself, 'xxx' is _not_
defined, meaning that code inside of Wine must always specify
explicitly the ASCII or Unicode version.
If 'xxx' is the same in Win16 and Win32, you can simply use the same
name as Windows, i.e. just 'xxx'. If 'xxx' is Win16 only, you could
use the name as is, but it's preferable to use 'xxx16' to make it
clear it is a Win16 function.
Examples:
typedef struct { /* Win32 ASCII data structure */ } WNDCLASSA;
typedef struct { /* Win32 Unicode data structure */ } WNDCLASSW;
typedef struct { /* Win16 data structure */ } WNDCLASS16;
DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(WNDCLASS);
ATOM RegisterClass16( WNDCLASS16 * );
ATOM RegisterClassA( WNDCLASSA * );
ATOM RegisterClassW( WNDCLASSW * );
#define RegisterClass WINELIB_NAME_AW(RegisterClass)
The Winelib user can then say:
WNDCLASS wc = { ... };
RegisterClass( &wc );
and this will use the correct declaration depending on the definition
of the UNICODE symbol.
DEBUG MESSAGES
==============
To display a message only during debugging, you normally write something
like this:
TRACE("abc..."); or
FIXME("abc..."); or
WARN("abc..."); or
ERR("abc...");
depending on the seriousness of the problem. (documentation/debugging.sgml
explains when it is appropriate to use each of them). You need to declare
the debug channel name at the top of the file (after the includes) using
the WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL macro, like so:
WINE_DEFAULT_DEBUG_CHANNEL(win);
If your debugging code is more complex than just printf, you can use
the macros:
TRACE_ON(xxx), WARN_ON(xxx), ERR_ON(xxx) and FIXME_ON(xxx)
to test if the given channel is enabled. Thus, you can write:
if (TRACE_ON(win)) DumpSomeStructure(&str);
Don't worry about the inefficiency of the test. If it is permanently
disabled (that is TRACE_ON(win) is 0 at compile time), the compiler will
eliminate the dead code.
For more info about debugging messages, read:
http://www.winehq.org/site/docs/wine-devel/debugging
MORE INFO
=========
1. There is a FREE online version of the MSDN library (including
documentation for the Win32 API) on http://msdn.microsoft.com/
or http://www.msdn.com/
2. Windows apilist: http://www.mentalis.org/apilist/apilist.php
3. http://www.sonic.net/~undoc/bookstore.html
4. In 1993 Dr. Dobbs Journal published a column called "Undocumented Corner".
5. www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/4942/
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