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535 lines
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535 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
This document should help new developers get started. Like all of Wine, it
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is a work in progress.
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SOURCE TREE STRUCTURE
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=====================
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The Wine source tree is loosely based on the original Windows modules.
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Most of the source is concerned with implementing the Wine API, although
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there are also various tools, documentation, sample Winelib code, and
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code specific to the binary loader.
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Wine API directories:
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---------------------
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KERNEL:
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files/ - file I/O
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loader/ - Win16-, Win32-binary loader
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memory/ - memory management
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msdos/ - DOS features and BIOS calls (interrupts)
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scheduler/ - process and thread management
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GDI:
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graphics/ - graphics drivers
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x11drv/ - X11 display driver
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win16drv/ -> see below
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ttydrv/ - tty display driver
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psdrv/ - PostScript graphics driver
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metafiledrv/ - metafile driver
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enhmetafiledrv/ - enhanced metafile driver
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objects/ - logical objects
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USER:
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controls/ - built-in widgets
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resources/ - built-in menu and message box resources
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windows/ - window management
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Other DLLs:
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dlls/ - Other system DLLs implemented by Wine
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advapi32/ - crypto, systeminfo, security, eventlogging
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avifil32/ - COM object to play AVI files
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comctl32/ - common controls
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commdlg/ - common dialog boxes (both 16 & 32 bit)
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dplayx/ - DirectX dplayx
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dsound/ - DirectX dsound
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imagehlp/ - PE (Portable Executable) Image Helper lib
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imm32/
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lzexpand/ - Liv-Zempel compression/decompression
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mpr/ - Multi-Protocol Router (interface to various
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network transport protocols)
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msacm/ - audio compression manager (multimedia) (16 bit)
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msacm32/ - audio compression manager (multimedia) (32 bit)
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msnet/
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msvideo/ - 16 bit video manager
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ole32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 librairies
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oleaut32/ - 32 bit OLE 2.0 automation
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olecli/ - 16 bit OLE client
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oledlg/ - OLE 2.0 user interface support
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olesvr/ - 16 bit OLE server
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ntdll/ - NT implementation of kernel calls
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psapi/ - process status API
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rasapi32/ - remote access server API
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shell32/ - COM object implementing shell views
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sound/ - Sound on loudspeaker (not sound card)
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tapi32/ - telephone API
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ver/ - File Installation Library (16 bit)
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version/ - File Installation Library (32 bit)
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win32s
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win87em - 80387 math-emulation
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winaspi/ - 16 bit Advanced SCSI Peripheral Interface
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windebug/ - Windows debugger
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wing/ - WinG (for games) internface
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winmm/ - multimedia (16 & 32 bit)
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mciXXX/ - various MCI drivers
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wineoss/- MM driver for OSS systems
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wavemap/- audio mapper
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midimap/- midi mapper
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winspool/ - Printing & Print Spooler
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wnaspi32/ - 32 bit ASPI
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Miscellaneous:
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misc/ - shell, registry, winsock, etc.
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ipc/ - SysV IPC based interprocess communication
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win32/ - misc Win32 functions
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ole/ - OLE code
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nls/ - National Language Support
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configuration files
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Tools:
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------
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rc/ - old resource compiler
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tools/ - relay code builder, new rc, bugreport
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generator, wineconfigurator, etc.
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documentation/ - some documentation
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Binary loader specific directories:
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-----------------------------------
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debugger/ - built-in debugger
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if1632/ - relay code
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miscemu/ - hardware instruction emulation
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graphics/win16drv/ - Win16 printer driver
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server/ - the main, controlling thread of wine
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tsx11/ - thread-safe X11 wrappers (auto generated)
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Winelib specific directories:
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-----------------------------
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library/ - Required code for programs using Winelib
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libtest/ - Small samples and tests
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programs/ - Extended samples / system utilities
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IMPLEMENTING NEW API CALLS
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==========================
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This is the simple version, and covers only Win32. Win16 is slightly uglier,
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because of the Pascal heritage and the segmented memory model.
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All of the Win32 APIs known to Wine are listed in [relay32/*.spec]. An
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unimplemented call will look like (from gdi32.spec)
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269 stub PolyBezierTo
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To implement this call, you need to do the following four things.
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1. Find the appropriate parameters for the call, and add a prototype to
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the correct header file. In this case, that means [include/wingdi.h],
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and it might look like
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BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC, LPCVOID, DWORD);
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If the function has both an ASCII and a Unicode version, you need to
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define both and add a #define WINELIB_NAME_AW declaration. See below
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for discussion of function naming conventions.
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2. Modify the .spec file to tell Wine that the function has an
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implementation, what the parameters look like and what Wine function
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to use for the implementation. In Win32, things are simple--everything
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is 32-bits. However, the relay code handles pointers and pointers to
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strings slightly differently, so you should use 'str' and 'wstr' for
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strings, 'ptr' for other pointer types, and 'long' for everything else.
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269 stdcall PolyBezierTo(long ptr long) PolyBezierTo
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The 'PolyBezierTo' at the end of the line is which Wine function to use
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for the implementation.
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3. Implement the function as a stub. Once you add the function to the .spec
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file, you must add the function to the Wine source before it will link.
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Add a function called 'PolyBezierTo' somewhere. Good things to put
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into a stub:
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o a correct prototype, including the WINAPI
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o header comments, including full documentation for the function and
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arguments (see documentation/README.documentation)
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o A FIXME message and an appropriate return value are good things to
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put in a stub.
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/************************************************************
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* PolyBezierTo (GDI32.269)
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*
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* Draw many Bezier curves
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*
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* RETURNS
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* nonzero on success or zero on faillure
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*
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* BUGS
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* Unimplemented
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*/
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BOOL WINAPI PolyBezierTo(HDC hdc, /* handle to device context */
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LPCVOID p, /* ptr to array of Point structs */
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DWORD count /* nr of points in array */
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)
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{
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/* tell the user they've got a substandard implementation */
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FIXME(gdi, ":(%x,%p,%d): stub\n", hdc, p, count);
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/* some programs may be able to compensate,
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* if they know what happened
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*/
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SetLastError(ERROR_CALL_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
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return FALSE; /* error value */
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}
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4. Implement and test the rest of the function.
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IMPLEMENTING A NEW DLL
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======================
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Generic directions
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------------------
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Apart from writing the set of needed .c files, you also need to do the
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following:
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1. Create a directory <MyDll> where to store the implementation of
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the DLL.
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If the DLL exists under Windows as both 16 and 32 bit DLL, you can
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either create one directory for each, or have a single directory
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with both implementations.
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This (those) directory(ies) have to be put under the dlls/
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directory in Wine tree structure.
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2. Create the Makefile.in in the ./dlls/<MyDll>/ directory. You can
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copy an existing Makefile.in from another ./dlls/ subdirectory.
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You need at least to change the MODULE, SPEC_SRCS, and C_SRCS
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macros.
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3. Add the directory (and the generated .o file for the module) in:
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+ ./configure.in (in AC_OUTPUT macro at the end of the file to
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trigger the Makefile generation),
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+ ./Makefile.in (in LIBSUBDIRS and LIBOBJS macros)
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+ ./dlls/Makefile.in (in SUBDIRS macro)
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4. You can now regenerate ./configure file (with 'make configure')
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and the various Makefiles (with 'configure; make depend') (run
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from the top of Wine's tree).
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You shall now have a Makefile file in ./dlls/<MyDll>/
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5. You now need to declare the DLL in the module lists. This is done
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by adding the corresponding descriptor in ./if1632/builtin.c if
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your DLL is 16 bit (resp. ./relay32/builtin.c for a 32 bit DLL)
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(or both if your directory contains the dual 16/32
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implementations).
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Note: the name of the descriptor is based on the module name, not
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on the file name (they are the same in most of the case, but for
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some DLLs it's not the case).
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6. You also need to define the loadorder for the created DLL
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(./wine.ini and ./loader/loadorder.c). Usually, "native,builtin"
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is ok. If you have written a paired 16/32 bit implementation, don't
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forget to define it also in those files.
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7. Create the .spec file for the DLL export points in your
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directory. Refer to 'Implementation of new API calls' earlier in
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this document for more information on this part.
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8. Don't forget the .cvsignore file. The .cvsignore contain (on a per
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directory basis) all the files generated by the compilation
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process, why cvs shall ignore when processing the dir.
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*.o is in there by default, but in Wine case you will find:
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- Makefile (generated from Makefile.in)
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- *.spec.c: those c files are generated by tools/build from the
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.spec file
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- when thunking down to 16 bit DLLs, you'll get some others (.glue.c)
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- result of .y => .c translation (by yacc or bison)
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- result of .rc compilation
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- ...
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For a simple DLL, listing in .cvsignore Makefile and
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<MyDll>.spec.c will do.
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9. You can now start adding .c files.
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10. For the .h files, if they are standard Windows one, put them in
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include/. If they are linked to *your* implementation of the DLL,
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put them in your newly created directory.
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Debug channels
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--------------
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If you need to create a new debug channel, just add the
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DECLARE_DEBUG_CHANNEL to your .c file(s) and rerun
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tools/make_debug. When sending out your patch, you don't need to
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provide nor ./configure nor the ./include/debugdefs.h diffs. Just
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indicate that those files need to be regenerated.
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Resources
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---------
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If you also need to add resources to your DLL, the create the .rc
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file. Since, the .rc file will be translated into a .s file, and then
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compiled as a .o file, its basename must be different from the
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basename of any .c file.
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Add to your ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in, in the RC_SRCS macro, the list
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of .rc files to add to the DLL. You may also have to add the following
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directives
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1/ to tell gnumake to translate .rc into .s files,
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$(RC_SRCS:.rc=.s): $(WRC)
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2/ to give some parameters to wrc for helping the translation.
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WRCEXTRA = -s -p$(MODULE)
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See dlls/comctl32/ for an example of this.
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Thunking
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--------
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If you're building a 16 & 32 bit DLLs pair, then from the 32 bit code
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you might need to call 16 bit routine. The way to do it to add in the
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code, fragments like:
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/* ### Start build ### */
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extern WORD CALLBACK <PREFIX>_CallTo16_word_wwlll(FARPROC16,WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG);
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/* ### stop build ### */
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Where <PREFIX>_ is an internal prefix for your module. The first
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parameter is always of type FARPROC16. Then, you can get the regular
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list of parameters. The _word_wwlll indicates the type of return (long
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or word) and the size of the parameters (here l=>long, w=>word; which
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maps to WORD,WORD,LONG,LONG,LONG.
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You can put several functions between the Start/Stop build pair.
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You can also read tools/build.txt for more details on this.
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Then, add to ./dlls/<MyDll>/Makefile.in to the macro GLUE the list of
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.c files containing the /* ### Start build ### */ directives.
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See dlls/winmm/ for an example of this.
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MEMORY AND SEGMENTS
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===================
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NE (Win16) executables consist of multiple segments. The Wine loader
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loads each segment into a unique location in the Wine processes memory
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and assigns a selector to that segment. Because of this, it's not
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possible to exchange addresses freely between 16-bit and 32-bit code.
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Addresses used by 16-bit code are segmented addresses (16:16), formed
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by a 16-bit selector and a 16-bit offset. Those used by the Wine code
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are regular 32-bit linear addresses.
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There are four ways to obtain a segmented pointer:
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- Use the SEGPTR_* macros in include/heap.h (recommended).
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- Allocate a block of memory from the global heap and use
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WIN16_GlobalLock to get its segmented address.
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- Allocate a block of memory from a local heap, and build the
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segmented address from the local heap selector (see the
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USER_HEAP_* macros for an example of this).
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- Declare the argument as 'segptr' instead of 'ptr' in the spec file
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for a given API function.
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Once you have a segmented pointer, it must be converted to a linear
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pointer before you can use it from 32-bit code. This can be done with
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the PTR_SEG_TO_LIN() and PTR_SEG_OFF_TO_LIN() macros. The linear
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pointer can then be used freely with standard Unix functions like
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memcpy() etc. without worrying about 64k boundaries. Note: there's no
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easy way to convert back from a linear to a segmented address.
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In most cases, you don't need to worry about segmented address, as the
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conversion is made automatically by the callback code and the API
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functions only see linear addresses. However, in some cases it is
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necessary to manipulate segmented addresses; the most frequent cases
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are:
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- API functions that return a pointer
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- lParam of Windows messages that point to a structure
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- Pointers contained inside structures accessed by 16-bit code.
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It is usually a good practice to used the type 'SEGPTR' for segmented
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pointers, instead of something like 'LPSTR' or 'char *'. As SEGPTR is
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defined as a DWORD, you'll get a compilation warning if you mistakenly
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use it as a regular 32-bit pointer.
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STRUCTURE PACKING
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=================
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Under Windows, data structures are tightly packed, i.e. there is no
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padding between structure members. On the other hand, by default gcc
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aligns structure members (e.g. WORDs are on a WORD boundary, etc.).
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This means that a structure like
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struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
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will take 3 bytes under Windows, but 4 with gcc, because gcc will add a
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dummy byte between x and y. To have the correct layout for structures
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used by Windows code, you need to embed the struct within two special
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#include's which will take care of the packing for you:
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#include "pshpack1.h"
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struct { BYTE x; WORD y; };
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#include "poppack1.h"
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For alignment on a 2-byte boundary, there is a "pshpack2.h", etc.
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The use of the WINE_PACKED attribute is obsolete. Please remove these
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in favour of the above solution.
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Using WINE_PACKED, you would declare the above structure like this:
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struct { BYTE x; WORD y WINE_PACKED; };
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You had to do this every time a structure member is not aligned
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correctly under Windows (i.e. a WORD not on an even address, or a
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DWORD on a address that was not a multiple of 4).
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NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES
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==============================================
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In order to support both Win16 and Win32 APIs within the same source
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code, the following convention must be used in naming all API
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functions and types. If the Windows API uses the name 'xxx', the Wine
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code must use:
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- 'xxx16' for the Win16 version,
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- 'xxx' for the Win32 version when no ASCII/Unicode strings are
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involved,
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- 'xxxA' for the Win32 version with ASCII strings,
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- 'xxxW' for the Win32 version with Unicode strings.
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If the function has both ASCII and Unicode version, you should then
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use the macros WINELIB_NAME_AW(xxx) or DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(xxx)
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(defined in include/windef.h) to define the correct 'xxx' function
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or type for Winelib. When compiling Wine itself, 'xxx' is _not_
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defined, meaning that code inside of Wine must always specify
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explicitly the ASCII or Unicode version.
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If 'xxx' is the same in Win16 and Win32, you can simply use the same
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name as Windows, i.e. just 'xxx'. If 'xxx' is Win16 only, you could
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use the name as is, but it's preferable to use 'xxx16' to make it
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clear it is a Win16 function.
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Examples:
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typedef struct { /* Win32 ASCII data structure */ } WNDCLASSA;
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typedef struct { /* Win32 Unicode data structure */ } WNDCLASSW;
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typedef struct { /* Win16 data structure */ } WNDCLASS16;
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DECL_WINELIB_TYPE_AW(WNDCLASS);
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ATOM RegisterClass16( WNDCLASS16 * );
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ATOM RegisterClassA( WNDCLASSA * );
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ATOM RegisterClassW( WNDCLASSW * );
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#define RegisterClass WINELIB_NAME_AW(RegisterClass)
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The Winelib user can then say:
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WNDCLASS wc = { ... };
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RegisterClass( &wc );
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and this will use the correct declaration depending on the definition
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of the UNICODE symbol.
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NAMING CONVENTIONS FOR NON-API FUNCTIONS AND TYPES
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==================================================
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Functions and data which are internal to your code (or at least shouldn't be
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visible to any Winelib or Windows program) should be preceded by
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an identifier to the module:
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Examples:
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ENUMPRINTERS_GetDWORDFromRegistryA() (in dlls/winspool/info.c)
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IAVIFile_fnRelease() (in dlls/avifil32/avifile.c)
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X11DRV_CreateDC() (in graphics/x11drv/init.c)
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TIMER_Init() (implemented in windows/timer.c,
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used in loader/main.c )
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if you need prototypes for these, there are a few possibilities:
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- within same source file only:
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put the prototypes at the top of your file and mark them as prototypes.
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- within the same module:
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create a header file within the subdirectory where that module resides,
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e.g. graphics/ddraw_private.h
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- from a totally different module, or for use in winelib:
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put your header file entry in /include/wine/
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but be careful not to clutter this directory!
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under no circumstances, you should add non-api calls to the standard
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windoze include files. Unfortunately, this is often the case, e.g.
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the above example of TIMER_Init is defined in include/message.h
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API ENTRY POINTS
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================
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Because Win16 programs use a 16-bit stack and because they can only
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call 16:16 addressed functions, all API entry points must be at low
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address offsets and must have the arguments translated and moved to
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Wines 32-bit stack. This task is handled by the code in the "if1632"
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directory. To define a new API entry point handler you must place a
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new entry in the appropriate API specification file. These files are
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named *.spec. For example, the API specification file for the USER
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DLL is contained in the file user.spec. These entries are processed
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by the "build" program to create an assembly file containing the entry
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point code for each API call. The format of the *.spec files is
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documented in the file "tools/build-spec.txt".
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DEBUG MESSAGES
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==============
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To display a message only during debugging, you normally write something
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like this:
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TRACE(win,"abc..."); or
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FIXME(win,"abc..."); or
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WARN(win,"abc..."); or
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ERR(win,"abc...");
|
|
|
|
depending on the seriousness of the problem. (documentation/degug-msgs
|
|
explains when it is appropriate to use each of them)
|
|
|
|
These macros are defined in include/debug.h. The macro-definitions are
|
|
generated by the shell-script tools/make_debug. It scans the source
|
|
code for symbols of this forms and puts the necessary macro
|
|
definitions in include/debug.h and include/debugdefs.h. These macros
|
|
test whether the debugging "channel" associated with the first
|
|
argument of these macros (win in the above example) is enabled and
|
|
thus decide whether to actually display the text. In addition you can
|
|
change the types of displayed messages by supplying the "-debugmsg"
|
|
option to Wine. If your debugging code is more complex than just
|
|
printf, you can use the symbols TRACE_ON(xxx), WARN_ON(xxx),
|
|
ERR_ON(xxx) and FIXME_ON(xxx) as well. These are true when channel xxx
|
|
is enabled, either permanent or in the command line. Thus, you can
|
|
write:
|
|
|
|
if(TRACE_ON(win))DumpSomeStructure(&str);
|
|
|
|
Don't worry about the inefficiency of the test. If it is permanently
|
|
disabled (that is TRACE_ON(win) is 0 at compile time), the compiler will
|
|
eliminate the dead code.
|
|
|
|
You have to start tools/make_debug only if you introduced a new macro,
|
|
e.g. TRACE(win32).
|
|
|
|
For more info about debugging messages, read:
|
|
|
|
documentation/debug-msgs
|
|
|
|
|
|
MORE INFO
|
|
=========
|
|
|
|
1. There is a FREE online version of the MSDN library (including
|
|
documentation for the Win32 API) on http://www.microsoft.com/msdn/
|
|
|
|
2. http://www.sonic.net/~undoc/bookstore.html
|
|
|
|
3. In 1993 Dr. Dobbs Journal published a column called "Undocumented Corner".
|
|
|
|
4. You might want to check out BYTE from December 1983 as well :-)
|
|
|