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systemd/man/systemctl.xml
Colin Watson 566491c971 docs,man: Avoid some ambiguous uses of "may not" 
Like much English text, the systemd documentation uses "may not" in the
sense of both "will possibly not" and "is forbidden to".  In many cases
this is OK because the context makes it clear, but in others I felt it
was possible to read the "is forbidden to" sense by mistake: in
particular, I tripped over "the target file may not exist" in
systemd.unit(5) before realizing the correct interpretation.

Use "might not" or "may choose not to" in these cases to make it clear
which sense we mean.
2024-05-08 17:14:32 +02:00

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<?xml version='1.0'?>
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % entities SYSTEM "custom-entities.ent" >
%entities;
]>
<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
<refentry id="systemctl"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
<refentryinfo>
<title>systemctl</title>
<productname>systemd</productname>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>systemctl</refname>
<refpurpose>Control the systemd system and service manager</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>systemctl</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="plain">COMMAND</arg>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">UNIT</arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1>
<title>Description</title>
<para><command>systemctl</command> may be used to introspect and
control the state of the <literal>systemd</literal> system and
service manager. Please refer to
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for an introduction into the basic concepts and functionality this
tool manages.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Commands</title>
<para>The following commands are understood:</para>
<refsect2>
<title>Unit Commands (Introspection and Modification)</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>list-units</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term>
<listitem>
<para>List units that <command>systemd</command> currently has in memory. This includes units that are
either referenced directly or through a dependency, units that are pinned by applications programmatically,
or units that were active in the past and have failed. By default only units which are active, have pending
jobs, or have failed are shown; this can be changed with option <option>--all</option>. If one or more
<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only units matching one of them are shown. The units
that are shown are additionally filtered by <option>--type=</option> and <option>--state=</option> if those
options are specified.</para>
<para>Note that this command does not show unit templates, but only instances of unit
templates. Units templates that aren't instantiated are not runnable, and will thus never show up
in the output of this command. Specifically this means that <filename>foo@.service</filename>
will never be shown in this list — unless instantiated, e.g. as
<filename>foo@bar.service</filename>. Use <command>list-unit-files</command> (see below) for
listing installed unit template files.</para>
<para>Produces output similar to
<programlisting> UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
sys-module-fuse.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/fuse
-.mount loaded active mounted Root Mount
boot-efi.mount loaded active mounted /boot/efi
systemd-journald.service loaded active running Journal Service
systemd-logind.service loaded active running Login Service
● user@1000.service loaded failed failed User Manager for UID 1000
…
systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer loaded active waiting Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories
LOAD = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.
ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.
SUB = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.
123 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.
To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.</programlisting></para>
<para>The header and the last unit of a given type are underlined if the terminal supports
that. A colored dot is shown next to services which were masked, not found, or otherwise
failed.</para>
<para>The LOAD column shows the load state, one of <constant>loaded</constant>,
<constant>not-found</constant>, <constant>bad-setting</constant>, <constant>error</constant>,
<constant>masked</constant>. The ACTIVE columns shows the general unit state, one of
<constant>active</constant>, <constant>reloading</constant>, <constant>inactive</constant>,
<constant>failed</constant>, <constant>activating</constant>, <constant>deactivating</constant>. The SUB
column shows the unit-type-specific detailed state of the unit, possible values vary by unit type. The list
of possible LOAD, ACTIVE, and SUB states is not constant and new systemd releases may both add and remove
values. <programlisting>systemctl --state=help</programlisting> command may be used to display the
current set of possible values.</para>
<para>This is the default command.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>list-automounts</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term>
<listitem>
<para>List automount units currently in memory, ordered by mount path. If one or more
<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only automount units matching one of them are shown.
Produces output similar to
<programlisting>
WHAT WHERE MOUNTED IDLE TIMEOUT UNIT
/dev/sdb1 /mnt/test no 120s mnt-test.automount
binfmt_misc /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc yes 0 proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount
2 automounts listed.</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Also see <option>--show-types</option>, <option>--all</option>, and <option>--state=</option>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>list-paths</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term>
<listitem>
<para>List path units currently in memory, ordered by path. If one or more
<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only path units matching one of them are shown.
Produces output similar to
<programlisting>
PATH CONDITION UNIT ACTIVATES
/run/systemd/ask-password DirectoryNotEmpty systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path systemd-ask-password-plymouth.service
/run/systemd/ask-password DirectoryNotEmpty systemd-ask-password-wall.path systemd-ask-password-wall.service
/var/cache/cups/org.cups.cupsd PathExists cups.path cups.service
3 paths listed.</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Also see <option>--show-types</option>, <option>--all</option>, and <option>--state=</option>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>list-sockets</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term>
<listitem>
<para>List socket units currently in memory, ordered by listening address. If one or more
<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only socket units matching one of them are
shown. Produces output similar to
<programlisting>
LISTEN UNIT ACTIVATES
/dev/initctl systemd-initctl.socket systemd-initctl.service
…
[::]:22 sshd.socket sshd.service
kobject-uevent 1 systemd-udevd-kernel.socket systemd-udevd.service
5 sockets listed.</programlisting>
Note: because the addresses might contains spaces, this output
is not suitable for programmatic consumption.
</para>
<para>Also see <option>--show-types</option>, <option>--all</option>, and <option>--state=</option>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v202"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>list-timers</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term>
<listitem>
<para>List timer units currently in memory, ordered by the time they elapse next. If one or more
<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only units matching one of them are shown.
Produces output similar to
<programlisting>
NEXT LEFT LAST PASSED UNIT ACTIVATES
- - Thu 2017-02-23 13:40:29 EST 3 days ago ureadahead-stop.timer ureadahead-stop.service
Sun 2017-02-26 18:55:42 EST 1min 14s left Thu 2017-02-23 13:54:44 EST 3 days ago systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service
Sun 2017-02-26 20:37:16 EST 1h 42min left Sun 2017-02-26 11:56:36 EST 6h ago apt-daily.timer apt-daily.service
Sun 2017-02-26 20:57:49 EST 2h 3min left Sun 2017-02-26 11:56:36 EST 6h ago snapd.refresh.timer snapd.refresh.service
</programlisting>
</para>
<para><emphasis>NEXT</emphasis> shows the next time the timer will run.</para>
<para><emphasis>LEFT</emphasis> shows how long till the next time the timer runs.</para>
<para><emphasis>LAST</emphasis> shows the last time the timer ran.</para>
<para><emphasis>PASSED</emphasis> shows how long has passed since the timer last ran.</para>
<para><emphasis>UNIT</emphasis> shows the name of the timer</para>
<para><emphasis>ACTIVATES</emphasis> shows the name the service the timer activates when it runs.</para>
<para>Also see <option>--all</option> and <option>--state=</option>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>is-active <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Check whether any of the specified units are active
(i.e. running). Returns an exit code
<constant>0</constant> if at least one is active, or
non-zero otherwise. Unless <option>--quiet</option> is
specified, this will also print the current unit state to
standard output.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>is-failed <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Check whether any of the specified units is in the "failed" state. If no unit is specified,
check whether there are any failed units, which corresponds to the <literal>degraded</literal> state
returned by <command>is-system-running</command>. Returns an exit code <constant>0</constant>
if at least one has failed, non-zero otherwise. Unless <option>--quiet</option> is specified, this
will also print the current unit or system state to standard output.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v197"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>status</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…|<replaceable>PID</replaceable>…]</optional></term>
<listitem>
<para>Show runtime status information about the whole system or about one or more units followed
by most recent log data from the journal. If no positional arguments are specified, and no unit
filter is given with <option>--type=</option>, <option>--state=</option>, or
<option>--failed</option>, shows the status of the whole system. If combined with
<option>--all</option>, follows that with the status of all units. If positional arguments are
specified, each positional argument is treated as either a unit name to show, or a glob pattern
to show units whose names match that pattern, or a PID to show the unit containing that PID. When
<option>--type=</option>, <option>--state=</option>, or <option>--failed</option> are used, units
are additionally filtered by the TYPE and ACTIVE state.</para>
<para>This function is intended to generate human-readable output. If you are looking for
computer-parsable output, use <command>show</command> instead. By default, this function only
shows 10 lines of output and ellipsizes lines to fit in the terminal window. This can be changed
with <option>--lines</option> and <option>--full</option>, see above. In addition,
<command>journalctl --unit=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command> or <command>journalctl
--user-unit=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></command> use a similar filter for messages and might
be more convenient.</para>
<para>Note that this operation only displays <emphasis>runtime</emphasis> status, i.e. information about
the current invocation of the unit (if it is running) or the most recent invocation (if it is not
running anymore, and has not been released from memory). Information about earlier invocations,
invocations from previous system boots, or prior invocations that have already been released from
memory may be retrieved via <command>journalctl --unit=</command>.</para>
<para>systemd implicitly loads units as necessary, so just running the <command>status</command>
will attempt to load a file. The command is thus not useful for determining if something was
already loaded or not. The units may possibly also be quickly unloaded after the operation is
completed if there's no reason to keep it in memory thereafter.</para>
<example>
<title>Example output from systemctl status </title>
<programlisting>$ systemctl status bluetooth
● bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Wed 2017-01-04 13:54:04 EST; 1 weeks 0 days ago
Docs: man:bluetoothd(8)
Main PID: 930 (bluetoothd)
Status: "Running"
Tasks: 1
Memory: 648.0K
CPU: 435ms
CGroup: /system.slice/bluetooth.service
└─930 /usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd
Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: Not enough free handles to register service
Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: Current Time Service could not be registered
Jan 12 10:46:45 example.com bluetoothd[8900]: gatt-time-server: Input/output error (5)
</programlisting>
<para>The dot ("●") uses color on supported terminals to summarize the unit state at a
glance. Along with its color, its shape varies according to its state:
<literal>inactive</literal> or <literal>maintenance</literal> is a white circle ("○"),
<literal>active</literal> is a green dot ("●"), <literal>deactivating</literal> is a white dot,
<literal>failed</literal> or <literal>error</literal> is a red cross ("×"), and
<literal>reloading</literal> is a green clockwise circle arrow ("↻").</para>
<para>The "Loaded:" line in the output will show <literal>loaded</literal> if the unit has been
loaded into memory. Other possible values for "Loaded:" include: <literal>error</literal> if
there was a problem loading it, <literal>not-found</literal> if no unit file was found for this
unit, <literal>bad-setting</literal> if an essential unit file setting could not be parsed and
<literal>masked</literal> if the unit file has been masked. Along with showing the path to the
unit file, this line will also show the enablement state. Enabled units are included in the
dependency network between units, and thus are started at boot or via some other form of
activation. See the full table of possible enablement states — including the definition of
<literal>masked</literal> — in the documentation for the <command>is-enabled</command> command.
</para>
<para>The "Active:" line shows active state. The value is usually <literal>active</literal> or
<literal>inactive</literal>. Active could mean started, bound, plugged in, etc depending on the
unit type. The unit could also be in process of changing states, reporting a state of
<literal>activating</literal> or <literal>deactivating</literal>. A special
<literal>failed</literal> state is entered when the service failed in some way, such as a crash,
exiting with an error code or timing out. If the failed state is entered the cause will be logged
for later reference.</para>
</example>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>show</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…|<replaceable>JOB</replaceable>…</optional></term>
<listitem>
<para>Show properties of one or more units, jobs, or the manager itself. If no argument is specified,
properties of the manager will be shown. If a unit name is specified, properties of the unit are shown, and
if a job ID is specified, properties of the job are shown. By default, empty properties are suppressed. Use
<option>--all</option> to show those too. To select specific properties to show, use
<option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be used whenever computer-parsable output is
required. Use <command>status</command> if you are looking for formatted human-readable output.</para>
<para>Many properties shown by <command>systemctl show</command> map directly to configuration settings of
the system and service manager and its unit files. Note that the properties shown by the command are
generally more low-level, normalized versions of the original configuration settings and expose runtime
state in addition to configuration. For example, properties shown for service units include the service's
current main process identifier as <literal>MainPID</literal> (which is runtime state), and time settings
are always exposed as properties ending in the <literal>…USec</literal> suffix even if a matching
configuration options end in <literal>…Sec</literal>, because microseconds is the normalized time unit used
internally by the system and service manager.</para>
<para>For details about many of these properties, see the documentation of the D-Bus interface
backing these properties, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>org.freedesktop.systemd1</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>cat <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Show backing files of one or more units. Prints the
"fragment" and "drop-ins" (source files) of units. Each
file is preceded by a comment which includes the file
name. Note that this shows the contents of the backing files
on disk, which might not match the system manager's
understanding of these units if any unit files were
updated on disk and the <command>daemon-reload</command>
command wasn't issued since.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>help <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…|<replaceable>PID</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Show manual pages for one or more units, if
available. If a PID is given, the manual pages for the unit
the process belongs to are shown.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v185"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<command>list-dependencies</command>
<optional><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>...</optional>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Shows units required and wanted by the specified
units. This recursively lists units following the
<varname>Requires=</varname>, <varname>Requisite=</varname>,
<varname>Wants=</varname>, <varname>ConsistsOf=</varname>,
<varname>BindsTo=</varname>, and <varname>Upholds=</varname>
dependencies. If no units are specified,
<filename>default.target</filename> is implied.</para>
<para>The units that are shown are additionally filtered by <option>--type=</option> and
<option>--state=</option> if those options are specified. Note that we won't be able to
use a tree structure in this case, so <option>--plain</option> is implied.</para>
<para>By default, only target units are recursively
expanded. When <option>--all</option> is passed, all other
units are recursively expanded as well.</para>
<para>Options <option>--reverse</option>,
<option>--after</option>, <option>--before</option>
may be used to change what types of dependencies
are shown.</para>
<para>Note that this command only lists units currently loaded into memory by the service manager. In
particular, this command is not suitable to get a comprehensive list at all reverse dependencies on a
specific unit, as it won't list the dependencies declared by units currently not loaded.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<!-- Commands that modify unit state start here -->
<varlistentry>
<term><command>start <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Start (activate) one or more units specified on the command line.</para>
<para>Note that unit glob patterns expand to names of units currently in memory. Units which are
not active and are not in a failed state usually are not in memory, and will not be matched by
any pattern. In addition, in case of instantiated units, systemd is often unaware of the instance
name until the instance has been started. Therefore, using glob patterns with
<command>start</command> has limited usefulness. Also, secondary alias names of units are not
considered.</para>
<para>Option <option>--all</option> may be used to also operate on inactive units which are
referenced by other loaded units. Note that this is not the same as operating on "all" possible
units, because as the previous paragraph describes, such a list is ill-defined. Nevertheless,
<command>systemctl start --all <replaceable>GLOB</replaceable></command> may be useful if all the
units that should match the pattern are pulled in by some target which is known to be loaded.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>stop <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Stop (deactivate) one or more units specified on the command line.</para>
<para>This command will fail if the unit does not exist or if stopping of the unit is prohibited (see
<varname>RefuseManualStop=</varname> in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
It will <emphasis>not</emphasis> fail if any of the commands configured to stop the unit
(<varname>ExecStop=</varname>, etc.) fail, because the manager will still forcibly terminate the
unit.</para>
<para>If a unit that gets stopped can still be triggered by other units, a warning containing
the names of the triggering units is shown. <option>--no-warn</option> can be used to suppress
the warning.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>reload <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Asks all units listed on the command line to reload
their configuration. Note that this will reload the
service-specific configuration, not the unit configuration
file of systemd. If you want systemd to reload the
configuration file of a unit, use the
<command>daemon-reload</command> command. In other words:
for the example case of Apache, this will reload Apache's
<filename>httpd.conf</filename> in the web server, not the
<filename>apache.service</filename> systemd unit
file.</para>
<para>This command should not be confused with the
<command>daemon-reload</command> command.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Stop and then start one or more units specified on the command line. If the units are not running
yet, they will be started.</para>
<para>Note that restarting a unit with this command does not necessarily flush out all of the unit's
resources before it is started again. For example, the per-service file descriptor storage facility (see
<varname>FileDescriptorStoreMax=</varname> in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) will
remain intact as long as the unit has a job pending, and is only cleared when the unit is fully stopped and
no jobs are pending anymore. If it is intended that the file descriptor store is flushed out, too, during a
restart operation an explicit <command>systemctl stop</command> command followed by <command>systemctl
start</command> should be issued.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>try-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Stop and then start one or more units specified on the
command line if the units are running. This does nothing
if units are not running.</para>
<!-- Note that we don't document condrestart here, as that is just compatibility support, and we generally
don't document that. -->
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>reload-or-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Reload one or more units if they support it. If not, stop and then start them instead. If the units
are not running yet, they will be started.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>try-reload-or-restart <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Reload one or more units if they support it. If not, stop and then start them instead. This does
nothing if the units are not running.</para>
<!-- Note that we don't document force-reload here, as that is just compatibility support, and we generally
don't document that. -->
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v229"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>isolate <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Start the unit specified on the command line and its dependencies
and stop all others, unless they have
<option>IgnoreOnIsolate=yes</option> (see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
If a unit name with no extension is given, an extension of
<literal>.target</literal> will be assumed.</para>
<para>This command is dangerous, since it will immediately stop processes that are not enabled in
the new target, possibly including the graphical environment or terminal you are currently using.
</para>
<para>Note that this operation is allowed only on units where
<option>AllowIsolate=</option> is enabled. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>kill <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Send a UNIX process signal to one or more processes of the unit. Use
<option>--kill-whom=</option> to select which process to send the signal to. Use
<option>--signal=</option> to select the signal to send. Combine with
<option>--kill-value=</option> to enqueue a POSIX Realtime Signal with an associated
value.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>clean <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Remove the configuration, state, cache, logs or runtime data of the specified units. Use
<option>--what=</option> to select which kind of resource to remove. For service units this may
be used to remove the directories configured with <varname>ConfigurationDirectory=</varname>,
<varname>StateDirectory=</varname>, <varname>CacheDirectory=</varname>,
<varname>LogsDirectory=</varname> and <varname>RuntimeDirectory=</varname>, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details. It may also be used to clear the file descriptor store as enabled via
<varname>FileDescriptorStoreMax=</varname>, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details. For timer units this may be used to clear out the persistent timestamp data if
<varname>Persistent=</varname> is used and <option>--what=state</option> is selected, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. This
command only applies to units that use either of these settings. If <option>--what=</option> is
not specified, the cache and runtime data as well as the file descriptor store are removed (as
these three types of resources are generally redundant and reproducible on the next invocation of
the unit). Note that the specified units must be stopped to invoke this operation.</para>
<table>
<title>
Possible values for <option>--what=</option>
</title>
<tgroup cols='2'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Value</entry>
<entry>Unit Setting</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><literal>runtime</literal></entry>
<entry><varname>RuntimeDirectory=</varname></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>state</literal></entry>
<entry><varname>StateDirectory=</varname></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>cache</literal></entry>
<entry><varname>CacheDirectory=</varname></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>logs</literal></entry>
<entry><varname>LogsDirectory=</varname></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>configuration</literal></entry>
<entry><varname>ConfigurationDirectory=</varname></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>fdstore</literal></entry>
<entry><varname>FileDescriptorStorePreserve=</varname></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>all</literal></entry>
<entry>All of the above</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v243"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>freeze <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Freeze one or more units specified on the
command line using cgroup freezer</para>
<para>Freezing the unit will cause all processes contained within the cgroup corresponding to the unit
to be suspended. Being suspended means that unit's processes won't be scheduled to run on CPU until thawed.
Note that this command is supported only on systems that use unified cgroup hierarchy. Unit is automatically
thawed just before we execute a job against the unit, e.g. before the unit is stopped.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>thaw <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Thaw (unfreeze) one or more units specified on the
command line.</para>
<para>This is the inverse operation to the <command>freeze</command> command and resumes the execution of
processes in the unit's cgroup.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>set-property <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> <replaceable>PROPERTY</replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Set the specified unit properties at runtime where
this is supported. This allows changing configuration
parameter properties such as resource control settings at
runtime. Not all properties may be changed at runtime, but
many resource control settings (primarily those in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
may. The changes are applied immediately, and stored on disk
for future boots, unless <option>--runtime</option> is
passed, in which case the settings only apply until the
next reboot. The syntax of the property assignment follows
closely the syntax of assignments in unit files.</para>
<para>Example: <command>systemctl set-property foobar.service CPUWeight=200</command></para>
<para>If the specified unit appears to be inactive, the
changes will be only stored on disk as described
previously hence they will be effective when the unit will
be started.</para>
<para>Note that this command allows changing multiple properties at the same time, which is
preferable over setting them individually.</para>
<para>Example: <command>systemctl set-property foobar.service CPUWeight=200 MemoryMax=2G IPAccounting=yes</command></para>
<para>Like with unit file configuration settings, assigning an empty setting usually resets a
property to its defaults.</para>
<para>Example: <command>systemctl set-property avahi-daemon.service IPAddressDeny=</command></para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v206"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<command>bind</command>
<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>
<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>
[<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]
</term>
<listitem><para>Bind-mounts a file or directory from the host into the specified unit's mount
namespace. The first path argument is the source file or directory on the host, the second path
argument is the destination file or directory in the unit's mount namespace. When the latter is
omitted, the destination path in the unit's mount namespace is the same as the source path on the
host. When combined with the <option>--read-only</option> switch, a ready-only bind mount is
created. When combined with the <option>--mkdir</option> switch, the destination path is first
created before the mount is applied.</para>
<para>Note that this option is currently only supported for units that run within a mount namespace
(e.g.: with <option>RootImage=</option>, <option>PrivateMounts=</option>, etc.). This command
supports bind-mounting directories, regular files, device nodes, <constant>AF_UNIX</constant>
socket nodes, as well as FIFOs. The bind mount is ephemeral, and it is undone as soon as the
current unit process exists. Note that the namespace mentioned here, where the bind mount will be
added to, is the one where the main service process runs. Other processes (those exececuted by
<option>ExecReload=</option>, <option>ExecStartPre=</option>, etc.) run in distinct namespaces.
</para>
<para>If supported by the kernel, any prior mount on the selected target will be replaced by the
new mount. If not supported, any prior mount will be over-mounted, but remain pinned and
inaccessible.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<command>mount-image</command>
<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>
<replaceable>IMAGE</replaceable>
[<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>
[<replaceable>PARTITION_NAME</replaceable>:<replaceable>MOUNT_OPTIONS</replaceable>]]
</term>
<listitem><para>Mounts an image from the host into the specified unit's mount namespace. The first
path argument is the source image on the host, the second path argument is the destination
directory in the unit's mount namespace (i.e. inside
<option>RootImage=</option>/<option>RootDirectory=</option>). The following argument, if any, is
interpreted as a colon-separated tuple of partition name and comma-separated list of mount options
for that partition. The format is the same as the service <option>MountImages=</option>
setting. When combined with the <option>--read-only</option> switch, a ready-only mount is
created. When combined with the <option>--mkdir</option> switch, the destination path is first
created before the mount is applied.</para>
<para>Note that this option is currently only supported for units that run within a mount namespace
(i.e. with <option>RootImage=</option>, <option>PrivateMounts=</option>, etc.). Note that the
namespace mentioned here where the image mount will be added to, is the one where the main service
process runs. Note that the namespace mentioned here, where the bind mount will be
added to, is the one where the main service process runs. Other processes (those exececuted by
<option>ExecReload=</option>, <option>ExecStartPre=</option>, etc.) run in distinct namespaces.
</para>
<para>If supported by the kernel, any prior mount on the selected target will be replaced by the
new mount. If not supported, any prior mount will be over-mounted, but remain pinned and
inaccessible.</para>
<para>Example:
<programlisting>systemctl mount-image foo.service /tmp/img.raw /var/lib/image root:ro,nosuid</programlisting>
<programlisting>systemctl mount-image --mkdir bar.service /tmp/img.raw /var/lib/baz/img</programlisting>
</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>service-log-level</command> <replaceable>SERVICE</replaceable> [<replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable>]</term>
<listitem><para>If the <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> argument is not given, print the current
log level as reported by service <replaceable>SERVICE</replaceable>.</para>
<para>If the optional argument <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> is provided, then change the
current log level of the service to <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable>. The log level should be a
typical syslog log level, i.e. a value in the range 0…7 or one of the strings
<constant>emerg</constant>, <constant>alert</constant>, <constant>crit</constant>,
<constant>err</constant>, <constant>warning</constant>, <constant>notice</constant>,
<constant>info</constant>, <constant>debug</constant>; see <citerefentry
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details.</para>
<para>The service must have the appropriate
<varname>BusName=<replaceable>destination</replaceable></varname> property and also implement the
generic
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>org.freedesktop.LogControl1</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
interface. (<filename>systemctl</filename> will use the generic D-Bus protocol to access the
<interfacename>org.freedesktop.LogControl1.LogLevel</interfacename> interface for the D-Bus name
<replaceable>destination</replaceable>.)</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v247"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>service-log-target</command> <replaceable>SERVICE</replaceable> [<replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>]</term>
<listitem><para>If the <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> argument is not given, print the current
log target as reported by service <replaceable>SERVICE</replaceable>.</para>
<para>If the optional argument <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> is provided, then change the
current log target of the service to <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>. The log target should be
one of the strings <constant>console</constant> (for log output to the service's standard error
stream), <constant>kmsg</constant> (for log output to the kernel log buffer),
<constant>journal</constant> (for log output to
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-journald.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
using the native journal protocol), <constant>syslog</constant> (for log output to the classic
syslog socket <filename>/dev/log</filename>), <constant>null</constant> (for no log output
whatsoever) or <constant>auto</constant> (for an automatically determined choice, typically
equivalent to <constant>console</constant> if the service is invoked interactively, and
<constant>journal</constant> or <constant>syslog</constant> otherwise).</para>
<para>For most services, only a small subset of log targets make sense. In particular, most
"normal" services should only implement <constant>console</constant>, <constant>journal</constant>,
and <constant>null</constant>. Anything else is only appropriate for low-level services that
are active in very early boot before proper logging is established.</para>
<para>The service must have the appropriate
<varname>BusName=<replaceable>destination</replaceable></varname> property and also implement the
generic
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>org.freedesktop.LogControl1</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
interface. (<filename>systemctl</filename> will use the generic D-Bus protocol to access the
<interfacename>org.freedesktop.LogControl1.LogLevel</interfacename> interface for the D-Bus name
<replaceable>destination</replaceable>.)</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v247"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>reset-failed [<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…]</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Reset the <literal>failed</literal> state of the specified units, or if no unit name is passed, reset
the state of all units. When a unit fails in some way (i.e. process exiting with non-zero error code,
terminating abnormally or timing out), it will automatically enter the <literal>failed</literal> state and
its exit code and status is recorded for introspection by the administrator until the service is
stopped/re-started or reset with this command.</para>
<para>In addition to resetting the <literal>failed</literal> state of a unit it also resets various other
per-unit properties: the start rate limit counter of all unit types is reset to zero, as is the restart
counter of service units. Thus, if a unit's start limit (as configured with
<varname>StartLimitIntervalSec=</varname>/<varname>StartLimitBurst=</varname>) is hit and the unit refuses
to be started again, use this command to make it startable again.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>whoami [<replaceable>PID</replaceable>…]</command></term>
<listitem><para>Returns the units the processes referenced by the given PIDs belong to (one per
line). If no PID is specified returns the unit the <command>systemctl</command> command is invoked
in.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Unit File Commands</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>list-unit-files</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN…</replaceable></optional></term>
<listitem>
<para>List unit files installed on the system, in combination with their enablement state (as
reported by <command>is-enabled</command>). If one or more <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s
are specified, only unit files whose name matches one of them are shown (patterns matching unit
file system paths are not supported).</para>
<para>Unlike <command>list-units</command> this command will list template units in addition to
explicitly instantiated units.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>enable <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<term><command>enable <replaceable>PATH</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Enable one or more units or unit instances. This will create a set of symlinks, as encoded in the
[Install] sections of the indicated unit files. After the symlinks have been created,
the system manager configuration is reloaded (in a way equivalent to <command>daemon-reload</command>), in
order to ensure the changes are taken into account immediately. Note that this does
<emphasis>not</emphasis> have the effect of also starting any of the units being enabled. If this is
desired, combine this command with the <option>--now</option> switch, or invoke <command>start</command>
with appropriate arguments later. Note that in case of unit instance enablement (i.e. enablement of units of
the form <filename>foo@bar.service</filename>), symlinks named the same as instances are created in the
unit configuration directory, however they point to the single template unit file they are instantiated
from.</para>
<para>This command expects either valid unit names (in which case various unit file directories are
automatically searched for unit files with appropriate names), or absolute paths to unit files (in which
case these files are read directly). If a specified unit file is located outside of the usual unit file
directories, an additional symlink is created, linking it into the unit configuration path, thus ensuring
it is found when requested by commands such as <command>start</command>. The file system where the linked
unit files are located must be accessible when systemd is started (e.g. anything underneath
<filename>/home/</filename> or <filename>/var/</filename> is not allowed, unless those directories are
located on the root file system).</para>
<para>This command will print the file system operations executed. This output may be suppressed by passing
<option>--quiet</option>.
</para>
<para>Note that this operation creates only the symlinks suggested in the [Install]
section of the unit files. While this command is the recommended way to manipulate the unit configuration
directory, the administrator is free to make additional changes manually by placing or removing symlinks
below this directory. This is particularly useful to create configurations that deviate from the suggested
default installation. In this case, the administrator must make sure to invoke
<command>daemon-reload</command> manually as necessary, in order to ensure the changes are taken into
account.
</para>
<para>When using this operation on units without install information, a warning about it is shown.
<option>--no-warn</option> can be used to suppress the warning.</para>
<para>Enabling units should not be confused with starting (activating) units, as done by the
<command>start</command> command. Enabling and starting units is orthogonal: units may be enabled without
being started and started without being enabled. Enabling simply hooks the unit into various suggested
places (for example, so that the unit is automatically started on boot or when a particular kind of
hardware is plugged in). Starting actually spawns the daemon process (in case of service units), or binds
the socket (in case of socket units), and so on.</para>
<para>Depending on whether <option>--system</option>, <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option>,
or <option>--global</option> is specified, this enables the unit for the system, for the calling user only,
for only this boot of the system, or for all future logins of all users. Note that in the last case, no
systemd daemon configuration is reloaded.</para>
<para>Using <command>enable</command> on masked units is not supported and results in an error.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>disable <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Disables one or more units. This removes all symlinks to the unit files backing the specified units
from the unit configuration directory, and hence undoes any changes made by <command>enable</command> or
<command>link</command>. Note that this removes <emphasis>all</emphasis> symlinks to matching unit files,
including manually created symlinks, and not just those actually created by <command>enable</command> or
<command>link</command>. Note that while <command>disable</command> undoes the effect of
<command>enable</command>, the two commands are otherwise not symmetric, as <command>disable</command> may
remove more symlinks than a prior <command>enable</command> invocation of the same unit created.</para>
<para>This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept paths to unit files.</para>
<para>In addition to the units specified as arguments, all units are disabled that are listed in the
<varname>Also=</varname> setting contained in the [Install] section of any of the unit
files being operated on.</para>
<para>This command implicitly reloads the system manager configuration after completing the operation. Note
that this command does not implicitly stop the units that are being disabled. If this is desired, either
combine this command with the <option>--now</option> switch, or invoke the <command>stop</command> command
with appropriate arguments later.</para>
<para>This command will print information about the file system operations (symlink removals)
executed. This output may be suppressed by passing <option>--quiet</option>.
</para>
<para>If a unit gets disabled but its triggering units are still active, a warning containing
the names of the triggering units is shown. <option>--no-warn</option> can be used to suppress
the warning.</para>
<para>When this command is used with <option>--user</option>, the units being operated on might
still be enabled in global scope, and thus get started automatically even after a successful
disablement in user scope. In this case, a warning about it is shown, which can be suppressed
using <option>--no-warn</option>.</para>
<para>This command honors <option>--system</option>, <option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option>,
<option>--global</option> and <option>--no-warn</option> in a similar way as <command>enable</command>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>reenable <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Reenable one or more units, as specified on the command line. This is a combination of
<command>disable</command> and <command>enable</command> and is useful to reset the symlinks a unit file is
enabled with to the defaults configured in its [Install] section. This command expects
a unit name only, it does not accept paths to unit files.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>preset <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Reset the enable/disable status one or more unit files, as specified on
the command line, to the defaults configured in the preset policy files. This
has the same effect as <command>disable</command> or
<command>enable</command>, depending how the unit is listed in the preset
files.</para>
<para>Use <option>--preset-mode=</option> to control whether units shall be
enabled and disabled, or only enabled, or only disabled.</para>
<para>If the unit carries no install information, it will be silently ignored
by this command. <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> must be the real unit name,
any alias names are ignored silently.</para>
<para>For more information on the preset policy format, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.preset</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>preset-all</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Resets all installed unit files to the defaults
configured in the preset policy file (see above).</para>
<para>Use <option>--preset-mode=</option> to control
whether units shall be enabled and disabled, or only
enabled, or only disabled.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v215"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>is-enabled <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Checks whether any of the specified unit files are
enabled (as with <command>enable</command>). Returns an
exit code of 0 if at least one is enabled, non-zero
otherwise. Prints the current enable status (see table).
To suppress this output, use <option>--quiet</option>.
To show installation targets, use <option>--full</option>.
</para>
<table>
<title>
<command>is-enabled</command> output
</title>
<tgroup cols='3'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Name</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
<entry>Exit Code</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><literal>enabled</literal></entry>
<entry morerows='1'>Enabled via <filename>.wants/</filename>, <filename>.requires/</filename> or <varname>Alias=</varname> symlinks (permanently in <filename>/etc/systemd/system/</filename>, or transiently in <filename>/run/systemd/system/</filename>).</entry>
<entry morerows='1'>0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>enabled-runtime</literal></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>linked</literal></entry>
<entry morerows='1'>Made available through one or more symlinks to the unit file (permanently in <filename>/etc/systemd/system/</filename> or transiently in <filename>/run/systemd/system/</filename>), even though the unit file might reside outside of the unit file search path.</entry>
<entry morerows='1'>&gt; 0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>linked-runtime</literal></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>alias</literal></entry>
<entry>The name is an alias (symlink to another unit file).</entry>
<entry>0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>masked</literal></entry>
<entry morerows='1'>Completely disabled, so that any start operation on it fails (permanently in <filename>/etc/systemd/system/</filename> or transiently in <filename>/run/systemd/systemd/</filename>).</entry>
<entry morerows='1'>&gt; 0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>masked-runtime</literal></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>static</literal></entry>
<entry>The unit file is not enabled, and has no provisions for enabling in the [Install] unit file section.</entry>
<entry>0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>indirect</literal></entry>
<entry>The unit file itself is not enabled, but it has a non-empty <varname>Also=</varname> setting in the [Install] unit file section, listing other unit files that might be enabled, or it has an alias under a different name through a symlink that is not specified in <varname>Also=</varname>. For template unit files, an instance different than the one specified in <varname>DefaultInstance=</varname> is enabled.</entry>
<entry>0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>disabled</literal></entry>
<entry>The unit file is not enabled, but contains an [Install] section with installation instructions.</entry>
<entry>&gt; 0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>generated</literal></entry>
<entry>The unit file was generated dynamically via a generator tool. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Generated unit files may not be enabled, they are enabled implicitly by their generator.</entry>
<entry>0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>transient</literal></entry>
<entry>The unit file has been created dynamically with the runtime API. Transient units may not be enabled.</entry>
<entry>0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>bad</literal></entry>
<entry>The unit file is invalid or another error occurred. Note that <command>is-enabled</command> will not actually return this state, but print an error message instead. However the unit file listing printed by <command>list-unit-files</command> might show it.</entry>
<entry>&gt; 0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><literal>not-found</literal></entry>
<entry>The unit file doesn't exist.</entry>
<entry>4</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>mask <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Mask one or more units, as specified on the command line. This will link these unit files
to <filename>/dev/null</filename>, making it impossible to start them. This is a stronger version
of <command>disable</command>, since it prohibits all kinds of activation of the unit, including
enablement and manual activation. Use this option with care. This honors the
<option>--runtime</option> option to only mask temporarily until the next reboot of the
system. The <option>--now</option> option may be used to ensure that the units are also
stopped. This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept unit file paths.</para>
<para>Note that this will create a symlink under the unit's name in
<filename>/etc/systemd/system/</filename> (in case <option>--runtime</option> is not specified)
or <filename>/run/systemd/system/</filename> (in case <option>--runtime</option> is
specified). If a matching unit file already exists under these directories this operation will
hence fail. This means that the operation is primarily useful to mask units shipped by the vendor
(as those are shipped in <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system/</filename> and not the aforementioned
two directories), but typically doesn't work for units created locally (as those are typically
placed precisely in the two aforementioned directories). Similar restrictions apply for
<option>--user</option> mode, in which case the directories are below the user's home directory
however.</para>
<para>If a unit gets masked but its triggering units are still active, a warning containing
the names of the triggering units is shown. <option>--no-warn</option> can be used to suppress
the warning.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>unmask <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Unmask one or more unit files, as specified on the command line. This will undo the effect of
<command>mask</command>. This command expects valid unit names only, it does not accept unit file
paths.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v238"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>link <replaceable>PATH</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Link a unit file that is not in the unit file search path into the unit file search path. This
command expects an absolute path to a unit file. The effect of this may be undone with
<command>disable</command>. The effect of this command is that a unit file is made available for commands
such as <command>start</command>, even though it is not installed directly in the unit search path. The
file system where the linked unit files are located must be accessible when systemd is started
(e.g. anything underneath <filename>/home/</filename> or <filename>/var/</filename> is not allowed, unless
those directories are located on the root file system).</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>revert <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Revert one or more unit files to their vendor versions. This command removes drop-in configuration
files that modify the specified units, as well as any user-configured unit file that overrides a matching
vendor supplied unit file. Specifically, for a unit <literal>foo.service</literal> the matching directories
<literal>foo.service.d/</literal> with all their contained files are removed, both below the persistent and
runtime configuration directories (i.e. below <filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename> and
<filename>/run/systemd/system</filename>); if the unit file has a vendor-supplied version (i.e. a unit file
located below <filename>/usr/</filename>) any matching persistent or runtime unit file that overrides it is
removed, too. Note that if a unit file has no vendor-supplied version (i.e. is only defined below
<filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename> or <filename>/run/systemd/system</filename>, but not in a unit
file stored below <filename>/usr/</filename>), then it is not removed. Also, if a unit is masked, it is
unmasked.</para>
<para>Effectively, this command may be used to undo all changes made with <command>systemctl
edit</command>, <command>systemctl set-property</command> and <command>systemctl mask</command> and puts
the original unit file with its settings back in effect.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v230"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>add-wants <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>
<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<term><command>add-requires <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>
<replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Adds <literal>Wants=</literal> or <literal>Requires=</literal>
dependencies, respectively, to the specified
<replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> for one or more units. </para>
<para>This command honors <option>--system</option>,
<option>--user</option>, <option>--runtime</option> and
<option>--global</option> in a way similar to
<command>enable</command>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v217"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>edit <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Edit or replace a drop-in snippet or the main unit file, to extend or override the
definition of the specified unit.</para>
<para>Depending on whether <option>--system</option> (the default), <option>--user</option>, or
<option>--global</option> is specified, this command will operate on the system unit files, unit
files for the calling user, or the unit files shared between all users.</para>
<para>The editor (see the "Environment" section below) is invoked on temporary files which will
be written to the real location if the editor exits successfully. After the editing is finished,
configuration is reloaded, equivalent to <command>systemctl daemon-reload --system</command> or
<command>systemctl daemon-reload --user</command>. For <command>edit --global</command>, the
reload is not performed and the edits will take effect only for subsequent logins (or after a
reload is requested in a different way).</para>
<para>If <option>--full</option> is specified, a replacement for the main unit file will be
created or edited. Otherwise, a drop-in file will be created or edited.</para>
<para>If <option>--drop-in=</option> is specified, the given drop-in file name
will be used instead of the default <filename>override.conf</filename>.</para>
<para>The unit must exist, i.e. its main unit file must be present. If <option>--force</option>
is specified, this requirement is ignored and a new unit may be created (with
<option>--full</option>), or a drop-in for a nonexistent unit may be created.</para>
<para>If <option>--runtime</option> is specified, the changes will
be made temporarily in <filename>/run/</filename> and they will be
lost on the next reboot.</para>
<para>If <option>--stdin</option> is specified, the new contents will be read from standard
input. In this mode, the old contents of the file are discarded.</para>
<para>If the temporary file is empty upon exit, the modification of
the related unit is canceled.</para>
<para>Note that this command cannot be used to remotely edit units
and that you cannot temporarily edit units which are in
<filename>/etc/</filename>, since they take precedence over
<filename>/run/</filename>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v218"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>get-default</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Return the default target to boot into. This returns
the target unit name <filename>default.target</filename>
is aliased (symlinked) to.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v205"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>set-default <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Set the default target to boot into. This sets
(symlinks) the <filename>default.target</filename> alias
to the given target unit.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v205"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Machine Commands</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>list-machines</command> <optional><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…</optional></term>
<listitem>
<para>List the host and all running local containers with
their state. If one or more
<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only
containers matching one of them are shown.
</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v212"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Job Commands</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>list-jobs <optional><replaceable>PATTERN…</replaceable></optional></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>List jobs that are in progress. If one or more
<replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>s are specified, only
jobs for units matching one of them are shown.</para>
<para>When combined with <option>--after</option> or <option>--before</option> the list is augmented with
information on which other job each job is waiting for, and which other jobs are waiting for it, see
above.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>cancel <optional><replaceable>JOB</replaceable>…</optional></command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Cancel one or more jobs specified on the command line
by their numeric job IDs. If no job ID is specified, cancel
all pending jobs.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Environment Commands</title>
<para><command>systemd</command> supports an environment block that is passed to processes the manager
spawns. The names of the variables can contain ASCII letters, digits, and the underscore
character. Variable names cannot be empty or start with a digit. In variable values, most characters
are allowed, but the whole sequence must be valid UTF-8. (Note that control characters like newline
(<constant>NL</constant>), tab (<constant>TAB</constant>), or the escape character
(<constant>ESC</constant>), <emphasis>are</emphasis> valid ASCII and thus valid UTF-8). The total
length of the environment block is limited to <constant>_SC_ARG_MAX</constant> value defined by
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>sysconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>show-environment</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Dump the systemd manager environment block. This is the environment block that is passed to
all processes the manager spawns. The environment block will be dumped in straightforward form
suitable for sourcing into most shells. If no special characters or whitespace is present in the
variable values, no escaping is performed, and the assignments have the form
<literal>VARIABLE=value</literal>. If whitespace or characters which have special meaning to the
shell are present, dollar-single-quote escaping is used, and assignments have the form
<literal>VARIABLE=$'value'</literal>. This syntax is known to be supported by <citerefentry
project='die-net'><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry
project='die-net'><refentrytitle>zsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry
project='die-net'><refentrytitle>ksh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and
<citerefentry
project='die-net'><refentrytitle>busybox</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
<citerefentry
project='die-net'><refentrytitle>ash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, but
not <citerefentry
project='die-net'><refentrytitle>dash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or
<citerefentry
project='die-net'><refentrytitle>fish</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
</para>
<para>Note that this shows the <emphasis>effective</emphasis> block, i.e. the combination of
environment variables configured via configuration files, environment generators and via IPC
(i.e. via the <command>set-environment</command> described below). At the moment a unit process
is forked off this combined environment block will be further combined with per-unit environment
variables, which are not visible in this command.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>set-environment <replaceable>VARIABLE=VALUE</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Set one or more service manager environment variables, as specified on the command
line. This command will fail if variable names and values do not conform to the rules listed
above.</para>
<para>Note that this operates on an environment block separate from the environment block
configured from service manager configuration and environment generators. Whenever a process is
invoked the two blocks are combined (also incorporating any per-service environment variables),
and passed to it. The <command>show-environment</command> verb will show the combination of the
blocks, see above.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>unset-environment <replaceable>VARIABLE</replaceable>…</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Unset one or more systemd manager environment variables. If only a variable name is
specified, it will be removed regardless of its value. If a variable and a value are specified,
the variable is only removed if it has the specified value.</para>
<para>Note that this operates on an environment block separate from the environment block
configured from service manager configuration and environment generators. Whenever a process is
invoked the two blocks are combined (also incorporating any per-service environment variables),
and passed to it. The <command>show-environment</command> verb will show the combination of the
blocks, see above. Note that this means this command cannot be used to unset environment
variables defined in the service manager configuration files or via generators.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>
<command>import-environment</command>
<replaceable>VARIABLE…</replaceable>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>Import all, one or more environment variables set on the client into the systemd manager
environment block. If a list of environment variable names is passed, client-side values are then
imported into the manager's environment block. If any names are not valid environment variable
names or have invalid values according to the rules described above, an error is raised. If no
arguments are passed, the entire environment block inherited by the <command>systemctl</command>
process is imported. In this mode, any inherited invalid environment variables are quietly
ignored.</para>
<para>Importing of the full inherited environment block (calling this command without any
arguments) is deprecated. A shell will set dozens of variables which only make sense locally and
are only meant for processes which are descendants of the shell. Such variables in the global
environment block are confusing to other processes.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Manager State Commands</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>daemon-reload</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Reload the systemd manager configuration. This will
rerun all generators (see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>),
reload all unit files, and recreate the entire dependency
tree. While the daemon is being reloaded, all sockets
systemd listens on behalf of user configuration will stay
accessible.</para>
<para>This command should not be confused with the
<command>reload</command> command.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>daemon-reexec</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Reexecute the systemd manager. This will serialize the
manager state, reexecute the process and deserialize the
state again. This command is of little use except for
debugging and package upgrades. Sometimes, it might be
helpful as a heavy-weight <command>daemon-reload</command>.
While the daemon is being reexecuted, all sockets systemd listening
on behalf of user configuration will stay accessible.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id='log-level'>
<term><command>log-level</command> [<replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable>]</term>
<listitem><para>If no argument is given, print the current log level of the manager. If an
optional argument <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> is provided, then the command changes the
current log level of the manager to <replaceable>LEVEL</replaceable> (accepts the same values as
<option>--log-level=</option> described in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v244"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>log-target</command> [<replaceable>TARGET</replaceable>]</term>
<listitem><para>If no argument is given, print the current log target of the manager. If an
optional argument <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> is provided, then the command changes the
current log target of the manager to <replaceable>TARGET</replaceable> (accepts the same values as
<option>--log-target=</option>, described in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v244"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>service-watchdogs</command> [yes|no]</term>
<listitem><para>If no argument is given, print the current state of service runtime watchdogs of
the manager. If an optional boolean argument is provided, then globally enables or disables the
service runtime watchdogs (<option>WatchdogSec=</option>) and emergency actions (e.g.
<option>OnFailure=</option> or <option>StartLimitAction=</option>); see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
The hardware watchdog is not affected by this setting.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v244"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>System Commands</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>is-system-running</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Checks whether the system is operational. This
returns success (exit code 0) when the system is fully up
and running, specifically not in startup, shutdown or
maintenance mode, and with no failed services. Failure is
returned otherwise (exit code non-zero). In addition, the
current state is printed in a short string to standard
output, see the table below. Use <option>--quiet</option> to
suppress this output.</para>
<para>Use <option>--wait</option> to wait until the boot
process is completed before printing the current state and
returning the appropriate error status. If <option>--wait</option>
is in use, states <varname>initializing</varname> or
<varname>starting</varname> will not be reported, instead
the command will block until a later state (such as
<varname>running</varname> or <varname>degraded</varname>)
is reached.</para>
<table>
<title><command>is-system-running</command> output</title>
<tgroup cols='3'>
<colspec colname='name'/>
<colspec colname='description'/>
<colspec colname='exit-code'/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Name</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
<entry>Exit Code</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><varname>initializing</varname></entry>
<entry><para>Early bootup, before
<filename>basic.target</filename> is reached
or the <varname>maintenance</varname> state entered.
</para></entry>
<entry>&gt; 0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><varname>starting</varname></entry>
<entry><para>Late bootup, before the job queue
becomes idle for the first time, or one of the
rescue targets are reached.</para></entry>
<entry>&gt; 0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><varname>running</varname></entry>
<entry><para>The system is fully
operational.</para></entry>
<entry>0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><varname>degraded</varname></entry>
<entry><para>The system is operational but one or more
units failed.</para></entry>
<entry>&gt; 0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><varname>maintenance</varname></entry>
<entry><para>The rescue or emergency target is
active.</para></entry>
<entry>&gt; 0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><varname>stopping</varname></entry>
<entry><para>The manager is shutting
down.</para></entry>
<entry>&gt; 0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><varname>offline</varname></entry>
<entry><para>The manager is not
running. Specifically, this is the operational
state if an incompatible program is running as
system manager (PID 1).</para></entry>
<entry>&gt; 0</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><varname>unknown</varname></entry>
<entry><para>The operational state could not be
determined, due to lack of resources or another
error cause.</para></entry>
<entry>&gt; 0</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v215"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>default</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Enter default mode. This is equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate default.target</command>. This
operation is blocking by default, use <option>--no-block</option> to request asynchronous behavior.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>rescue</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Enter rescue mode. This is equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate rescue.target</command>. This
operation is blocking by default, use <option>--no-block</option> to request asynchronous behavior.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>emergency</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Enter emergency mode. This is equivalent to <command>systemctl isolate
emergency.target</command>. This operation is blocking by default, use <option>--no-block</option> to
request asynchronous behavior.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>halt</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Shut down and halt the system. This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl start halt.target
--job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>, but also prints a wall message to all users. This command is
asynchronous; it will return after the halt operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to complete. Note
that this operation will simply halt the OS kernel after shutting down, leaving the hardware powered
on. Use <command>systemctl poweroff</command> for powering off the system (see below).</para>
<para>If combined with <option>--force</option>, shutdown of all running services is skipped, however all
processes are killed and all file systems are unmounted or mounted read-only, immediately followed by the
system halt. If <option>--force</option> is specified twice, the operation is immediately executed without
terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems. This may result in data loss. Note that when
<option>--force</option> is specified twice the halt operation is executed by <command>systemctl</command>
itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command should succeed even when the system
manager has crashed.</para>
<para>If combined with <option>--when=</option>, shutdown will be scheduled after the given timestamp.
And <option>--when=cancel</option> will cancel the shutdown.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>poweroff</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Shut down and power-off the system. This is mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl start
poweroff.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>, but also prints a wall message to all
users. This command is asynchronous; it will return after the power-off operation is enqueued, without
waiting for it to complete.</para>
<para>This command honors <option>--force</option> and <option>--when=</option> in a similar way
as <command>halt</command>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>reboot</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Shut down and reboot the system.</para>
<para>This command mostly equivalent to <command>systemctl start reboot.target
--job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>, but also prints a wall message to all
users. This command is asynchronous; it will return after the reboot operation is enqueued,
without waiting for it to complete.</para>
<para>If the switch <option>--reboot-argument=</option> is given, it will be passed as the optional
argument to the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
system call.</para>
<para>Options <option>--boot-loader-entry=</option>, <option>--boot-loader-menu=</option>, and
<option>--firmware-setup</option> can be used to select what to do <emphasis>after</emphasis> the
reboot. See the descriptions of those options for details.</para>
<para>This command honors <option>--force</option> and <option>--when=</option> in a similar way
as <command>halt</command>.</para>
<para>If a new kernel has been loaded via <command>kexec --load</command>, a
<command>kexec</command> will be performed instead of a reboot, unless
<literal>SYSTEMCTL_SKIP_AUTO_KEXEC=1</literal> has been set. If a new root file system has
been set up on <literal>/run/nextroot/</literal>, a <command>soft-reboot</command> will be
performed instead of a reboot, unless <literal>SYSTEMCTL_SKIP_AUTO_SOFT_REBOOT=1</literal> has
been set.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>kexec</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Shut down and reboot the system via <command>kexec</command>. This command will load a
kexec kernel if one wasn't loaded yet or fail. A kernel may be loaded earlier by a separate step,
this is particularly useful if a custom initrd or additional kernel command line options are
desired. The <option>--force</option> can be used to continue without a kexec kernel, i.e. to
perform a normal reboot. The final reboot step is equivalent to
<command>systemctl start kexec.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>.
</para>
<para>To load a kernel, an enumeration is performed following the
<ulink url="https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/boot_loader_specification">Boot Loader Specification</ulink>,
and the default boot entry is loaded. For this step to succeed, the system must be using UEFI
and the boot loader entries must be configured appropriately. <command>bootctl list</command>
may be used to list boot entries, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
</para>
<para>This command is asynchronous; it will return after the reboot operation is enqueued,
without waiting for it to complete.</para>
<para>This command honors <option>--force</option> and <option>--when=</option> similarly
to <command>halt</command>.</para>
<para>If a new kernel has been loaded via <command>kexec --load</command>, a
<command>kexec</command> will be performed when <command>reboot</command> is invoked, unless
<literal>SYSTEMCTL_SKIP_AUTO_KEXEC=1</literal> has been set.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>soft-reboot</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Shut down and reboot userspace. This is equivalent to <command>systemctl start
soft-reboot.target --job-mode=replace-irreversibly --no-block</command>. This command is
asynchronous; it will return after the reboot operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to
complete.</para>
<para>This command honors <option>--force</option> and <option>--when=</option> in a similar way
as <command>halt</command>.</para>
<para>This operation only reboots userspace, leaving the kernel running. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-soft-reboot.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details.</para>
<para>If a new root file system has been set up on <literal>/run/nextroot/</literal>, a
<command>soft-reboot</command> will be performed when <command>reboot</command> is invoked,
unless <literal>SYSTEMCTL_SKIP_AUTO_SOFT_REBOOT=1</literal> has been set.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>exit</command> <optional><replaceable>EXIT_CODE</replaceable></optional></term>
<listitem>
<para>Ask the service manager to quit. This is only supported for user service managers (i.e. in
conjunction with the <option>--user</option> option) or in containers and is equivalent to
<command>poweroff</command> otherwise. This command is asynchronous; it will return after the exit
operation is enqueued, without waiting for it to complete.</para>
<para>The service manager will exit with the specified exit code, if
<replaceable>EXIT_CODE</replaceable> is passed.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v227"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>switch-root</command> <optional><replaceable>ROOT</replaceable> <optional><replaceable>INIT</replaceable></optional></optional></term>
<listitem>
<para>Switches to a different root directory and executes a new system manager process below it.
This is intended for use in the initrd, and will transition from the initrd's system manager
process (a.k.a. "init" process, PID 1) to the main system manager process which is loaded from
the actual host root files system. This call takes two arguments: the directory that is to become
the new root directory, and the path to the new system manager binary below it to execute as PID
1. If both are omitted or the former is an empty string it defaults to
<filename>/sysroot/</filename>. If the latter is omitted or is an empty string, a systemd binary
will automatically be searched for and used as service manager. If the system manager path is
omitted, equal to the empty string or identical to the path to the systemd binary, the state of
the initrd's system manager process is passed to the main system manager, which allows later
introspection of the state of the services involved in the initrd boot phase.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>sleep</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Put the system to sleep, through <command>suspend</command>, <command>hibernate</command>,
<command>hybrid-sleep</command>, or <command>suspend-then-hibernate</command>. The sleep operation
to use is automatically selected by <citerefentry>
<refentrytitle>systemd-logind.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
By default, <command>suspend-then-hibernate</command> is used, and falls back to <command>suspend</command>
and then <command>hibernate</command> if not supported. Refer to <varname>SleepOperation=</varname>
setting in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>logind.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for more details. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the sleep operation is
successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the sleep/resume cycle to complete.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>suspend</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Suspend the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit
<filename>suspend.target</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the suspend
operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the suspend/resume cycle to complete.</para>
<para>If <option>--force</option> is specified, and <command>systemd-logind</command> returned
error for the operation, the error will be ignored and the operation will be tried again directly
through starting the target unit.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>hibernate</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Hibernate the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit
<filename>hibernate.target</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the hibernation
operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the hibernate/thaw cycle to complete.</para>
<para>This command honors <option>--force</option> in the same way as <command>suspend</command>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>hybrid-sleep</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Hibernate and suspend the system. This will trigger activation of the special target unit
<filename>hybrid-sleep.target</filename>. This command is asynchronous, and will return after the hybrid
sleep operation is successfully enqueued. It will not wait for the sleep/wake-up cycle to complete.</para>
<para>This command honors <option>--force</option> in the same way as <command>suspend</command>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v196"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>suspend-then-hibernate</command></term>
<listitem>
<para>Suspend the system and hibernate it when the battery is low, or when the delay specified
in <filename>systemd-sleep.conf</filename> elapsed. This will trigger activation of the special
target unit <filename>suspend-then-hibernate.target</filename>. This command is asynchronous,
and will return after the hybrid sleep operation is successfully enqueued.
It will not wait for the sleep/wake-up or hibernate/thaw cycle to complete.</para>
<para>This command honors <option>--force</option> in the same way as <command>suspend</command>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v240"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect2>
<refsect2>
<title>Parameter Syntax</title>
<para>Unit commands listed above take either a single unit name (designated as <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>),
or multiple unit specifications (designated as <replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable>…). In the first case, the
unit name with or without a suffix must be given. If the suffix is not specified (unit name is "abbreviated"),
systemctl will append a suitable suffix, <literal>.service</literal> by default, and a type-specific suffix in
case of commands which operate only on specific unit types. For example,
<programlisting># systemctl start sshd</programlisting> and
<programlisting># systemctl start sshd.service</programlisting>
are equivalent, as are
<programlisting># systemctl isolate default</programlisting>
and
<programlisting># systemctl isolate default.target</programlisting>
Note that (absolute) paths to device nodes are automatically converted to device unit names, and other (absolute)
paths to mount unit names.
<programlisting># systemctl status /dev/sda
# systemctl status /home</programlisting>
are equivalent to:
<programlisting># systemctl status dev-sda.device
# systemctl status home.mount</programlisting>
In the second case, shell-style globs will be matched against the primary names of all units currently in memory;
literal unit names, with or without a suffix, will be treated as in the first case. This means that literal unit
names always refer to exactly one unit, but globs may match zero units and this is not considered an
error.</para>
<para>Glob patterns use
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>fnmatch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
so normal shell-style globbing rules are used, and
<literal>*</literal>, <literal>?</literal>,
<literal>[]</literal> may be used. See
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for more details. The patterns are matched against the primary names of
units currently in memory, and patterns which do not match anything
are silently skipped. For example:
<programlisting># systemctl stop "sshd@*.service"</programlisting>
will stop all <filename>sshd@.service</filename> instances. Note that alias names of units, and units that aren't
in memory are not considered for glob expansion.
</para>
<para>For unit file commands, the specified <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable> should be the name of the unit file
(possibly abbreviated, see above), or the absolute path to the unit file:
<programlisting># systemctl enable foo.service</programlisting>
or
<programlisting># systemctl link /path/to/foo.service</programlisting>
</para>
</refsect2>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Options</title>
<para>The following options are understood:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-t</option></term>
<term><option>--type=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>The argument is a comma-separated list of unit types such as <option>service</option> and
<option>socket</option>. When units are listed with <command>list-units</command>,
<command>list-dependencies</command>, <command>show</command>, or <command>status</command>,
only units of the specified types will be shown. By default, units of all types are shown.</para>
<para>As a special case, if one of the arguments is <option>help</option>, a list of allowed values
will be printed and the program will exit.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--state=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>The argument is a comma-separated list of unit LOAD, SUB, or ACTIVE states. When listing
units with <command>list-units</command>, <command>list-dependencies</command>, <command>show</command>
or <command>status</command>, show only those in the specified states. Use <option>--state=failed</option>
or <option>--failed</option> to show only failed units.</para>
<para>As a special case, if one of the arguments is <option>help</option>, a list of allowed values
will be printed and the program will exit.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v206"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-p</option></term>
<term><option>--property=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When showing unit/job/manager properties with the
<command>show</command> command, limit display to properties
specified in the argument. The argument should be a
comma-separated list of property names, such as
<literal>MainPID</literal>. Unless specified, all known
properties are shown. If specified more than once, all
properties with the specified names are shown. Shell
completion is implemented for property names.</para>
<para>For the manager itself,
<command>systemctl show</command>
will show all available properties, most of which are derived or closely match the options described in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
</para>
<para>Properties for units vary by unit type, so showing any
unit (even a non-existent one) is a way to list properties
pertaining to this type. Similarly, showing any job will list
properties pertaining to all jobs. Properties for units are
documented in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
and the pages for individual unit types
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
etc.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-P</option></term>
<listitem>
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="xpointer(//varlistentry[@id='option-P']/listitem/para)" />
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-a</option></term>
<term><option>--all</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When listing units with <command>list-units</command>, also show inactive units and
units which are following other units. When showing unit/job/manager properties, show all
properties regardless whether they are set or not.</para>
<para>To list all units installed in the file system, use the
<command>list-unit-files</command> command instead.</para>
<para>When listing units with <command>list-dependencies</command>, recursively show
dependencies of all dependent units (by default only dependencies of target units are
shown).</para>
<para>When used with <command>status</command>, show journal messages in full, even if they include
unprintable characters or are very long. By default, fields with unprintable characters are
abbreviated as "blob data". (Note that the pager may escape unprintable characters again.)</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-r</option></term>
<term><option>--recursive</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When listing units, also show units of local
containers. Units of local containers will be prefixed with
the container name, separated by a single colon character
(<literal>:</literal>).</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v212"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--reverse</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Show reverse dependencies between units with
<command>list-dependencies</command>, i.e. follow
dependencies of type <varname>WantedBy=</varname>,
<varname>RequiredBy=</varname>, <varname>UpheldBy=</varname>,
<varname>PartOf=</varname>, <varname>BoundBy=</varname>,
instead of <varname>Wants=</varname> and similar.
</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v203"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--after</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>With <command>list-dependencies</command>, show the
units that are ordered before the specified unit. In other
words, recursively list units following the
<varname>After=</varname> dependency.</para>
<para>Note that any <varname>After=</varname> dependency is
automatically mirrored to create a
<varname>Before=</varname> dependency. Temporal dependencies
may be specified explicitly, but are also created implicitly
for units which are <varname>WantedBy=</varname> targets
(see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>),
and as a result of other directives (for example
<varname>RequiresMountsFor=</varname>). Both explicitly
and implicitly introduced dependencies are shown with
<command>list-dependencies</command>.</para>
<para>When passed to the <command>list-jobs</command> command, for each printed job show which other jobs are
waiting for it. May be combined with <option>--before</option> to show both the jobs waiting for each job as
well as all jobs each job is waiting for.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v203"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--before</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>With <command>list-dependencies</command>, show the
units that are ordered after the specified unit. In other
words, recursively list units following the
<varname>Before=</varname> dependency.</para>
<para>When passed to the <command>list-jobs</command> command, for each printed job show which other jobs it
is waiting for. May be combined with <option>--after</option> to show both the jobs waiting for each job as
well as all jobs each job is waiting for.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v212"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--with-dependencies</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>status</command>,
<command>cat</command>, <command>list-units</command>, and
<command>list-unit-files</command>, those commands print all
specified units and the dependencies of those units.</para>
<para>Options <option>--reverse</option>,
<option>--after</option>, <option>--before</option>
may be used to change what types of dependencies
are shown.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v245"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-l</option></term>
<term><option>--full</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Do not ellipsize unit names, process tree entries,
journal output, or truncate unit descriptions in the output
of <command>status</command>, <command>list-units</command>,
<command>list-jobs</command>, and
<command>list-timers</command>.</para>
<para>Also, show installation targets in the output of
<command>is-enabled</command>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--value</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When printing properties with <command>show</command>, only print the value, and skip the
property name and <literal>=</literal>. Also see option <option>-P</option> above.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v230"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--show-types</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When showing sockets, show the type of the socket.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v202"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--job-mode=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When queuing a new job, this option controls how to deal with
already queued jobs. It takes one of <literal>fail</literal>,
<literal>replace</literal>,
<literal>replace-irreversibly</literal>,
<literal>isolate</literal>,
<literal>ignore-dependencies</literal>,
<literal>ignore-requirements</literal>,
<literal>flush</literal>,
<literal>triggering</literal>, or
<literal>restart-dependencies</literal>. Defaults to
<literal>replace</literal>, except when the
<command>isolate</command> command is used which implies the
<literal>isolate</literal> job mode.</para>
<para>If <literal>fail</literal> is specified and a requested
operation conflicts with a pending job (more specifically:
causes an already pending start job to be reversed into a stop
job or vice versa), cause the operation to fail.</para>
<para>If <literal>replace</literal> (the default) is
specified, any conflicting pending job will be replaced, as
necessary.</para>
<para>If <literal>replace-irreversibly</literal> is specified,
operate like <literal>replace</literal>, but also mark the new
jobs as irreversible. This prevents future conflicting
transactions from replacing these jobs (or even being enqueued
while the irreversible jobs are still pending). Irreversible
jobs can still be cancelled using the <command>cancel</command>
command. This job mode should be used on any transaction which
pulls in <filename>shutdown.target</filename>.</para>
<para><literal>isolate</literal> is only valid for start
operations and causes all other units to be stopped when the
specified unit is started. This mode is always used when the
<command>isolate</command> command is used.</para>
<para><literal>flush</literal> will cause all queued jobs to
be canceled when the new job is enqueued.</para>
<para>If <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal> is specified,
then all unit dependencies are ignored for this new job and
the operation is executed immediately. If passed, no required
units of the unit passed will be pulled in, and no ordering
dependencies will be honored. This is mostly a debugging and
rescue tool for the administrator and should not be used by
applications.</para>
<para><literal>ignore-requirements</literal> is similar to
<literal>ignore-dependencies</literal>, but only causes the
requirement dependencies to be ignored, the ordering
dependencies will still be honored.</para>
<para><literal>triggering</literal> may only be used with
<command>systemctl stop</command>. In this mode, the specified
unit and any active units that trigger it are stopped. See the
discussion of
<varname>Triggers=</varname> in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for more information about triggering units.</para>
<para><literal>restart-dependencies</literal> may only be used with
<command>systemctl start</command>. In this mode, dependencies of
the specified unit will receive restart propagation, as if a restart
job had been enqueued for the unit.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-T</option></term>
<term><option>--show-transaction</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When enqueuing a unit job (for example as effect of a <command>systemctl start</command>
invocation or similar), show brief information about all jobs enqueued, covering both the requested
job and any added because of unit dependencies. Note that the output will only include jobs
immediately part of the transaction requested. It is possible that service start-up program code
run as effect of the enqueued jobs might request further jobs to be pulled in. This means that
completion of the listed jobs might ultimately entail more jobs than the listed ones.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v242"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--fail</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Shorthand for <option>--job-mode=</option>fail.</para>
<para>When used with the <command>kill</command> command,
if no units were killed, the operation results in an error.
</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v227"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--check-inhibitors=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When system shutdown or sleep state is requested, this option controls checking of inhibitor
locks. It takes one of <literal>auto</literal>, <literal>yes</literal> or
<literal>no</literal>. Defaults to <literal>auto</literal>, which will behave like
<literal>yes</literal> for interactive invocations (i.e. from a TTY) and <literal>no</literal> for
non-interactive invocations. <literal>yes</literal> lets the request respect inhibitor locks.
<literal>no</literal> lets the request ignore inhibitor locks.</para>
<para>Applications can establish inhibitor locks to prevent certain important operations (such as
CD burning) from being interrupted by system shutdown or sleep. Any user may take these locks and
privileged users may override these locks. If any locks are taken, shutdown and sleep state
requests will normally fail (unless privileged). However, if <literal>no</literal> is specified or
<literal>auto</literal> is specified on a non-interactive requests, the operation will be
attempted. If locks are present, the operation may require additional privileges.</para>
<para>Option <option>--force</option> provides another way to override inhibitors.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-i</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Shortcut for <option>--check-inhibitors=no</option>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v198"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--dry-run</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Just print what would be done. Currently supported by verbs
<command>halt</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, <command>reboot</command>,
<command>kexec</command>, <command>suspend</command>, <command>hibernate</command>,
<command>hybrid-sleep</command>, <command>suspend-then-hibernate</command>,
<command>default</command>, <command>rescue</command>,
<command>emergency</command>, and <command>exit</command>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v236"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-q</option></term>
<term><option>--quiet</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Suppress printing of the results of various commands
and also the hints about truncated log lines. This does not
suppress output of commands for which the printed output is
the only result (like <command>show</command>). Errors are
always printed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--no-warn</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Don't generate the warnings shown by default in the following cases:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>when <command>systemctl</command> is invoked without procfs mounted on
<filename>/proc/</filename>,</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>when using <command>enable</command> or <command>disable</command> on units without
install information (i.e. don't have or have an empty [Install] section),</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>when using <command>disable</command> combined with <option>--user</option> on units
that are enabled in global scope,</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>when a <command>stop</command>-ped, <command>disable</command>-d, or <command>mask</command>-ed
unit still has active triggering units,</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>when a unit file is changed and requires <command>daemon-reload</command>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v253"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--no-block</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Do not synchronously wait for the requested operation
to finish. If this is not specified, the job will be
verified, enqueued and <command>systemctl</command> will
wait until the unit's start-up is completed. By passing this
argument, it is only verified and enqueued. This option may not be
combined with <option>--wait</option>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--wait</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>start</command> or <command>restart</command>, synchronously wait for
started units to terminate again. This option may not be combined with <option>--no-block</option>.
Note that this will wait forever if any given unit never terminates (by itself or by getting
stopped explicitly); particularly services which use <literal>RemainAfterExit=yes</literal>.</para>
<para>When used with <command>is-system-running</command>, wait until the boot process is completed
before returning.</para>
<para>When used with <command>kill</command>, wait until the signalled units terminate. Note that
this will wait forever if any given unit never terminates.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v232"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="user" />
<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="system" />
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--failed</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>List units in failed state. This is equivalent to
<option>--state=failed</option>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v233"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--no-wall</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Do not send wall message before halt, power-off and reboot.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--global</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>enable</command> and
<command>disable</command>, operate on the global user
configuration directory, thus enabling or disabling a unit
file globally for all future logins of all users.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--no-reload</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>enable</command> and
<command>disable</command>, do not implicitly reload daemon
configuration after executing the changes.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--no-ask-password</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>start</command> and related
commands, disables asking for passwords. Background services
may require input of a password or passphrase string, for
example to unlock system hard disks or cryptographic
certificates. Unless this option is specified and the
command is invoked from a terminal,
<command>systemctl</command> will query the user on the
terminal for the necessary secrets. Use this option to
switch this behavior off. In this case, the password must be
supplied by some other means (for example graphical password
agents) or the service might fail. This also disables
querying the user for authentication for privileged
operations.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--kill-whom=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose which processes to send a UNIX process signal
to. Must be one of <option>main</option>, <option>control</option> or <option>all</option> to
select whether to kill only the main process, the control process or all processes of the unit. The
main process of the unit is the one that defines the life-time of it. A control process of a unit
is one that is invoked by the manager to induce state changes of it. For example, all processes
started due to the <varname>ExecStartPre=</varname>, <varname>ExecStop=</varname> or
<varname>ExecReload=</varname> settings of service units are control processes. Note that there is
only one control process per unit at a time, as only one state change is executed at a time. For
services of type <varname>Type=forking</varname>, the initial process started by the manager for
<varname>ExecStart=</varname> is a control process, while the process ultimately forked off by that
one is then considered the main process of the unit (if it can be determined). This is different
for service units of other types, where the process forked off by the manager for
<varname>ExecStart=</varname> is always the main process itself. A service unit consists of zero or
one main process, zero or one control process plus any number of additional processes. Not all unit
types manage processes of these types however. For example, for mount units, control processes are
defined (which are the invocations of <filename>&MOUNT_PATH;</filename> and
<filename>&UMOUNT_PATH;</filename>), but no main process is defined. If omitted, defaults to
<option>all</option>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--kill-value=<replaceable>INT</replaceable></option></term>
<listitem><para>If used with the <command>kill</command> command, enqueues a signal along with the
specified integer value parameter to the specified process(es). This operation is only available for
POSIX Realtime Signals (i.e. <option>--signal=SIGRTMIN+…</option> or
<option>--signal=SIGRTMAX-…</option>), and ensures the signals are generated via the <citerefentry
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>sigqueue</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
system call, rather than <citerefentry
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The
specified value must be a 32-bit signed integer, and may be specified either in decimal, in
hexadecimal (if prefixed with <literal>0x</literal>), octal (if prefixed with <literal>0o</literal>)
or binary (if prefixed with <literal>0b</literal>)</para>
<para>If this option is used the signal will only be enqueued on the control or main process of the
unit, never on other processes belonging to the unit, i.e. <option>--kill-whom=all</option> will only
affect main and control processes but no other processes.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="signal" />
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--what=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Select what type of per-unit resources to remove when the <command>clean</command> command is
invoked, see above. Takes one of <constant>configuration</constant>, <constant>state</constant>,
<constant>cache</constant>, <constant>logs</constant>, <constant>runtime</constant>,
<constant>fdstore</constant> to select the type of resource. This option may be specified more than
once, in which case all specified resource types are removed. Also accepts the special value
<constant>all</constant> as a shortcut for specifying all six resource types. If this option is not
specified defaults to the combination of <constant>cache</constant>, <constant>runtime</constant>
and <constant>fdstore</constant>, i.e. the three kinds of resources that are generally considered
to be redundant and can be reconstructed on next invocation. Note that the explicit removal of the
<constant>fdstore</constant> resource type is only useful if the
<varname>FileDescriptorStorePreserve=</varname> option is enabled, since the file descriptor store
is otherwise cleaned automatically when the unit is stopped.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v243"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-f</option></term>
<term><option>--force</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>enable</command>, overwrite any existing conflicting symlinks.</para>
<para>When used with <command>edit</command>, create all of the specified units which do not already exist.</para>
<para>When used with <command>suspend</command>, <command>hibernate</command>, <command>hybrid-sleep</command>,
or <command>suspend-then-hibernate</command>, the error returned by <command>systemd-logind</command>
will be ignored, and the operation will be performed directly through starting the corresponding units.
</para>
<para>When used with <command>halt</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, <command>reboot</command>,
or <command>kexec</command>, execute the selected operation without shutting down all units. However,
all processes will be killed forcibly and all file systems are unmounted or remounted read-only.
This is hence a drastic but relatively safe option to request an immediate reboot. If <option>--force</option>
is specified twice for these operations (with the exception of <command>kexec</command>), they will
be executed immediately, without terminating any processes or unmounting any file systems.</para>
<warning>
<para>Specifying <option>--force</option> twice with any of these operations might result in data loss.
Note that when <option>--force</option> is specified twice the selected operation is executed by
<command>systemctl</command> itself, and the system manager is not contacted. This means the command
should succeed even when the system manager has crashed.</para>
</warning>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--message=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>halt</command>, <command>poweroff</command> or <command>reboot</command>, set a
short message explaining the reason for the operation. The message will be logged together with the default
shutdown message.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v225"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--now</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>enable</command>, the units
will also be started. When used with <command>disable</command> or
<command>mask</command>, the units will also be stopped. The start
or stop operation is only carried out when the respective enable or
disable operation has been successful.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v220"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--root=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with
<command>enable</command>/<command>disable</command>/<command>is-enabled</command>
(and related commands), use the specified root path when looking for unit
files. If this option is present, <command>systemctl</command> will operate on
the file system directly, instead of communicating with the <command>systemd</command>
daemon to carry out changes.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--image=<replaceable>image</replaceable></option></term>
<listitem><para>Takes a path to a disk image file or block device node. If specified, all operations
are applied to file system in the indicated disk image. This option is similar to
<option>--root=</option>, but operates on file systems stored in disk images or block devices. The
disk image should either contain just a file system or a set of file systems within a GPT partition
table, following the <ulink url="https://uapi-group.org/specifications/specs/discoverable_partitions_specification">Discoverable Partitions
Specification</ulink>. For further information on supported disk images, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
switch of the same name.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v252"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="image-policy-open" />
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--runtime</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>enable</command>,
<command>disable</command>, <command>edit</command>,
(and related commands), make changes only temporarily, so
that they are lost on the next reboot. This will have the
effect that changes are not made in subdirectories of
<filename>/etc/</filename> but in <filename>/run/</filename>,
with identical immediate effects, however, since the latter
is lost on reboot, the changes are lost too.</para>
<para>Similarly, when used with
<command>set-property</command>, make changes only
temporarily, so that they are lost on the next
reboot.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--preset-mode=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Takes one of <literal>full</literal> (the default),
<literal>enable-only</literal>,
<literal>disable-only</literal>. When used with the
<command>preset</command> or <command>preset-all</command>
commands, controls whether units shall be disabled and
enabled according to the preset rules, or only enabled, or
only disabled.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v215"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-n</option></term>
<term><option>--lines=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>status</command>, controls the number of journal lines to show,
counting from the most recent ones. Takes a positive integer argument, or 0 to disable journal
output. Defaults to 10.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-o</option></term>
<term><option>--output=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>status</command>, controls the
formatting of the journal entries that are shown. For the
available choices, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
Defaults to <literal>short</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--firmware-setup</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with the <command>reboot</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, or
<command>halt</command> command, indicate to the system's firmware to reboot into the firmware
setup interface for the next boot. Note that this functionality is not available on all systems.
</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v220"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--boot-loader-menu=<replaceable>timeout</replaceable></option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with the <command>reboot</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, or
<command>halt</command> command, indicate to the system's boot loader to show the boot loader menu
on the following boot. Takes a time value as parameter — indicating the menu timeout. Pass zero
in order to disable the menu timeout. Note that not all boot loaders support this functionality.
</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v242"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--boot-loader-entry=<replaceable>ID</replaceable></option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with the <command>reboot</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, or
<command>halt</command> command, indicate to the system's boot loader to boot into a specific
boot loader entry on the following boot. Takes a boot loader entry identifier as argument,
or <literal>help</literal> in order to list available entries. Note that not all boot loaders
support this functionality.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v242"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--reboot-argument=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>This switch is used with <command>reboot</command>. The value is architecture and firmware
specific. As an example, <literal>recovery</literal> might be used to trigger system recovery, and
<literal>fota</literal> might be used to trigger a <quote>firmware over the air</quote>
update.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v246"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--plain</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>list-dependencies</command>,
<command>list-units</command> or <command>list-machines</command>,
the output is printed as a list instead of a tree, and the bullet
circles are omitted.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v203"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--timestamp=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Change the format of printed timestamps. The following values may be used:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>pretty</option> (this is the default)</term>
<listitem><para><literal>Day YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS TZ</literal></para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>unix</option></term>
<listitem><para><literal>@seconds-since-the-epoch</literal></para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v251"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>us</option></term>
<term><option>μs</option></term>
<listitem><para><literal>Day YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.UUUUUU TZ</literal></para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>utc</option></term>
<listitem><para><literal>Day YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS UTC</literal></para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>us+utc</option></term>
<term><option>μs+utc</option></term>
<listitem><para><literal>Day YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.UUUUUU UTC</literal></para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v247"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--mkdir</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command>, creates the destination file or directory before
applying the bind mount. Note that even though the name of this option suggests that it is suitable only for
directories, this option also creates the destination file node to mount over if the object to mount is not
a directory, but a regular file, device node, socket or FIFO.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--marked</option></term>
<listitem><para>Only allowed with <command>reload-or-restart</command>. Enqueues restart jobs for all
units that have the <literal>needs-restart</literal> mark, and reload jobs for units that have the
<literal>needs-reload</literal> mark. When a unit marked for reload does not support reload, restart
will be queued. Those properties can be set using <command>set-property Markers=…</command>.</para>
<para>Unless <option>--no-block</option> is used, <command>systemctl</command> will wait for the
queued jobs to finish.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--read-only</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command>, creates a read-only bind mount.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v248"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--drop-in=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable></option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with <command>edit</command>, use <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> as the
drop-in file name instead of <filename>override.conf</filename>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v253"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--when=</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>halt</command>, <command>poweroff</command>, <command>reboot</command>
or <command>kexec</command>, schedule the action to be performed at the given timestamp,
which should adhere to the syntax documented in <citerefentry
project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
section "PARSING TIMESTAMPS". Specially, if <literal>show</literal> is given, the currently scheduled
action will be shown, which can be canceled by passing an empty string or <literal>cancel</literal>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--stdin</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>edit</command>, the contents of the file will be read from standard
input and the editor will not be launched. In this mode, the old contents of the file are
completely replaced. This is useful to "edit" unit files from scripts:</para>
<programlisting>$ systemctl edit --drop-in=limits.conf --stdin some-service.service &lt;&lt;EOF
[Unit]
AllowedCPUs=7,11
EOF
</programlisting>
<para>Multiple drop-ins may be "edited" in this mode; the same contents will be written to all of
them.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" />
<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="machine" />
<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="capsule" />
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="legend" />
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Exit status</title>
<para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code otherwise.</para>
<para><command>systemctl</command> uses the return codes defined by LSB, as defined in
<ulink url="http://refspecs.linuxbase.org/LSB_3.0.0/LSB-PDA/LSB-PDA/iniscrptact.html">LSB 3.0.0</ulink>.
</para>
<table>
<title>LSB return codes</title>
<tgroup cols='3'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Value</entry>
<entry>Description in LSB</entry>
<entry>Use in systemd</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry><constant>0</constant></entry>
<entry>"program is running or service is OK"</entry>
<entry>unit is active</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><constant>1</constant></entry>
<entry>"program is dead and <filename>/var/run</filename> pid file exists"</entry>
<entry>unit <emphasis>not</emphasis> failed (used by <command>is-failed</command>)</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><constant>2</constant></entry>
<entry>"program is dead and <filename>/var/lock</filename> lock file exists"</entry>
<entry>unused</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><constant>3</constant></entry>
<entry>"program is not running"</entry>
<entry>unit is not active</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry><constant>4</constant></entry>
<entry>"program or service status is unknown"</entry>
<entry>no such unit</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<para>The mapping of LSB service states to systemd unit states is imperfect, so it is better to
not rely on those return values but to look for specific unit states and substates instead.
</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Environment</title>
<variablelist class='environment-variables'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_EDITOR</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Editor to use when editing units; overrides
<varname>$EDITOR</varname> and <varname>$VISUAL</varname>. If neither
<varname>$SYSTEMD_EDITOR</varname> nor <varname>$EDITOR</varname> nor
<varname>$VISUAL</varname> are present or if it is set to an empty
string or if their execution failed, systemctl will try to execute well
known editors in this order:
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>editor</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>nano</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v218"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-level"/>
<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-color"/>
<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-time"/>
<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-location"/>
<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="log-target"/>
<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="pager"/>
<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="less"/>
<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="lesscharset"/>
<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="lesssecure"/>
<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="colors"/>
<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" xpointer="urlify"/>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>See Also</title>
<para><simplelist type="inline">
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>loginctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>wall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.preset</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
</simplelist></para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>
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