systemd/man/file-hierarchy.xml
Jan Engelhardt cd72d2044a doc: improved wording in some places
Avoid "mountpoint mounted" (word repetition),
"queriable" (no match in m-w.com and dict.cc).
2016-01-28 11:13:17 +01:00

816 lines
38 KiB
XML

<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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<refentry id="file-hierarchy">
<refentryinfo>
<title>file-hierarchy</title>
<productname>systemd</productname>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<contrib>Developer</contrib>
<firstname>Lennart</firstname>
<surname>Poettering</surname>
<email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>file-hierarchy</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>file-hierarchy</refname>
<refpurpose>File system hierarchy overview</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsect1>
<title>Description</title>
<para>Operating systems using the
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
system and service manager are organized based on a file system
hierarchy inspired by UNIX, more specifically the hierarchy
described in the <ulink
url="http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_2.3/fhs-2.3.html">File
System Hierarchy</ulink> specification and
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>hier</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
This manual page describes a more minimal, modernized subset of
these specifications that defines more strictly the suggestions
and restrictions systemd makes on the file system
hierarchy.</para>
<para>Many of the paths described here can be queried
with the
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
tool.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>General Structure</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/</filename></term>
<listitem><para>The file system root. Usually writable, but
this is not required. Possibly a temporary file system
(<literal>tmpfs</literal>). Not shared with other hosts
(unless read-only). </para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/boot</filename></term>
<listitem><para>The boot partition used for bringing up the
system. On EFI systems, this is possibly the EFI System
Partition, also see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-gpt-auto-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
This directory is usually strictly local to the host, and
should be considered read-only, except when a new kernel or
boot loader is installed. This directory only exists on
systems that run on physical or emulated hardware that
requires boot loaders.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/etc</filename></term>
<listitem><para>System-specific configuration. This directory
may or may not be read-only. Frequently, this directory is
pre-populated with vendor-supplied configuration files, but
applications should not make assumptions about this directory
being fully populated or populated at all, and should fall
back to defaults if configuration is
missing.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/home</filename></term>
<listitem><para>The location for normal user's home
directories. Possibly shared with other systems, and never
read-only. This directory should only be used for normal
users, never for system users. This directory and possibly the
directories contained within it might only become available or
writable in late boot or even only after user authentication.
This directory might be placed on limited-functionality
network file systems, hence applications should not assume the
full set of file API is available on this directory.
Applications should generally not reference this directory
directly, but via the per-user <varname>$HOME</varname>
environment variable, or via the home directory field of the
user database.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/root</filename></term>
<listitem><para>The home directory of the root user. The root
user's home directory is located outside of
<filename>/home</filename> in order to make sure the root user
may log in even without <filename>/home</filename> being
available and mounted.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/srv</filename></term>
<listitem><para>The place to store general server payload,
managed by the administrator. No restrictions are made how
this directory is organized internally. Generally writable,
and possibly shared among systems. This directory might become
available or writable only very late during
boot.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/tmp</filename></term>
<listitem><para>The place for small temporary files. This
directory is usually mounted as a <literal>tmpfs</literal>
instance, and should hence not be used for larger files. (Use
<filename>/var/tmp</filename> for larger files.) Since the
directory is accessible to other users of the system, it is
essential that this directory is only written to with the
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mkstemp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mkdtemp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
and related calls. This directory is usually flushed at
boot-up. Also, files that are not accessed within a certain
time are usually automatically deleted. If applications find
the environment variable <varname>$TMPDIR</varname> set, they
should prefer using the directory specified in it over
directly referencing <filename>/tmp</filename> (see
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
and
<ulink url="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08_03">IEEE
Std 1003.1</ulink> for details).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Runtime Data</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/run</filename></term>
<listitem><para>A <literal>tmpfs</literal> file system for
system packages to place runtime data in. This directory is
flushed on boot, and generally writable for privileged
programs only. Always writable.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/run/log</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Runtime system logs. System components may
place private logs in this directory. Always writable, even
when <filename>/var/log</filename> might not be accessible
yet.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/run/user</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Contains per-user runtime directories, each
usually individually mounted <literal>tmpfs</literal>
instances. Always writable, flushed at each reboot and when
the user logs out. User code should not reference this
directory directly, but via the
<varname>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</varname> environment variable, as
documented in the <ulink
url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html">XDG
Base Directory Specification</ulink>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Vendor-supplied Operating System Resources</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/usr</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Vendor-supplied operating system resources.
Usually read-only, but this is not required. Possibly shared
between multiple hosts. This directory should not be modified
by the administrator, except when installing or removing
vendor-supplied packages.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/usr/bin</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Binaries and executables for user commands
that shall appear in the <varname>$PATH</varname> search path.
It is recommended not to place binaries in this directory that
are not useful for invocation from a shell (such as daemon
binaries); these should be placed in a subdirectory of
<filename>/usr/lib</filename> instead.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/usr/include</filename></term>
<listitem><para>C and C++ API header files of system
libraries.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/usr/lib</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Static, private vendor data that is compatible
with all architectures (though not necessarily
architecture-independent). Note that this includes internal
executables or other binaries that are not regularly invoked
from a shell. Such binaries may be for any architecture
supported by the system. Do not place public libraries in this
directory, use <varname>$libdir</varname> (see below),
instead.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/usr/lib/<replaceable>arch-id</replaceable></filename></term>
<listitem><para>Location for placing dynamic libraries into, also
called <varname>$libdir</varname>. The architecture identifier
to use is defined on <ulink
url="https://wiki.debian.org/Multiarch/Tuples">Multiarch
Architecture Specifiers (Tuples)</ulink> list. Legacy
locations of <varname>$libdir</varname> are
<filename>/usr/lib</filename>,
<filename>/usr/lib64</filename>. This directory should not be
used for package-specific data, unless this data is
architecture-dependent, too. To query
<varname>$libdir</varname> for the primary architecture of the
system, invoke:
<programlisting># systemd-path system-library-arch</programlisting></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/usr/share</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Resources shared between multiple packages,
such as documentation, man pages, time zone information, fonts
and other resources. Usually, the precise location and format
of files stored below this directory is subject to
specifications that ensure interoperability.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/usr/share/doc</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Documentation for the operating system or
system packages.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/usr/share/factory/etc</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Repository for vendor-supplied default
configuration files. This directory should be populated with
pristine vendor versions of all configuration files that may
be placed in <filename>/etc</filename>. This is useful to
compare the local configuration of a system with vendor
defaults and to populate the local configuration with
defaults.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/usr/share/factory/var</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Similar to
<filename>/usr/share/factory/etc</filename>, but for vendor
versions of files in the variable, persistent data directory
<filename>/var</filename>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Persistent Variable System Data</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/var</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Persistent, variable system data. Must be
writable. This directory might be pre-populated with
vendor-supplied data, but applications should be able to
reconstruct necessary files and directories in this
subhierarchy should they be missing, as the system might start
up without this directory being populated. Persistency is
recommended, but optional, to support ephemeral systems. This
directory might become available or writable only very late
during boot. Components that are required to operate during
early boot hence shall not unconditionally rely on this
directory.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/var/cache</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Persistent system cache data. System
components may place non-essential data in this directory.
Flushing this directory should have no effect on operation of
programs, except for increased runtimes necessary to rebuild
these caches.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/var/lib</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Persistent system data. System components may
place private data in this directory.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/var/log</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Persistent system logs. System components may
place private logs in this directory, though it is recommended
to do most logging via the
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
and
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_journal_print</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
calls.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/var/spool</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Persistent system spool data, such as printer
or mail queues.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/var/tmp</filename></term>
<listitem><para>The place for larger and persistent temporary
files. In contrast to <filename>/tmp</filename>, this directory
is usually mounted from a persistent physical file system and
can thus accept larger files. (Use <filename>/tmp</filename>
for smaller files.) This directory is generally not flushed at
boot-up, but time-based cleanup of files that have not been
accessed for a certain time is applied. The same security
restrictions as with <filename>/tmp</filename> apply, and
hence only
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mkstemp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mkdtemp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
or similar calls should be used to make use of this directory.
If applications find the environment variable
<varname>$TMPDIR</varname> set, they should prefer using the
directory specified in it over directly referencing
<filename>/var/tmp</filename> (see
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details). </para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Virtual Kernel and API File Systems</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/dev</filename></term>
<listitem><para>The root directory for device nodes. Usually,
this directory is mounted as a <literal>devtmpfs</literal>
instance, but might be of a different type in
sandboxed/containerized setups. This directory is managed
jointly by the kernel and
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-udevd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
and should not be written to by other components. A number of
special purpose virtual file systems might be mounted below
this directory.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/dev/shm</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Place for POSIX shared memory segments, as
created via
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>shm_open</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
This directory is flushed on boot, and is a
<literal>tmpfs</literal> file system. Since all users have
write access to this directory, special care should be taken
to avoid name clashes and vulnerabilities. For normal users,
shared memory segments in this directory are usually deleted
when the user logs out. Usually, it is a better idea to use
memory mapped files in <filename>/run</filename> (for system
programs) or <varname>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</varname> (for user
programs) instead of POSIX shared memory segments, since these
directories are not world-writable and hence not vulnerable to
security-sensitive name clashes.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/proc</filename></term>
<listitem><para>A virtual kernel file system exposing the
process list and other functionality. This file system is
mostly an API to interface with the kernel and not a place
where normal files may be stored. For details, see
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>proc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
A number of special purpose virtual file systems might be
mounted below this directory.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/proc/sys</filename></term>
<listitem><para>A hierarchy below <filename>/proc</filename>
that exposes a number of kernel tunables. The primary way to
configure the settings in this API file tree is via
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
files. In sandboxed/containerized setups, this directory is
generally mounted read-only.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/sys</filename></term>
<listitem><para>A virtual kernel file system exposing
discovered devices and other functionality. This file system
is mostly an API to interface with the kernel and not a place
where normal files may be stored. In sandboxed/containerized
setups, this directory is generally mounted read-only. A number
of special purpose virtual file systems might be mounted below
this directory.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Compatibility Symlinks</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/bin</filename></term>
<term><filename>/sbin</filename></term>
<term><filename>/usr/sbin</filename></term>
<listitem><para>These compatibility symlinks point to
<filename>/usr/bin</filename>, ensuring that scripts and
binaries referencing these legacy paths correctly find their
binaries.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/lib</filename></term>
<listitem><para>This compatibility symlink points to
<filename>/usr/lib</filename>, ensuring that programs
referencing this legacy path correctly find their
resources.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/lib64</filename></term>
<listitem><para>On some architecture ABIs, this compatibility
symlink points to <varname>$libdir</varname>, ensuring that
binaries referencing this legacy path correctly find their
dynamic loader. This symlink only exists on architectures
whose ABI places the dynamic loader in this
path.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/var/run</filename></term>
<listitem><para>This compatibility symlink points to
<filename>/run</filename>, ensuring that programs referencing
this legacy path correctly find their runtime
data.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Home Directory</title>
<para>User applications may want to place files and directories in
the user's home directory. They should follow the following basic
structure. Note that some of these directories are also
standardized (though more weakly) by the <ulink
url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html">XDG
Base Directory Specification</ulink>. Additional locations for
high-level user resources are defined by <ulink
url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/xdg-user-dirs/">xdg-user-dirs</ulink>.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>~/.cache</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Persistent user cache data. User programs may
place non-essential data in this directory. Flushing this
directory should have no effect on operation of programs,
except for increased runtimes necessary to rebuild these
caches. If an application finds
<varname>$XDG_CACHE_HOME</varname> set, it should use the
directory specified in it instead of this
directory.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>~/.config</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Application configuration and state. When a
new user is created, this directory will be empty or not exist
at all. Applications should fall back to defaults should their
configuration or state in this directory be missing. If an
application finds <varname>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</varname> set, it
should use the directory specified in it instead of this
directory.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>~/.local/bin</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Executables that shall appear in the user's
<varname>$PATH</varname> search path. It is recommended not to
place executables in this directory that are not useful for
invocation from a shell; these should be placed in a
subdirectory of <filename>~/.local/lib</filename> instead.
Care should be taken when placing architecture-dependent
binaries in this place, which might be problematic if the home
directory is shared between multiple hosts with different
architectures.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>~/.local/lib</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Static, private vendor data that is compatible
with all architectures.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>~/.local/lib/<replaceable>arch-id</replaceable></filename></term>
<listitem><para>Location for placing public dynamic libraries.
The architecture identifier to use is defined on <ulink
url="https://wiki.debian.org/Multiarch/Tuples">Multiarch
Architecture Specifiers (Tuples)</ulink>
list.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>~/.local/share</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Resources shared between multiple packages,
such as fonts or artwork. Usually, the precise location and
format of files stored below this directory is subject to
specifications that ensure interoperability. If an application
finds <varname>$XDG_DATA_HOME</varname> set, it should use the
directory specified in it instead of this
directory.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Unprivileged Write Access</title>
<para>Unprivileged processes generally lack write access to most
of the hierarchy.</para>
<para>The exceptions for normal users are
<filename>/tmp</filename>,
<filename>/var/tmp</filename>,
<filename>/dev/shm</filename>, as well as the home directory
<varname>$HOME</varname> (usually found below
<filename>/home</filename>) and the runtime directory
<varname>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</varname> (found below
<filename>/run/user</filename>) of the user, which are all
writable.</para>
<para>For unprivileged system processes, only
<filename>/tmp</filename>,
<filename>/var/tmp</filename> and
<filename>/dev/shm</filename> are writable. If an
unprivileged system process needs a private writable directory in
<filename>/var</filename> or <filename>/run</filename>, it is
recommended to either create it before dropping privileges in the
daemon code, to create it via
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
fragments during boot, or via the
<varname>RuntimeDirectory=</varname> directive of service units
(see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details).</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Node Types</title>
<para>Unix file systems support different types of file nodes,
including regular files, directories, symlinks, character and
block device nodes, sockets and FIFOs.</para>
<para>It is strongly recommended that <filename>/dev</filename> is
the only location below which device nodes shall be placed.
Similarly, <filename>/run</filename> shall be the only location to
place sockets and FIFOs. Regular files, directories and symlinks
may be used in all directories.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>System Packages</title>
<para>Developers of system packages should follow strict rules
when placing their own files in the file system. The following
table lists recommended locations for specific types of files
supplied by the vendor.</para>
<table>
<title>System Package Vendor Files Locations</title>
<tgroup cols='2' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
<colspec colname="directory" />
<colspec colname="purpose" />
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Directory</entry>
<entry>Purpose</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><filename>/usr/bin</filename></entry>
<entry>Package executables that shall appear in the <varname>$PATH</varname> executable search path, compiled for any of the supported architectures compatible with the operating system. It is not recommended to place internal binaries or binaries that are not commonly invoked from the shell in this directory, such as daemon binaries. As this directory is shared with most other packages of the system, special care should be taken to pick unique names for files placed here, that are unlikely to clash with other package's files.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>/usr/lib/<replaceable>arch-id</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>Public shared libraries of the package. As above, be careful with using too generic names, and pick unique names for your libraries to place here to avoid name clashes.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>/usr/lib/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>Private static vendor resources of the package, including private binaries and libraries, or any other kind of read-only vendor data.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>/usr/lib/<replaceable>arch-id</replaceable>/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>Private other vendor resources of the package that are architecture-specific and cannot be shared between architectures. Note that this generally does not include private executables since binaries of a specific architecture may be freely invoked from any other supported system architecture.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>/usr/include/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>Public C/C++ APIs of public shared libraries of the package.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>Additional static vendor files may be installed in the
<filename>/usr/share</filename> hierarchy to the locations
defined by the various relevant specifications.</para>
<para>During runtime, and for local configuration and state,
additional directories are defined:</para>
<table>
<title>System Package Variable Files Locations</title>
<tgroup cols='2' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
<colspec colname="directory" />
<colspec colname="purpose" />
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Directory</entry>
<entry>Purpose</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><filename>/etc/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>System-specific configuration for the package. It is recommended to default to safe fallbacks if this configuration is missing, if this is possible. Alternatively, a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> fragment may be used to copy or symlink the necessary files and directories from <filename>/usr/share/factory</filename> during boot, via the <literal>L</literal> or <literal>C</literal> directives.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>/run/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>Runtime data for the package. Packages must be able to create the necessary subdirectories in this tree on their own, since the directory is flushed automatically on boot. Alternatively, a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> fragment may be used to create the necessary directories during boot. Alternatively, the <varname>RuntimeDirectory=</varname> directive of service units may be used (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>/run/log/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>Runtime log data for the package. As above, the package needs to make sure to create this directory if necessary, as it will be flushed on every boot.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>/var/cache/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>Persistent cache data of the package. If this directory is flushed, the application should work correctly on next invocation, though possibly slowed down due to the need to rebuild any local cache files. The application must be capable of recreating this directory should it be missing and necessary.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>/var/lib/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>Persistent private data of the package. This is the primary place to put persistent data that does not fall into the other categories listed. Packages should be able to create the necessary subdirectories in this tree on their own, since the directory might be missing on boot. Alternatively, a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> fragment may be used to create the necessary directories during boot.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>/var/log/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>Persistent log data of the package. As above, the package should make sure to create this directory if necessary, as it might be missing.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>/var/spool/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>Persistent spool/queue data of the package. As above, the package should make sure to create this directory if necessary, as it might be missing.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>User Packages</title>
<para>Programs running in user context should follow strict rules
when placing their own files in the user's home directory. The
following table lists recommended locations in the home directory
for specific types of files supplied by the vendor if the
application is installed in the home directory. (Note, however,
that user applications installed system-wide should follow the
rules outlined above regarding placing vendor files.)</para>
<table>
<title>User Package Vendor File Locations</title>
<tgroup cols='2' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
<colspec colname="directory" />
<colspec colname="purpose" />
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Directory</entry>
<entry>Purpose</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><filename>~/.local/bin</filename></entry>
<entry>Package executables that shall appear in the <varname>$PATH</varname> executable search path. It is not recommended to place internal executables or executables that are not commonly invoked from the shell in this directory, such as daemon executables. As this directory is shared with most other packages of the user, special care should be taken to pick unique names for files placed here, that are unlikely to clash with other package's files.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>~/.local/lib/<replaceable>arch-id</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>Public shared libraries of the package. As above, be careful with using too generic names, and pick unique names for your libraries to place here to avoid name clashes.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>~/.local/lib/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>Private, static vendor resources of the package, compatible with any architecture, or any other kind of read-only vendor data.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>~/.local/lib/<replaceable>arch-id</replaceable>/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>Private other vendor resources of the package that are architecture-specific and cannot be shared between architectures.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>Additional static vendor files may be installed in the
<filename>~/.local/share</filename> hierarchy to the locations
defined by the various relevant specifications.</para>
<para>During runtime, and for local configuration and state,
additional directories are defined:</para>
<table>
<title>User Package Variable File Locations</title>
<tgroup cols='2' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
<colspec colname="directory" />
<colspec colname="purpose" />
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Directory</entry>
<entry>Purpose</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><filename>~/.config/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>User-specific configuration and state for the package. It is required to default to safe fallbacks if this configuration is missing.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename><varname>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</varname>/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>User runtime data for the package.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><filename>~/.cache/<replaceable>package</replaceable></filename></entry>
<entry>Persistent cache data of the package. If this directory is flushed, the application should work correctly on next invocation, though possibly slowed down due to the need to rebuild any local cache files. The application must be capable of recreating this directory should it be missing and necessary.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>See Also</title>
<para>
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>hier</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-gpt-auto-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tmpfiles.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>pkg-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
</para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>