systemd/man/systemd.resource-control.xml
2017-02-21 16:28:04 +01:00

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<refentry id="systemd.resource-control">
<refentryinfo>
<title>systemd.resource-control</title>
<productname>systemd</productname>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<contrib>Developer</contrib>
<firstname>Lennart</firstname>
<surname>Poettering</surname>
<email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>systemd.resource-control</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>systemd.resource-control</refname>
<refpurpose>Resource control unit settings</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<para>
<filename><replaceable>slice</replaceable>.slice</filename>,
<filename><replaceable>scope</replaceable>.scope</filename>,
<filename><replaceable>service</replaceable>.service</filename>,
<filename><replaceable>socket</replaceable>.socket</filename>,
<filename><replaceable>mount</replaceable>.mount</filename>,
<filename><replaceable>swap</replaceable>.swap</filename>
</para>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1>
<title>Description</title>
<para>Unit configuration files for services, slices, scopes, sockets, mount points, and swap devices share a subset
of configuration options for resource control of spawned processes. Internally, this relies on the Linux Control
Groups (cgroups) kernel concept for organizing processes in a hierarchical tree of named groups for the purpose of
resource management.</para>
<para>This man page lists the configuration options shared by
those six unit types. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for the common options of all unit configuration files, and
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
and
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for more information on the specific unit configuration files. The
resource control configuration options are configured in the
[Slice], [Scope], [Service], [Socket], [Mount], or [Swap]
sections, depending on the unit type.</para>
<para>In addition, options which control resources available to programs
<emphasis>executed</emphasis> by systemd are listed in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
Those options complement options listed here.</para>
<para>See the <ulink
url="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ControlGroupInterface/">New
Control Group Interfaces</ulink> for an introduction on how to make
use of resource control APIs from programs.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Automatic Dependencies</title>
<para>Units with the <varname>Slice=</varname> setting set automatically acquire <varname>Requires=</varname> and
<varname>After=</varname> dependencies on the specified slice unit.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Unified and Legacy Control Group Hierarchies</title>
<para>The unified control group hierarchy is the new version of kernel control group interface, see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>. Depending on the resource type,
there are differences in resource control capabilities. Also, because of interface changes, some resource types
have separate set of options on the unified hierarchy.</para>
<para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>CPU</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Due to the lack of consensus in the kernel community, the CPU controller support on the unified
control group hierarchy requires out-of-tree kernel patches. See <ulink
url="https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/tj/cgroup.git/tree/Documentation/cgroup-v2-cpu.txt?h=cgroup-v2-cpu">cgroup-v2-cpu.txt</ulink>.</para>
<para><varname>CPUWeight=</varname> and <varname>StartupCPUWeight=</varname> replace
<varname>CPUShares=</varname> and <varname>StartupCPUShares=</varname>, respectively.</para>
<para>The <literal>cpuacct</literal> controller does not exist separately on the unified hierarchy.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>Memory</option></term>
<listitem>
<para><varname>MemoryMax=</varname> replaces <varname>MemoryLimit=</varname>. <varname>MemoryLow=</varname>
and <varname>MemoryHigh=</varname> are effective only on unified hierarchy.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>IO</option></term>
<listitem>
<para><varname>IO</varname> prefixed settings are superset of and replace <varname>BlockIO</varname>
prefixed ones. On unified hierarchy, IO resource control also applies to buffered writes.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</para>
<para>To ease the transition, there is best-effort translation between the two versions of settings. For each
controller, if any of the settings for the unified hierarchy are present, all settings for the legacy hierarchy are
ignored. If the resulting settings are for the other type of hierarchy, the configurations are translated before
application.</para>
<para>Legacy control group hierarchy (see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/cgroups.txt">cgroups.txt</ulink>), also called cgroup-v1,
doesn't allow safe delegation of controllers to unprivileged processes. If the system uses the legacy control group
hierarchy, resource control is disabled for systemd user instance, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Options</title>
<para>Units of the types listed above can have settings
for resource control configuration:</para>
<variablelist class='unit-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>CPUAccounting=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Turn on CPU usage accounting for this unit. Takes a
boolean argument. Note that turning on CPU accounting for
one unit will also implicitly turn it on for all units
contained in the same slice and for all its parent slices
and the units contained therein. The system default for this
setting may be controlled with
<varname>DefaultCPUAccounting=</varname> in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>CPUWeight=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
<term><varname>StartupCPUWeight=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Assign the specified CPU time weight to the processes executed, if the unified control group hierarchy
is used on the system. These options take an integer value and control the <literal>cpu.weight</literal>
control group attribute. The allowed range is 1 to 10000. Defaults to 100. For details about this control
group attribute, see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink> and <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/scheduler/sched-design-CFS.txt">sched-design-CFS.txt</ulink>.
The available CPU time is split up among all units within one slice relative to their CPU time weight.</para>
<para>While <varname>StartupCPUWeight=</varname> only applies to the startup phase of the system,
<varname>CPUWeight=</varname> applies to normal runtime of the system, and if the former is not set also to
the startup phase. Using <varname>StartupCPUWeight=</varname> allows prioritizing specific services at
boot-up differently than during normal runtime.</para>
<para>Implies <literal>CPUAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
<para>These settings replace <varname>CPUShares=</varname> and <varname>StartupCPUShares=</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>CPUQuota=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Assign the specified CPU time quota to the processes executed. Takes a percentage value, suffixed with
"%". The percentage specifies how much CPU time the unit shall get at maximum, relative to the total CPU time
available on one CPU. Use values &gt; 100% for allotting CPU time on more than one CPU. This controls the
<literal>cpu.max</literal> attribute on the unified control group hierarchy and
<literal>cpu.cfs_quota_us</literal> on legacy. For details about these control group attributes, see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink> and <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/scheduler/sched-design-CFS.txt">sched-design-CFS.txt</ulink>.</para>
<para>Example: <varname>CPUQuota=20%</varname> ensures that the executed processes will never get more than
20% CPU time on one CPU.</para>
<para>Implies <literal>CPUAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>MemoryAccounting=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Turn on process and kernel memory accounting for this
unit. Takes a boolean argument. Note that turning on memory
accounting for one unit will also implicitly turn it on for
all units contained in the same slice and for all its parent
slices and the units contained therein. The system default
for this setting may be controlled with
<varname>DefaultMemoryAccounting=</varname> in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>MemoryLow=<replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Specify the best-effort memory usage protection of the executed processes in this unit. If the memory
usages of this unit and all its ancestors are below their low boundaries, this unit's memory won't be
reclaimed as long as memory can be reclaimed from unprotected units.</para>
<para>Takes a memory size in bytes. If the value is suffixed with K, M, G or T, the specified memory size is
parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, or Terabytes (with the base 1024), respectively. Alternatively, a
percentage value may be specified, which is taken relative to the installed physical memory on the
system. This controls the <literal>memory.low</literal> control group attribute. For details about this
control group attribute, see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.</para>
<para>Implies <literal>MemoryAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
<para>This setting is supported only if the unified control group hierarchy is used and disables
<varname>MemoryLimit=</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>MemoryHigh=<replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Specify the high limit on memory usage of the executed processes in this unit. Memory usage may go
above the limit if unavoidable, but the processes are heavily slowed down and memory is taken away
aggressively in such cases. This is the main mechanism to control memory usage of a unit.</para>
<para>Takes a memory size in bytes. If the value is suffixed with K, M, G or T, the specified memory size is
parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, or Terabytes (with the base 1024), respectively. Alternatively, a
percentage value may be specified, which is taken relative to the installed physical memory on the
system. If assigned the
special value <literal>infinity</literal>, no memory limit is applied. This controls the
<literal>memory.high</literal> control group attribute. For details about this control group attribute, see
<ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.</para>
<para>Implies <literal>MemoryAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
<para>This setting is supported only if the unified control group hierarchy is used and disables
<varname>MemoryLimit=</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>MemoryMax=<replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Specify the absolute limit on memory usage of the executed processes in this unit. If memory usage
cannot be contained under the limit, out-of-memory killer is invoked inside the unit. It is recommended to
use <varname>MemoryHigh=</varname> as the main control mechanism and use <varname>MemoryMax=</varname> as the
last line of defense.</para>
<para>Takes a memory size in bytes. If the value is suffixed with K, M, G or T, the specified memory size is
parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, or Terabytes (with the base 1024), respectively. Alternatively, a
percentage value may be specified, which is taken relative to the installed physical memory on the system. If
assigned the special value <literal>infinity</literal>, no memory limit is applied. This controls the
<literal>memory.max</literal> control group attribute. For details about this control group attribute, see
<ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.</para>
<para>Implies <literal>MemoryAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
<para>This setting replaces <varname>MemoryLimit=</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>MemorySwapMax=<replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Specify the absolute limit on swap usage of the executed processes in this unit.</para>
<para>Takes a swap size in bytes. If the value is suffixed with K, M, G or T, the specified swap size is
parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, or Terabytes (with the base 1024), respectively. If assigned the
special value <literal>infinity</literal>, no swap limit is applied. This controls the
<literal>memory.swap.max</literal> control group attribute. For details about this control group attribute,
see <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.</para>
<para>Implies <literal>MemoryAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
<para>This setting is supported only if the unified control group hierarchy is used and disables
<varname>MemoryLimit=</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>TasksAccounting=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Turn on task accounting for this unit. Takes a
boolean argument. If enabled, the system manager will keep
track of the number of tasks in the unit. The number of
tasks accounted this way includes both kernel threads and
userspace processes, with each thread counting
individually. Note that turning on tasks accounting for one
unit will also implicitly turn it on for all units contained
in the same slice and for all its parent slices and the
units contained therein. The system default for this setting
may be controlled with
<varname>DefaultTasksAccounting=</varname> in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>TasksMax=<replaceable>N</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Specify the maximum number of tasks that may be created in the unit. This ensures that the number of
tasks accounted for the unit (see above) stays below a specific limit. This either takes an absolute number
of tasks or a percentage value that is taken relative to the configured maximum number of tasks on the
system. If assigned the special value <literal>infinity</literal>, no tasks limit is applied. This controls
the <literal>pids.max</literal> control group attribute. For details about this control group attribute, see
<ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/pids.txt">pids.txt</ulink>.</para>
<para>Implies <literal>TasksAccounting=true</literal>. The
system default for this setting may be controlled with
<varname>DefaultTasksMax=</varname> in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>IOAccounting=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Turn on Block I/O accounting for this unit, if the unified control group hierarchy is used on the
system. Takes a boolean argument. Note that turning on block I/O accounting for one unit will also implicitly
turn it on for all units contained in the same slice and all for its parent slices and the units contained
therein. The system default for this setting may be controlled with <varname>DefaultIOAccounting=</varname>
in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
<para>This setting replaces <varname>BlockIOAccounting=</varname> and disables settings prefixed with
<varname>BlockIO</varname> or <varname>StartupBlockIO</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>IOWeight=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
<term><varname>StartupIOWeight=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Set the default overall block I/O weight for the executed processes, if the unified control group
hierarchy is used on the system. Takes a single weight value (between 1 and 10000) to set the default block
I/O weight. This controls the <literal>io.weight</literal> control group attribute, which defaults to
100. For details about this control group attribute, see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>. The available I/O
bandwidth is split up among all units within one slice relative to their block I/O weight.</para>
<para>While <varname>StartupIOWeight=</varname> only applies
to the startup phase of the system,
<varname>IOWeight=</varname> applies to the later runtime of
the system, and if the former is not set also to the startup
phase. This allows prioritizing specific services at boot-up
differently than during runtime.</para>
<para>Implies <literal>IOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
<para>These settings replace <varname>BlockIOWeight=</varname> and <varname>StartupBlockIOWeight=</varname>
and disable settings prefixed with <varname>BlockIO</varname> or <varname>StartupBlockIO</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>IODeviceWeight=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Set the per-device overall block I/O weight for the executed processes, if the unified control group
hierarchy is used on the system. Takes a space-separated pair of a file path and a weight value to specify
the device specific weight value, between 1 and 10000. (Example: "/dev/sda 1000"). The file path may be
specified as path to a block device node or as any other file, in which case the backing block device of the
file system of the file is determined. This controls the <literal>io.weight</literal> control group
attribute, which defaults to 100. Use this option multiple times to set weights for multiple devices. For
details about this control group attribute, see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.</para>
<para>Implies <literal>IOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
<para>This setting replaces <varname>BlockIODeviceWeight=</varname> and disables settings prefixed with
<varname>BlockIO</varname> or <varname>StartupBlockIO</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>IOReadBandwidthMax=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>
<term><varname>IOWriteBandwidthMax=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Set the per-device overall block I/O bandwidth maximum limit for the executed processes, if the unified
control group hierarchy is used on the system. This limit is not work-conserving and the executed processes
are not allowed to use more even if the device has idle capacity. Takes a space-separated pair of a file
path and a bandwidth value (in bytes per second) to specify the device specific bandwidth. The file path may
be a path to a block device node, or as any other file in which case the backing block device of the file
system of the file is used. If the bandwidth is suffixed with K, M, G, or T, the specified bandwidth is
parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, or Terabytes, respectively, to the base of 1000. (Example:
"/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.2-scsi-0:0:0:0 5M"). This controls the <literal>io.max</literal> control
group attributes. Use this option multiple times to set bandwidth limits for multiple devices. For details
about this control group attribute, see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.
</para>
<para>Implies <literal>IOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
<para>These settings replace <varname>BlockIOReadBandwidth=</varname> and
<varname>BlockIOWriteBandwidth=</varname> and disable settings prefixed with <varname>BlockIO</varname> or
<varname>StartupBlockIO</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>IOReadIOPSMax=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>IOPS</replaceable></varname></term>
<term><varname>IOWriteIOPSMax=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>IOPS</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Set the per-device overall block I/O IOs-Per-Second maximum limit for the executed processes, if the
unified control group hierarchy is used on the system. This limit is not work-conserving and the executed
processes are not allowed to use more even if the device has idle capacity. Takes a space-separated pair of
a file path and an IOPS value to specify the device specific IOPS. The file path may be a path to a block
device node, or as any other file in which case the backing block device of the file system of the file is
used. If the IOPS is suffixed with K, M, G, or T, the specified IOPS is parsed as KiloIOPS, MegaIOPS,
GigaIOPS, or TeraIOPS, respectively, to the base of 1000. (Example:
"/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.2-scsi-0:0:0:0 1K"). This controls the <literal>io.max</literal> control
group attributes. Use this option multiple times to set IOPS limits for multiple devices. For details about
this control group attribute, see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">cgroup-v2.txt</ulink>.
</para>
<para>Implies <literal>IOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
<para>These settings are supported only if the unified control group hierarchy is used and disable settings
prefixed with <varname>BlockIO</varname> or <varname>StartupBlockIO</varname>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>DeviceAllow=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Control access to specific device nodes by the
executed processes. Takes two space-separated strings: a
device node specifier followed by a combination of
<constant>r</constant>, <constant>w</constant>,
<constant>m</constant> to control
<emphasis>r</emphasis>eading, <emphasis>w</emphasis>riting,
or creation of the specific device node(s) by the unit
(<emphasis>m</emphasis>knod), respectively. This controls
the <literal>devices.allow</literal> and
<literal>devices.deny</literal> control group
attributes. For details about these control group
attributes, see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/devices.txt">devices.txt</ulink>.</para>
<para>The device node specifier is either a path to a device
node in the file system, starting with
<filename>/dev/</filename>, or a string starting with either
<literal>char-</literal> or <literal>block-</literal>
followed by a device group name, as listed in
<filename>/proc/devices</filename>. The latter is useful to
whitelist all current and future devices belonging to a
specific device group at once. The device group is matched
according to file name globbing rules, you may hence use the
<literal>*</literal> and <literal>?</literal>
wildcards. Examples: <filename>/dev/sda5</filename> is a
path to a device node, referring to an ATA or SCSI block
device. <literal>char-pts</literal> and
<literal>char-alsa</literal> are specifiers for all pseudo
TTYs and all ALSA sound devices,
respectively. <literal>char-cpu/*</literal> is a specifier
matching all CPU related device groups.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>DevicePolicy=auto|closed|strict</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>
Control the policy for allowing device access:
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>strict</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>means to only allow types of access that are
explicitly specified.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>closed</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>in addition, allows access to standard pseudo
devices including
<filename>/dev/null</filename>,
<filename>/dev/zero</filename>,
<filename>/dev/full</filename>,
<filename>/dev/random</filename>, and
<filename>/dev/urandom</filename>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>auto</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>
in addition, allows access to all devices if no
explicit <varname>DeviceAllow=</varname> is present.
This is the default.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Slice=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>The name of the slice unit to place the unit
in. Defaults to <filename>system.slice</filename> for all
non-instantiated units of all unit types (except for slice
units themselves see below). Instance units are by default
placed in a subslice of <filename>system.slice</filename>
that is named after the template name.</para>
<para>This option may be used to arrange systemd units in a
hierarchy of slices each of which might have resource
settings applied.</para>
<para>For units of type slice, the only accepted value for
this setting is the parent slice. Since the name of a slice
unit implies the parent slice, it is hence redundant to ever
set this parameter directly for slice units.</para>
<para>Special care should be taken when relying on the default slice assignment in templated service units
that have <varname>DefaultDependencies=no</varname> set, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, section
"Automatic Dependencies" for details.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>Delegate=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Turns on delegation of further resource control
partitioning to processes of the unit. For unprivileged
services (i.e. those using the <varname>User=</varname>
setting), this allows processes to create a subhierarchy
beneath its control group path. For privileged services and
scopes, this ensures the processes will have all control
group controllers enabled.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Deprecated Options</title>
<para>The following options are deprecated. Use the indicated superseding options instead:</para>
<variablelist class='unit-directives'>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>CPUShares=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
<term><varname>StartupCPUShares=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Assign the specified CPU time share weight to the processes executed. These options take an integer
value and control the <literal>cpu.shares</literal> control group attribute. The allowed range is 2 to
262144. Defaults to 1024. For details about this control group attribute, see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/scheduler/sched-design-CFS.txt">sched-design-CFS.txt</ulink>.
The available CPU time is split up among all units within one slice relative to their CPU time share
weight.</para>
<para>While <varname>StartupCPUShares=</varname> only applies to the startup phase of the system,
<varname>CPUShares=</varname> applies to normal runtime of the system, and if the former is not set also to
the startup phase. Using <varname>StartupCPUShares=</varname> allows prioritizing specific services at
boot-up differently than during normal runtime.</para>
<para>Implies <literal>CPUAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
<para>These settings are deprecated. Use <varname>CPUWeight=</varname> and
<varname>StartupCPUWeight=</varname> instead.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>MemoryLimit=<replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Specify the limit on maximum memory usage of the executed processes. The limit specifies how much
process and kernel memory can be used by tasks in this unit. Takes a memory size in bytes. If the value is
suffixed with K, M, G or T, the specified memory size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, Gigabytes, or
Terabytes (with the base 1024), respectively. Alternatively, a percentage value may be specified, which is
taken relative to the installed physical memory on the system. If assigned the special value
<literal>infinity</literal>, no memory limit is applied. This controls the
<literal>memory.limit_in_bytes</literal> control group attribute. For details about this control group
attribute, see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/memory.txt">memory.txt</ulink>.</para>
<para>Implies <literal>MemoryAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
<para>This setting is deprecated. Use <varname>MemoryMax=</varname> instead.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>BlockIOAccounting=</varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Turn on Block I/O accounting for this unit, if the legacy control group hierarchy is used on the
system. Takes a boolean argument. Note that turning on block I/O accounting for one unit will also implicitly
turn it on for all units contained in the same slice and all for its parent slices and the units contained
therein. The system default for this setting may be controlled with
<varname>DefaultBlockIOAccounting=</varname> in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-system.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
<para>This setting is deprecated. Use <varname>IOAccounting=</varname> instead.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>BlockIOWeight=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
<term><varname>StartupBlockIOWeight=<replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem><para>Set the default overall block I/O weight for the executed processes, if the legacy control
group hierarchy is used on the system. Takes a single weight value (between 10 and 1000) to set the default
block I/O weight. This controls the <literal>blkio.weight</literal> control group attribute, which defaults to
500. For details about this control group attribute, see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/blkio-controller.txt">blkio-controller.txt</ulink>.
The available I/O bandwidth is split up among all units within one slice relative to their block I/O
weight.</para>
<para>While <varname>StartupBlockIOWeight=</varname> only
applies to the startup phase of the system,
<varname>BlockIOWeight=</varname> applies to the later runtime
of the system, and if the former is not set also to the
startup phase. This allows prioritizing specific services at
boot-up differently than during runtime.</para>
<para>Implies
<literal>BlockIOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
<para>These settings are deprecated. Use <varname>IOWeight=</varname> and <varname>StartupIOWeight=</varname>
instead.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>BlockIODeviceWeight=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>weight</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Set the per-device overall block I/O weight for the executed processes, if the legacy control group
hierarchy is used on the system. Takes a space-separated pair of a file path and a weight value to specify
the device specific weight value, between 10 and 1000. (Example: "/dev/sda 500"). The file path may be
specified as path to a block device node or as any other file, in which case the backing block device of the
file system of the file is determined. This controls the <literal>blkio.weight_device</literal> control group
attribute, which defaults to 1000. Use this option multiple times to set weights for multiple devices. For
details about this control group attribute, see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/blkio-controller.txt">blkio-controller.txt</ulink>.</para>
<para>Implies
<literal>BlockIOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
<para>This setting is deprecated. Use <varname>IODeviceWeight=</varname> instead.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>BlockIOReadBandwidth=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>
<term><varname>BlockIOWriteBandwidth=<replaceable>device</replaceable> <replaceable>bytes</replaceable></varname></term>
<listitem>
<para>Set the per-device overall block I/O bandwidth limit for the executed processes, if the legacy control
group hierarchy is used on the system. Takes a space-separated pair of a file path and a bandwidth value (in
bytes per second) to specify the device specific bandwidth. The file path may be a path to a block device
node, or as any other file in which case the backing block device of the file system of the file is used. If
the bandwidth is suffixed with K, M, G, or T, the specified bandwidth is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes,
Gigabytes, or Terabytes, respectively, to the base of 1000. (Example:
"/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1f.2-scsi-0:0:0:0 5M"). This controls the
<literal>blkio.throttle.read_bps_device</literal> and <literal>blkio.throttle.write_bps_device</literal>
control group attributes. Use this option multiple times to set bandwidth limits for multiple devices. For
details about these control group attributes, see <ulink
url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/blkio-controller.txt">blkio-controller.txt</ulink>.
</para>
<para>Implies
<literal>BlockIOAccounting=true</literal>.</para>
<para>These settings are deprecated. Use <varname>IOReadBandwidthMax=</varname> and
<varname>IOWriteBandwidthMax=</varname> instead.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>See Also</title>
<para>
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
The documentation for control groups and specific controllers in the Linux kernel:
<ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/cgroups.txt">cgroups.txt</ulink>,
<ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/cpuacct.txt">cpuacct.txt</ulink>,
<ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/memory.txt">memory.txt</ulink>,
<ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v1/blkio-controller.txt">blkio-controller.txt</ulink>.
</para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>