systemd/man/machinectl.xml
Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek c5c619502b machinectl: add -P
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<?xml version='1.0'?>
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % entities SYSTEM "custom-entities.ent" >
%entities;
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<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
<refentry id="machinectl" conditional='ENABLE_MACHINED'
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
<refentryinfo>
<title>machinectl</title>
<productname>systemd</productname>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>machinectl</refname>
<refpurpose>Control the systemd machine manager</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>machinectl</command>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
<arg choice="req">COMMAND</arg>
<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">NAME</arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsect1>
<title>Description</title>
<para><command>machinectl</command> may be used to introspect and
control the state of the
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
virtual machine and container registration manager
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
<para><command>machinectl</command> may be used to execute
operations on machines and images. Machines in this sense are
considered running instances of:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Virtual Machines (VMs) that virtualize hardware
to run full operating system (OS) instances (including their kernels)
in a virtualized environment on top of the host OS.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Containers that share the hardware and
OS kernel with the host OS, in order to run
OS userspace instances on top the host OS.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The host system itself.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Machines are identified by names that follow the same rules
as UNIX and DNS hostnames. For details, see below.</para>
<para>Machines are instantiated from disk or file system images that
frequently — but not necessarily — carry the same name as machines running
from them. Images in this sense may be:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Directory trees containing an OS, including the
top-level directories <filename>/usr/</filename>,
<filename>/etc/</filename>, and so on.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>btrfs subvolumes containing OS trees, similar to regular directory trees.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Binary "raw" disk image files containing MBR or GPT partition tables and Linux file
systems.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Similarly, block devices containing MBR or GPT partition tables and file systems.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The file system tree of the host OS itself.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Images may be downloaded, imported and exported via the
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>importctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
tool.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Commands</title>
<para>The following commands are understood:</para>
<refsect2><title>Machine Commands</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>list</command></term>
<listitem><para>List currently running (online) virtual
machines and containers. To enumerate machine images that can
be started, use <command>list-images</command> (see
below). Note that this command hides the special
<literal>.host</literal> machine by default. Use the
<option>--all</option> switch to show it.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v206"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>status</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Show runtime status information about
one or more virtual machines and containers, followed by the
most recent log data from the journal. This function is
intended to generate human-readable output. If you are looking
for computer-parsable output, use <command>show</command>
instead. Note that the log data shown is reported by the
virtual machine or container manager, and frequently contains
console output of the machine, but not necessarily journal
contents of the machine itself.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v206"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>show</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…]</term>
<listitem><para>Show properties of one or more registered virtual machines or containers or the manager
itself. If no argument is specified, properties of the manager will be shown. If a NAME is specified,
properties of this virtual machine or container are shown. By default, empty properties are suppressed. Use
<option>--all</option> to show those too. To select specific properties to show, use
<option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be used whenever computer-parsable output is
required, and does not print the control group tree or journal entries. Use <command>status</command> if you
are looking for formatted human-readable output.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v206"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>start</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Start a container as a system service, using
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
This starts <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename>,
instantiated for the specified machine name, similar to the
effect of <command>systemctl start</command> on the service
name. <command>systemd-nspawn</command> looks for a container
image by the specified name in
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> (and other search
paths, see below) and runs it. Use
<command>list-images</command> (see below) for listing
available container images to start.</para>
<para>Note that
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
also interfaces with a variety of other container and VM
managers, <command>systemd-nspawn</command> is just one
implementation of it. Most of the commands available in
<command>machinectl</command> may be used on containers or VMs
controlled by other managers, not just
<command>systemd-nspawn</command>. Starting VMs and container
images on those managers requires manager-specific
tools.</para>
<para>To interactively start a container on the command line
with full access to the container's console, please invoke
<command>systemd-nspawn</command> directly. To stop a running
container use <command>machinectl poweroff</command>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>login</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>]</term>
<listitem><para>Open an interactive terminal login session in
a container or on the local host. If an argument is supplied,
it refers to the container machine to connect to. If none is
specified, or the container name is specified as the empty
string, or the special machine name <literal>.host</literal>
(see below) is specified, the connection is made to the local
host instead. This will create a TTY connection to a specific
container or the local host and asks for the execution of a
getty on it. Note that this is only supported for containers
running
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
as init system.</para>
<para>This command will open a full login prompt on the
container or the local host, which then asks for username and
password. Use <command>shell</command> (see below) or
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-run</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
with the <option>--machine=</option> switch to directly invoke
a single command, either interactively or in the
background.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>shell</command> [[<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>@]<replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>ARGUMENTS</replaceable>…]]] </term>
<listitem><para>Open an interactive shell session in a
container or on the local host. The first argument refers to
the container machine to connect to. If none is specified, or
the machine name is specified as the empty string, or the
special machine name <literal>.host</literal> (see below) is
specified, the connection is made to the local host
instead. This works similarly to <command>login</command>, but
immediately invokes a user process. This command runs the
specified executable with the specified arguments, or the
default shell for the user if none is specified, or
<filename>/bin/sh</filename> if no default shell is found. By default,
<option>--uid=</option>, or by prefixing the machine name with
a username and an <literal>@</literal> character, a different
user may be selected. Use <option>--setenv=</option> to set
environment variables for the executed process.</para>
<para>Note that <command>machinectl shell</command> does not propagate the exit code/status of the invoked
shell process. Use <command>systemd-run</command> instead if that information is required (see below).</para>
<para>Using the <command>shell</command> command without arguments (thus invoking the executed shell
or command on the local host), is in many ways similar to a <citerefentry
project='die-net'><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> session,
but, unlike <command>su</command>, completely isolates the new session from the originating session,
so that it shares no process or session properties and is in a clean well-defined state. It will be
tracked in a new utmp, login, audit, security, and keyring sessions, and will not inherit any
environment variables or resource limits, among other properties.</para>
<para>Note that
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-run</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> with
its <option>--machine=</option> switch may be used in place of the <command>machinectl
shell</command> command, and allows non-interactive operation, more detailed and low-level
configuration of the invoked unit, as well as access to runtime and exit code/status information of
the invoked shell process. In particular, use <command>systemd-run</command>'s
<option>--wait</option> switch to propagate exit status information of the invoked process. Use
<command>systemd-run</command>'s <option>--pty</option> switch to acquire an interactive shell,
similarly to <command>machinectl shell</command>. In general, <command>systemd-run</command> is
preferable for scripting purposes. However, note that <command>systemd-run</command> might require
higher privileges than <command>machinectl shell</command>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v225"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>enable</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
<term><command>disable</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Enable or disable a container as a system service to start at system boot, using
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
This enables or disables <filename>systemd-nspawn@.service</filename>, instantiated for the specified
machine name, similarly to the effect of <command>systemctl enable</command> or <command>systemctl
disable</command> on the service name.</para>
<para>This command implicitly reloads the system manager configuration after completing the operation.
Note that this command does not implicitly start or power off the containers that are being operated on.
If this is desired, combine the command with the <option>--now</option> switch.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>poweroff</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Power off one or more containers. This will
trigger a reboot by sending SIGRTMIN+4 to the container's init
process, which causes systemd-compatible init systems to shut
down cleanly. Use <command>stop</command> as alias for <command>poweroff</command>.
This operation does not work on containers that do not run a
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>-compatible
init system, such as sysvinit. Use
<command>terminate</command> (see below) to immediately
terminate a container or VM, without cleanly shutting it
down.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v212"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>reboot</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Reboot one or more containers. This will
trigger a reboot by sending SIGINT to the container's init
process, which is roughly equivalent to pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del
on a non-containerized system, and is compatible with
containers running any system manager. Use <command>restart</command> as alias
for <command>reboot</command>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v209"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>terminate</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Immediately terminates a virtual machine or
container, without cleanly shutting it down. This kills all
processes of the virtual machine or container and deallocates
all resources attached to that instance. Use
<command>poweroff</command> to issue a clean shutdown
request.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v206"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>kill</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Send a signal to one or more processes of the
virtual machine or container. This means processes as seen by
the host, not the processes inside the virtual machine or
container. Use <option>--kill-whom=</option> to select which
process to kill. Use <option>--signal=</option> to select the
signal to send.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v206"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>bind</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>]</term>
<listitem><para>Bind mounts a file or directory from the host into the specified container. The first path
argument is the source file or directory on the host, the second path argument is the destination file or
directory in the container. When the latter is omitted, the destination path in the container is the same as
the source path on the host. When combined with the <option>--read-only</option> switch, a ready-only bind
mount is created. When combined with the <option>--mkdir</option> switch, the destination path is first created
before the mount is applied. Note that this option is currently only supported for
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> containers,
and only if user namespacing (<option>--private-users</option>) is not used. This command supports bind
mounting directories, regular files, device nodes, <constant>AF_UNIX</constant> socket nodes, as well as
FIFOs.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>copy-to</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>] <option>--force</option></term>
<listitem><para>Copies files or directories from the host
system into a running container. Takes a container name,
followed by the source path on the host and the destination
path in the container. If the destination path is omitted, the
same as the source path is used.</para>
<para>If host and container share the same user and group namespace, file ownership by numeric user ID and
group ID is preserved for the copy, otherwise all files and directories in the copy will be owned by the root
user and group (UID/GID 0).</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>copy-from</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>PATH</replaceable> [<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>] <option>--force</option></term>
<listitem><para>Copies files or directories from a container
into the host system. Takes a container name, followed by the
source path in the container and the destination path on the host.
If the destination path is omitted, the same as the source path
is used.</para>
<para>If host and container share the same user and group namespace, file ownership by numeric user ID and
group ID is preserved for the copy, otherwise all files and directories in the copy will be owned by the root
user and group (UID/GID 0).</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist></refsect2>
<refsect2><title>Image Commands</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>list-images</command></term>
<listitem><para>Show a list of locally installed container and
VM images. This enumerates all raw disk images and container
directories and subvolumes in
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> (and other search
paths, see below). Use <command>start</command> (see above) to
run a container off one of the listed images. Note that, by
default, containers whose name begins with a dot
(<literal>.</literal>) are not shown. To show these too,
specify <option>--all</option>. Note that a special image
<literal>.host</literal> always implicitly exists and refers
to the image the host itself is booted from.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>image-status</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…]</term>
<listitem><para>Show terse status information about one or
more container or VM images. This function is intended to
generate human-readable output. Use
<command>show-image</command> (see below) to generate
computer-parsable output instead.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>show-image</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>…]</term>
<listitem><para>Show properties of one or more registered
virtual machine or container images, or the manager itself. If
no argument is specified, properties of the manager will be
shown. If a NAME is specified, properties of this virtual
machine or container image are shown. By default, empty
properties are suppressed. Use <option>--all</option> to show
those too. To select specific properties to show, use
<option>--property=</option>. This command is intended to be
used whenever computer-parsable output is required. Use
<command>image-status</command> if you are looking for
formatted human-readable output.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>edit</command> <replaceable>NAME|FILE</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Edit the settings file of the specified machines. For the format of the settings
file, refer to
<citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>systemd.nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
If an existing settings file of the given machine can't be found, <command>edit</command>
automatically create a new settings file from scratch under
<filename>/etc/systemd/nspawn/</filename>.
</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>cat</command> <replaceable>NAME|FILE</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Show the settings file of the specified machines.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v254"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>clone</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Clones a container or VM image. The arguments specify the name of the image to clone and the
name of the newly cloned image. Note that plain directory container images are cloned into btrfs subvolume
images with this command, if the underlying file system supports this. Note that cloning a container or VM
image is optimized for file systems that support copy-on-write, and might not be efficient on others, due to
file system limitations.</para>
<para>Note that this command leaves hostname, machine ID and
all other settings that could identify the instance
unmodified. The original image and the cloned copy will hence
share these credentials, and it might be necessary to manually
change them in the copy.</para>
<para>If combined with the <option>--read-only</option> switch a read-only cloned image is
created.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>rename</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Renames a container or VM image. The
arguments specify the name of the image to rename and the new
name of the image.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>read-only</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable> [<replaceable>BOOL</replaceable>]</term>
<listitem><para>Marks or (unmarks) a container or VM image
read-only. Takes a VM or container image name, followed by a
boolean as arguments. If the boolean is omitted, positive is
implied, i.e. the image is marked read-only.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>remove</command> <replaceable>NAME</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Removes one or more container or VM images.
The special image <literal>.host</literal>, which refers to
the host's own directory tree, may not be
removed.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>set-limit</command> [<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>] <replaceable>BYTES</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Sets the maximum size in bytes that a specific
container or VM image, or all images, may grow up to on disk
(disk quota). Takes either one or two parameters. The first,
optional parameter refers to a container or VM image name. If
specified, the size limit of the specified image is changed. If
omitted, the overall size limit of the sum of all images stored
locally is changed. The final argument specifies the size
limit in bytes, possibly suffixed by the usual K, M, G, T
units. If the size limit shall be disabled, specify
<literal>-</literal> as size.</para>
<para>Note that per-container size limits are only supported on btrfs file systems.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v220"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><command>clean</command></term>
<listitem><para>Remove hidden VM or container images (or all). This command removes all hidden machine images
from <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>, i.e. those whose name begins with a dot. Use <command>machinectl
list-images --all</command> to see a list of all machine images, including the hidden ones.</para>
<para>When combined with the <option>--all</option> switch removes all images, not just hidden ones. This
command effectively empties <filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>.</para>
<para>Note that commands such as <command>importctl pull-tar</command> or <command>importctl
pull-raw</command> usually create hidden, read-only, unmodified machine images from the downloaded image first,
before cloning a writable working copy of it, in order to avoid duplicate downloads in case of images that are
reused multiple times. Use <command>machinectl clean</command> to remove old, hidden images created this
way.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v230"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist></refsect2>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Options</title>
<para>The following options are understood:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-p</option></term>
<term><option>--property=</option></term>
<listitem><para>When showing machine or image properties,
limit the output to certain properties as specified by the
argument. If not specified, all set properties are shown. The
argument should be a property name, such as
<literal>Name</literal>. If specified more than once, all
properties with the specified names are
shown.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v206"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--value</option></term>
<listitem><para>When printing properties with <command>show</command>, only print the value,
and skip the property name and <literal>=</literal>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v230"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<xi:include href="timedatectl.xml" xpointer="option-P"/>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-a</option></term>
<term><option>--all</option></term>
<listitem><para>When showing machine or image properties, show
all properties regardless of whether they are set or
not.</para>
<para>When listing VM or container images, do not suppress
images beginning in a dot character
(<literal>.</literal>).</para>
<para>When cleaning VM or container images, remove all images, not just hidden ones.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v206"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-l</option></term>
<term><option>--full</option></term>
<listitem><para>Do not ellipsize process tree entries or table. This implies
<option>--max-addresses=full</option>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v206"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--kill-whom=</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with <command>kill</command>, choose
which processes to kill. Must be one of
<option>leader</option>, or <option>all</option> to select
whether to kill only the leader process of the machine or all
processes of the machine. If omitted, defaults to
<option>all</option>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v206"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="signal" />
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--uid=</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with the <command>shell</command> command, chooses the user ID to
open the interactive shell session as. If the argument to the <command>shell</command>
command also specifies a user name, this option is ignored. If the name is not specified
in either way, <literal>root</literal> will be used by default. Note that this switch is
not supported for the <command>login</command> command (see below).</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v225"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-E <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>[=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>]</option></term>
<term><option>--setenv=<replaceable>NAME</replaceable>[=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>]</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with the <command>shell</command> command, sets an environment variable for
the executed shell. This option may be used more than once to set multiple variables. When
<literal>=</literal> and <replaceable>VALUE</replaceable> are omitted, the value of the variable with
the same name in the program environment will be used.</para>
<para>Note that this option is not supported for the <command>login</command> command.
</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v230"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--mkdir</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command>, creates the destination file or directory before
applying the bind mount. Note that even though the name of this option suggests that it is suitable only for
directories, this option also creates the destination file node to mount over if the object to mount is not
a directory, but a regular file, device node, socket or FIFO.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--read-only</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with <command>bind</command>, creates a read-only bind mount.</para>
<para>When used with <command>clone</command> a read-only container or VM image is created.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-n</option></term>
<term><option>--lines=</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with <command>status</command>,
controls the number of journal lines to show, counting from
the most recent ones. Takes a positive integer argument.
Defaults to 10.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-o</option></term>
<term><option>--output=</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with <command>status</command>,
controls the formatting of the journal entries that are shown.
For the available choices, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
Defaults to <literal>short</literal>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--runner=</option><option>nspawn</option>|<option>vmspawn</option></term>
<listitem><para>When operating on machines choose whether to use
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
or
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-vmspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
By default
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
is used.
</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-V</option></term>
<listitem><para><option>-V</option> is a shorthand for <option>--runner=vmspawn</option>.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v256"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--now</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>When used with <command>enable</command> or <command>disable</command>,
the containers will also be started or powered off. The start or poweroff
operation is only carried out when the respective enable or disable
operation has been successful.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v253"/>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--force</option></term>
<listitem><para>Replace target file when copying files.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v219"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--max-addresses=</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with the <option>list-machines</option> command, limits the number of IP
addresses shown for every machine. Defaults to 1. All addresses can be requested with
<literal>all</literal>. If the limit is 0, the address column is not shown. Otherwise, if the machine
has more addresses than shown, <literal></literal> follows the last address.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v232"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-q</option></term>
<term><option>--quiet</option></term>
<listitem><para>Suppresses additional informational output while running.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v236"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" />
<varlistentry>
<term><option>-M</option></term>
<term><option>--machine=</option></term>
<listitem><para>Connect to
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
running in a local container, to perform the specified operation within
the container.</para>
<xi:include href="version-info.xml" xpointer="v235"/></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-legend" />
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-ask-password" />
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Machine and Image Names</title>
<para>The <command>machinectl</command> tool operates on machines
and images whose names must be chosen following strict
rules. Machine names must be suitable for use as hostnames
following a conservative subset of DNS and UNIX/Linux
semantics. Specifically, they must consist of one or more
non-empty label strings, separated by dots. No leading or trailing
dots are allowed. No sequences of multiple dots are allowed. The
label strings may only consist of alphanumeric characters as well
as the dash and underscore. The maximum length of a machine name
is 64 characters.</para>
<para>A special machine with the name <literal>.host</literal>
refers to the running host system itself. This is useful for execution
operations or inspecting the host system as well. Note that
<command>machinectl list</command> will not show this special
machine unless the <option>--all</option> switch is specified.</para>
<para>Requirements on image names are less strict, however, they must be
valid UTF-8, must be suitable as file names (hence not be the
single or double dot, and not include a slash), and may not
contain control characters. Since many operations search for an
image by the name of a requested machine, it is recommended to name
images in the same strict fashion as machines.</para>
<para>A special image with the name <literal>.host</literal>
refers to the image of the running host system. It hence
conceptually maps to the special <literal>.host</literal> machine
name described above. Note that <command>machinectl
list-images</command> will not show this special image either, unless
<option>--all</option> is specified.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Files and Directories</title>
<para>Machine images are preferably stored in
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename>, but are also searched for
in <filename>/usr/local/lib/machines/</filename> and
<filename>/usr/lib/machines/</filename>. For compatibility reasons,
the directory <filename>/var/lib/container/</filename> is
searched, too. Note that images stored below
<filename>/usr/</filename> are always considered read-only. It is
possible to symlink machines images from other directories into
<filename>/var/lib/machines/</filename> to make them available for
control with <command>machinectl</command>.</para>
<para>Note that some image operations are only supported, efficient or atomic on btrfs file systems.</para>
<para>Disk images are understood by
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
and <command>machinectl</command> in three formats:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>A simple directory tree, containing the files
and directories of the container to boot.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Subvolumes (on btrfs file systems), which are
similar to the simple directories, described above. However,
they have additional benefits, such as efficient cloning and
quota reporting.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>"Raw" disk images, i.e. binary images of disks
with a GPT or MBR partition table. Images of this type are
regular files with the suffix
<literal>.raw</literal>.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for more information on image formats, in particular its
<option>--directory=</option> and <option>--image=</option>
options.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Examples</title>
<xi:include href="importctl.xml" xpointer="example-import-raw" />
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Exit status</title>
<para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code
otherwise.</para>
</refsect1>
<xi:include href="common-variables.xml" />
<refsect1>
<title>See Also</title>
<para><simplelist type="inline">
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry><refentrytitle>importctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>xz</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
<member><citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry></member>
</simplelist></para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>