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431 lines
20 KiB
Text
431 lines
20 KiB
Text
<chapter id="winelib-introduction">
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<title id="introduction.title">Winelib Introduction</title>
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<sect1 id="winelib-whatis">
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<title>What is Winelib?</title>
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<para>
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Winelib is a development toolkit which allows you to compile your
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Windows applications on Unix.
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</para>
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<para>
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Most of Winelib's code consists of the Win32 API implementation.
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Fortunately this part is 100 percent shared with Wine. The remainder
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consists of Windows compatible headers and tools like the resource
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compiler (and even these are used when compiling Wine).
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</para>
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<para>
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Thanks to the above, Winelib supports most C and C++ 32bit source code,
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resource and message files, and can generate graphical or console
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applications as well as dynamic libraries.
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</para>
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<para>
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What is not supported is 16bit source code as the types it depends on
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(especially segmented pointers) are not supported by Unix compilers.
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Also missing are some of the more exotic features of Microsoft's
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compiler like native COM support and structured exception handling.
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So you may need to perform some modifications in your code when
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recompiling your application with Winelib. This guide is here to help
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you in this task.
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</para>
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<para>
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What you gain by recompiling your application with Winelib is the
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ability to make calls to Unix APIs, directly from your
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Windows source code. This allows for a better integration with the
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Unix environment than is allowed by running an unmodified Windows
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application running in Wine. Another benefit is that a Winelib
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application can relatively easily be recompiled on a non-Intel
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architecture and run there without the need for a slow software
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emulation of the processor.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="winelib-requirements">
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<title id="requirements.title">System requirements</title>
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<para>
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The requirements for Winelib are similar to those for Wine.
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</para>
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<para>
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Basically if you can run Wine on your computer then you can run
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Winelib. But the converse is not true. You can also build Winelib
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and Winelib applications on platforms not supported by Wine,
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typically platforms with a non i386 processor. But this is still
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pretty much uncharted territory. It would be more reasonable to
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target one of the more mundane i386-based platforms first.
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</para>
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<para>
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The main difference is that the compiler becomes much more important.
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It is highly recommended that you use gcc, g++, and the GNU binutils.
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The more recent your gcc compiler the better.
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For any serious amount of code you should not consider anything older
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than gcc 2.95.2. The latest gcc snapshots contain some useful bug
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fixes and much better support for anonymous structs and unions. This
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can help reduce the number of changes you have to do in your code but
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these are not stable releases of the compiler so you may not want to
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use them in production.
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</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="winelib-getting-started">
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<title id="getting-started.title">Getting Started</title>
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<sect2 id="winemaker-introduction">
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<title id="winemaker-introduction.title">Winemaker introduction</title>
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<para>
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So what is needed to compile a Windows application with Winelib?
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Well, it really depends on the complexity of your application but
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here are some issues that are shared by all applications:
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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the case of your files may be bad. For example they could be
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in all caps: <filename>HELLO.C</filename>. It's not very nice to
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work with and probably not what you intended.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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then the case of the filenames in your include statements may be
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wrong: maybe they include 'Windows.h' instead of 'windows.h'.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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your include statements may use '\' instead of '/'. '\' is not
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recognized by Unix compilers while '/' is recognized in both
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environments.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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you will need to perform the usual Dos to Unix text file conversion
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otherwise you'll get in trouble when the compiler considers that
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your '\' is not at the end of the line since it is followed by a
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pesky carriage return.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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you will have to write new makefiles.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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The best way to take care of all these issues is to use winemaker.
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</para>
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<para>
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Winemaker is a perl script which is designed to help you bootstrap
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the conversion of your Windows projects to Winelib. In order to do
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this it will go analyze your code, fixing the issues listed above
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and generate autoconf-based Makefiles.
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</para>
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<para>
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Let's suppose that Wine/Winelib has been installed in the
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<filename class="Directory">/usr/local/wine</filename>
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directory, and that you are already in the top directory of your
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sources. Then converting your project to Winelib may be as simple
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as just running the three commands below (note the dot indicating
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current directory at the end of the first command):
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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$ winemaker --lower-uppercase .
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$ ./configure --with-wine=/usr/local/wine
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$ make
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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But of course things are not always that simple which is why we have
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this guide at all.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="winemaker-test">
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<title id="winemaker-test.title">Test Drive</title>
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<para>
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Before starting to work on a big project you may want to try to port a
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small application. The winemine application from the Wine source tree
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suits well for testing purposes. It can be found in the programs
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subdirectory. winemine is a simple application, but has a few C,
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header and resource files.
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</para>
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<para>
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Run <command>make clean</command> in the
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winemine source directory if it contains results of previous builds.
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Create a separate directory with name winemine2, so it won't conflict
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with the Wine copy of the application. Copy the sources of winemine
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(files *.c, *.h, *.rc) to this directory. Now run the commands,
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mentioned above from the winemine2 directory:
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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$ winemaker --lower-uppercase .
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$ ./configure --with-wine=/usr/local/wine
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$ make
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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You are done! Now you can start the application as
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<command>./winemine2</command>.
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</para>
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<para>
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If you come across problems preparing and building this application
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this probably means that winemaker utility is broken by some changes
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in Wine. Try asking for help on <email>wine-devel@winehq.com</email>
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2 id="winemaker-guide">
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<title id="winemaker-guide.title">Step by step guide</title>
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<para>
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Let's retrace the steps above in more details.
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</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>Getting the source</option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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First if you can try to get the sources together with the
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executables/libraries that they build. In the current state of
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winemaker having these around can help it guess what it is that
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your project is trying to build. Later, when it is able to
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understand Visual C++ projects, and if you use them, this will
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no longer be necessary. Usually the executables and libraries
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are in a <filename class="Directory">Release</filename> or
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<filename class="Directory">Debug</filename> subdirectory of the
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directory where the sources are. So it's best if you can
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transfer the source files and either of these directories to
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Linux. Note that you don't need to transfer the
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<filename>.obj</filename>, <filename>.pch</filename>,
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<filename>.sbr</filename> and other files that also reside in
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these directories; especially as they tend to be quite big.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>cd <root_dir></option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Then go to the root directory where are your source files.
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Winemaker can deal with a whole directory hierarchy at once so
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you don't need to go into a leaf directory, quite the contrary.
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Winemaker will automatically generate makefiles in each
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directory where one is required, and will generate a global
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makefile so that you can rebuild all your executables and
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libraries with a single <command>make</command> command.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>Making the source writable</option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Then make sure you have write access to your sources. It may
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sound obvious, but if you copied your source files from a
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CD-ROM or if they are in Source Safe on Windows, chances are
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that they will be read-only.
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But Winemaker needs write access so that it can fix them. You
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can arrange that by running <command>chmod -R u+w .</command>.
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Also you will want to make sure that you have a backup copy of
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your sources in case something went horribly wrong, or more
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likely, just for reference at a later point. If you use a
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version control system you're already covered.
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</para>
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<para>
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If you have already modified your source files and you want
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to make sure that winemaker will not make further changes to
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them then you can use the --nosource-fix option to protect
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them.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>Running winemaker</option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Then you'll run winemaker. Here are the options you will most
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likely want to use. For complete list of options see
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the winemaker man page.
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</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--lower-uppercase</option></term>
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<term><option>--lower-all</option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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These options specify how to deal with files, and
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directories, that have an 'incorrect' case.
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<option>--lower-uppercase</option> specifies they should
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only be renamed if their name is all uppercase. So files
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that have a mixed case, like 'Hello.c' would not be
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renamed. <option>--lower-all</option> will rename any
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file. If neither is specified then no file or directory
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will be renamed, almost. As you will see
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<link linkend="renaming">later</link> winemaker may
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still have to rename some files.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--nobackup</option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Winemaker normally makes a backup of all the files in which
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it does more than the standard Dos to Unix conversion.
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But if you already have (handy) copies of these files
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elsewhere you may not need these so you should use this
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option.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--dll</option></term>
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<term><option>--console</option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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These option lets winemaker know what kind of target you are
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building. If you have the windows library in your source
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hierarchy then you should not need to specify
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<option>--dll</option>. But if you have console executables
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then you will need to use the corresponding option.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--mfc</option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This option tells winemaker that you are building an MFC
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application/library.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-Dmacro[=defn]</option></term>
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<term><option>-Idir</option></term>
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<term><option>-Ldir</option></term>
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<term><option>-idll</option></term>
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<term><option>-llibrary</option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The <option>-i</option> specifies a Winelib library to
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import via the <link linkend="spec-file">spec file</>
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mechanism. Contrast this with the <option>-l</option>
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which specifies a Unix library to link with. The other
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options work the same way they would with a C
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compiler. All are applied to all the targets found.
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When specifying a directory with either
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<option>-I</option> or <option>-L</option>, winemaker
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will prefix a relative path with
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<literal>$(TOPDIRECTORY)/</literal> so that it is valid
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from any of the source directories. You can also use a
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variable in the path yourself if you wish (but don't
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forget to escape the '$'). For instance you could specify
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<literal>-I\$(WINELIB_INCLUDE_ROOT)/msvcrt</literal>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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<para>
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So your command may finally look like:
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<literal>winemaker --lower-uppercase -Imylib/include .</literal>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term id="renaming"><option>File renaming</option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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When you execute winemaker it will first rename files to bring
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their character case in line with your expectations and so that they can
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be processed by the makefiles. This later category implies that
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files with a non lowercase extension will be renamed so that the
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extension is in lowercase. So, for instance,
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<filename>HELLO.C</filename> will be renamed to
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<filename>HELLO.c</filename>. Also if a file or directory name
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contains a space or a dollar, then this
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character will be replaced with an underscore. This is because
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these characters cause problems with current versions of autoconf
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(2.13) and make (3.79).
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>Source modifications and makefile generation</option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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winemaker will then proceed to modify the source files so that
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they will compile more readily with Winelib. As it does so it
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may print warnings when it has to make a guess or identifies a
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construct that it cannot correct. Finally it will generate the
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autoconf-based makefiles. Once all this is done you can review
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the changes that winemaker did to your files by using
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<command>diff -uw</command>. For instance:
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<command>diff -uw hello.c.bak hello.c</command>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>Running the configure script</option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Before you run <command>make</command> you must run the
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autoconf <command>configure</command> script. The goal of this
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step is to analyze your system and generate customized
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makefiles from the <filename>Makefile.in</filename> files. This
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is also when you have to tell where Winelib resides on your
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system. If wine is installed in a single directory or you have
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the Wine sources compiled somewhere then you can just run
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<command>./configure --with-wine=/usr/local/bin</command>
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or <command>./configure --with-wine=~/wine</command>
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respectively.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>Running make</option></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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This is a pretty simple step: just type <command>make</command>
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and voila, you should have all your executables and libraries.
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If this did not work out, then it means that you will have to
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read this guide further to:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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review the <filename>Makefile.in</filename> files to
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adjust the default compilation and link options set by
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winemaker. See the <xref linkend="source-analysis"
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endterm="source-analysis.title"> section for some hints.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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fix the portability issues in your sources. See
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<xref linkend="portability-issues"
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endterm="portability-issues.title"> for more details.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>
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If you find yourself modifying the Makefile.in to specify the
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location of the Wine header or library files then go back to
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the previous step (the configure script) and use the various
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--with-wine-* options to specify where they are.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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