mirror of
https://github.com/systemd/systemd
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549 lines
25 KiB
XML
549 lines
25 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0"?>
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<!--*-nxml-*-->
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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<!--
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SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+
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This is based on crypttab(5) from Fedora's initscripts package, which in
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turn is based on Debian's version.
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The Red Hat version has been written by Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>.
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-->
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<refentry id="crypttab" conditional='HAVE_LIBCRYPTSETUP' xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<refentryinfo>
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<title>crypttab</title>
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<productname>systemd</productname>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>crypttab</refname>
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<refpurpose>Configuration for encrypted block devices</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<para><filename>/etc/crypttab</filename></para>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para>The <filename>/etc/crypttab</filename> file describes
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encrypted block devices that are set up during system boot.</para>
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<para>Empty lines and lines starting with the <literal>#</literal>
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character are ignored. Each of the remaining lines describes one
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encrypted block device. Fields are delimited by white space.</para>
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<para>Each line is in the form<programlisting><replaceable>volume-name</replaceable> <replaceable>encrypted-device</replaceable> <replaceable>key-file</replaceable> <replaceable>options</replaceable></programlisting>
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The first two fields are mandatory, the remaining two are
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optional.</para>
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<para>Setting up encrypted block devices using this file supports
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three encryption modes: LUKS, TrueCrypt and plain. See
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for more information about each mode. When no mode is specified in
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the options field and the block device contains a LUKS signature,
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it is opened as a LUKS device; otherwise, it is assumed to be in
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raw dm-crypt (plain mode) format.</para>
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<para>The first field contains the name of the resulting encrypted volume; its block device is set up
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below <filename>/dev/mapper/</filename>.</para>
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<para>The second field contains a path to the underlying block
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device or file, or a specification of a block device via
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<literal>UUID=</literal> followed by the UUID.</para>
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<para>The third field specifies an absolute path to a file to read the encryption key from. Optionally,
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the path may be followed by <literal>:</literal> and an fstab device specification (e.g. starting with
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<literal>LABEL=</literal> or similar); in which case, the path is relative to the device file system
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root. If the field is not present or set to <literal>none</literal> or <literal>-</literal>, a key file
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named after the volume to unlock (i.e. the first column of the line), suffixed with
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<filename>.key</filename> is automatically loaded from the <filename>/etc/cryptsetup-keys.d/</filename>
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and <filename>/run/cryptsetup-keys.d/</filename> directories, if present. Otherwise, the password has to
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be manually entered during system boot. For swap encryption, <filename>/dev/urandom</filename> may be
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used as key file.</para>
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<para>The fourth field, if present, is a comma-delimited list of
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options. The following options are recognized:</para>
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<variablelist class='fstab-options'>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>cipher=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Specifies the cipher to use. See
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for possible values and the default value of this option. A
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cipher with unpredictable IV values, such as
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<literal>aes-cbc-essiv:sha256</literal>, is
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recommended.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>discard</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Allow discard requests to be passed through the encrypted block
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device. This improves performance on SSD storage but has security implications.
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</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>hash=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Specifies the hash to use for password
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hashing. See
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for possible values and the default value of this
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option.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>header=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Use a detached (separated) metadata device or
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file where the LUKS header is stored. This option is only
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relevant for LUKS devices. See
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for possible values and the default value of this
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option.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>keyfile-offset=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Specifies the number of bytes to skip at the
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start of the key file. See
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for possible values and the default value of this
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option.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>keyfile-size=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Specifies the maximum number of bytes to read
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from the key file. See
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for possible values and the default value of this option. This
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option is ignored in plain encryption mode, as the key file
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size is then given by the key size.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>keyfile-erase</option></term>
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<listitem><para>If enabled, the specified key file is erased after the volume is activated or when
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activation fails. This is in particular useful when the key file is only acquired transiently before
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activation (e.g. via a file in <filename>/run/</filename>, generated by a service running before
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activation), and shall be removed after use. Defaults to off.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>key-slot=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Specifies the key slot to compare the
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passphrase or key against. If the key slot does not match the
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given passphrase or key, but another would, the setup of the
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device will fail regardless. This option implies
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<option>luks</option>. See
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for possible values. The default is to try all key slots in
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sequential order.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>keyfile-timeout=</option></term>
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<listitem><para> Specifies the timeout for the device on
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which the key file resides and falls back to a password if
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it could not be mounted. See
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for key files on external devices.
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</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>luks</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Force LUKS mode. When this mode is used, the
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following options are ignored since they are provided by the
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LUKS header on the device: <option>cipher=</option>,
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<option>hash=</option>,
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<option>size=</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>bitlk</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Decrypt Bitlocker drive. Encryption parameters
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are deduced by cryptsetup from Bitlocker header.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>_netdev</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Marks this cryptsetup device as requiring network. It will be
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started after the network is available, similarly to
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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units marked with <option>_netdev</option>. The service unit to set up this device
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will be ordered between <filename>remote-fs-pre.target</filename> and
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<filename>remote-cryptsetup.target</filename>, instead of
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<filename>cryptsetup-pre.target</filename> and
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<filename>cryptsetup.target</filename>.</para>
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<para>Hint: if this device is used for a mount point that is specified in
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<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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the <option>_netdev</option> option should also be used for the mount
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point. Otherwise, a dependency loop might be created where the mount point
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will be pulled in by <filename>local-fs.target</filename>, while the
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service to configure the network is usually only started <emphasis>after</emphasis>
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the local file system has been mounted.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>noauto</option></term>
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<listitem><para>This device will not be added to <filename>cryptsetup.target</filename>.
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This means that it will not be automatically unlocked on boot, unless something else pulls
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it in. In particular, if the device is used for a mount point, it'll be unlocked
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automatically during boot, unless the mount point itself is also disabled with
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<option>noauto</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>nofail</option></term>
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<listitem><para>This device will not be a hard dependency of
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<filename>cryptsetup.target</filename>. It'll still be pulled in and started, but the system
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will not wait for the device to show up and be unlocked, and boot will not fail if this is
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unsuccessful. Note that other units that depend on the unlocked device may still fail. In
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particular, if the device is used for a mount point, the mount point itself also needs to
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have the <option>nofail</option> option, or the boot will fail if the device is not unlocked
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successfully.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>offset=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Start offset in the backend device, in 512-byte sectors. This
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option is only relevant for plain devices.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>plain</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Force plain encryption mode.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>read-only</option></term><term><option>readonly</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Set up the encrypted block device in read-only
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mode.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>same-cpu-crypt</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Perform encryption using the same cpu that IO was submitted on. The default is to use
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an unbound workqueue so that encryption work is automatically balanced between available CPUs.</para>
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<para>This requires kernel 4.0 or newer.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>submit-from-crypt-cpus</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Disable offloading writes to a separate thread after encryption. There are some
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situations where offloading write requests from the encryption threads to a dedicated thread degrades
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performance significantly. The default is to offload write requests to a dedicated thread because it
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benefits the CFQ scheduler to have writes submitted using the same context.</para>
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<para>This requires kernel 4.0 or newer.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>skip=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>How many 512-byte sectors of the encrypted data to skip at the
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beginning. This is different from the <option>offset=</option> option with respect
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to the sector numbers used in initialization vector (IV) calculation. Using
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<option>offset=</option> will shift the IV calculation by the same negative
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amount. Hence, if <option>offset=<replaceable>n</replaceable></option> is given,
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sector <replaceable>n</replaceable> will get a sector number of 0 for the IV
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calculation. Using <option>skip=</option> causes sector
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<replaceable>n</replaceable> to also be the first sector of the mapped device, but
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with its number for IV generation being <replaceable>n</replaceable>.</para>
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<para>This option is only relevant for plain devices.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>size=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Specifies the key size in bits. See
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for possible values and the default value of this
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option.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>sector-size=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Specifies the sector size in bytes. See
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for possible values and the default value of this
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option.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>swap</option></term>
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<listitem><para>The encrypted block device will be used as a
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swap device, and will be formatted accordingly after setting
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up the encrypted block device, with
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<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mkswap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
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This option implies <option>plain</option>.</para>
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<para>WARNING: Using the <option>swap</option> option will
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destroy the contents of the named partition during every boot,
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so make sure the underlying block device is specified
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correctly.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>tcrypt</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Use TrueCrypt encryption mode. When this mode
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is used, the following options are ignored since they are
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provided by the TrueCrypt header on the device or do not
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apply:
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<option>cipher=</option>,
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<option>hash=</option>,
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<option>keyfile-offset=</option>,
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<option>keyfile-size=</option>,
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<option>size=</option>.</para>
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<para>When this mode is used, the passphrase is read from the
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key file given in the third field. Only the first line of this
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file is read, excluding the new line character.</para>
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<para>Note that the TrueCrypt format uses both passphrase and
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key files to derive a password for the volume. Therefore, the
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passphrase and all key files need to be provided. Use
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<option>tcrypt-keyfile=</option> to provide the absolute path
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to all key files. When using an empty passphrase in
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combination with one or more key files, use
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<literal>/dev/null</literal> as the password file in the third
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field.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>tcrypt-hidden</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Use the hidden TrueCrypt volume. This option
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implies <option>tcrypt</option>.</para>
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<para>This will map the hidden volume that is inside of the
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volume provided in the second field. Please note that there is
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no protection for the hidden volume if the outer volume is
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mounted instead. See
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<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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for more information on this limitation.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>tcrypt-keyfile=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Specifies the absolute path to a key file to
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use for a TrueCrypt volume. This implies
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<option>tcrypt</option> and can be used more than once to
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provide several key files.</para>
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<para>See the entry for <option>tcrypt</option> on the
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behavior of the passphrase and key files when using TrueCrypt
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encryption mode.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>tcrypt-system</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Use TrueCrypt in system encryption mode. This
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option implies <option>tcrypt</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>tcrypt-veracrypt</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Check for a VeraCrypt volume. VeraCrypt is a fork of
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TrueCrypt that is mostly compatible, but uses different, stronger key
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derivation algorithms that cannot be detected without this flag.
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Enabling this option could substantially slow down unlocking, because
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VeraCrypt's key derivation takes much longer than TrueCrypt's. This
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option implies <option>tcrypt</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>timeout=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Specifies the timeout for querying for a
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password. If no unit is specified, seconds is used. Supported
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units are s, ms, us, min, h, d. A timeout of 0 waits
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indefinitely (which is the default).</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>tmp=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>The encrypted block device will be prepared for using it as
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<filename>/tmp/</filename>; it will be formatted using <citerefentry
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project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mkfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Takes
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a file system type as argument, such as <literal>ext4</literal>, <literal>xfs</literal> or
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<literal>btrfs</literal>. If no argument is specified defaults to <literal>ext4</literal>. This
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option implies <option>plain</option>.</para>
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<para>WARNING: Using the <option>tmp</option> option will destroy the contents of the named partition
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during every boot, so make sure the underlying block device is specified correctly.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>tries=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Specifies the maximum number of times the user
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is queried for a password. The default is 3. If set to 0, the
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user is queried for a password indefinitely.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>verify</option></term>
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<listitem><para>If the encryption password is read from console, it has to be entered twice to
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prevent typos.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>pkcs11-uri=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Takes a <ulink url="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7512">RFC7512 PKCS#11 URI</ulink>
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pointing to a private RSA key which is used to decrypt the key specified in the third column of the
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line. This is useful for unlocking encrypted volumes through security tokens or smartcards. See below
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for an example how to set up this mechanism for unlocking a LUKS volume with a YubiKey security
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token. The specified URI can refer directly to a private RSA key stored on a token or alternatively
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just to a slot or token, in which case a search for a suitable private RSA key will be performed. In
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this case if multiple suitable objects are found the token is refused. The key configured in the
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third column is passed as is to RSA decryption. The resulting decrypted key is then base64 encoded
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before it is used to unlock the LUKS volume.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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|
<term><option>try-empty-password=</option></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Takes a boolean argument. If enabled, right before asking the user for a password it
|
|
is first attempted to unlock the volume with an empty password. This is useful for systems that are
|
|
initialized with an encrypted volume with only an empty password set, which shall be replaced with a
|
|
suitable password during first boot, but after activation.</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><option>x-systemd.device-timeout=</option></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Specifies how long systemd should wait for a device to show up
|
|
before giving up on the entry. The argument is a time in seconds or explicitly
|
|
specified units of
|
|
<literal>s</literal>,
|
|
<literal>min</literal>,
|
|
<literal>h</literal>,
|
|
<literal>ms</literal>.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term><option>x-initrd.attach</option></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Setup this encrypted block device in the initramfs, similarly to
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
units marked with <option>x-initrd.mount</option>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Although it's not necessary to mark the mount entry for the root file system with
|
|
<option>x-initrd.mount</option>, <option>x-initrd.attach</option> is still recommended with
|
|
the encrypted block device containing the root file system as otherwise systemd will
|
|
attempt to detach the device during the regular system shutdown while it's still in
|
|
use. With this option the device will still be detached but later after the root file
|
|
system is unmounted.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>All other encrypted block devices that contain file systems mounted in the initramfs
|
|
should use this option.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<para>At early boot and when the system manager configuration is
|
|
reloaded, this file is translated into native systemd units by
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>Examples</title>
|
|
<example>
|
|
<title>/etc/crypttab example</title>
|
|
<para>Set up four encrypted block devices. One using LUKS for
|
|
normal storage, another one for usage as a swap device and two
|
|
TrueCrypt volumes.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>luks UUID=2505567a-9e27-4efe-a4d5-15ad146c258b
|
|
swap /dev/sda7 /dev/urandom swap
|
|
truecrypt /dev/sda2 /etc/container_password tcrypt
|
|
hidden /mnt/tc_hidden /dev/null tcrypt-hidden,tcrypt-keyfile=/etc/keyfile
|
|
external /dev/sda3 keyfile:LABEL=keydev keyfile-timeout=10s</programlisting>
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
<title>Yubikey-based Volume Unlocking Example</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The PKCS#11 logic allows hooking up any compatible security token that is capable of storing RSA
|
|
decryption keys. Here's an example how to set up a Yubikey security token for this purpose, using
|
|
<citerefentry project='debian'><refentrytitle>ykmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
from the yubikey-manager project:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting><xi:include href="yubikey-crypttab.sh" parse="text" /></programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>A few notes on the above:</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para>We use RSA (and not ECC), since Yubikeys support PKCS#11 Decrypt() only for RSA keys</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>We use RSA2048, which is the longest key size current Yubikeys support</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>LUKS key size must be shorter than 2048bit due to RSA padding, hence we use 128 bytes</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>We use Yubikey key slot 9d, since that's apparently the keyslot to use for decryption purposes,
|
|
<ulink url="https://developers.yubico.com/PIV/Introduction/Certificate_slots.html">see
|
|
documentation</ulink>.</para></listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
</example>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
<refsect1>
|
|
<title>See Also</title>
|
|
<para>
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup@.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-cryptsetup-generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>cryptsetup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mkswap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
|
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>mke2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
|
</para>
|
|
</refsect1>
|
|
|
|
</refentry>
|