systemd-repartsystemdsystemd-repart8systemd-repartsystemd-repart.serviceAutomatically grow and add partitionssystemd-repartOPTIONSBLOCKDEVICEsystemd-repart.serviceDescriptionsystemd-repart grows and adds partitions to a partition table, based on the
configuration files described in
repart.d5.
If invoked with no arguments, it operates on the block device backing the root file system
partition of the running OS, thus growing and adding partitions of the booted OS image itself. If
--image= is used it will operate on the specified image file. When called in the
initrd it operates on the block device backing /sysroot/ instead, i.e. on the block
device the system will soon transition into. The systemd-repart.service service is
generally run at boot in the initrd, in order to augment the partition table of the OS before its
partitions are mounted. systemd-repart (mostly) operates in a purely incremental mode:
it only grows existing and adds new partitions; it does not shrink, delete or move existing partitions.
The service is intended to be run on every boot, but when it detects that the partition table already
matches the installed repart.d/*.conf configuration files, it executes no
operation.systemd-repart is intended to be used when deploying OS images, to automatically
adjust them to the system they are running on, during first boot. This way the deployed image can be
minimal in size and may be augmented automatically at boot when needed, taking possession of disk space
available but not yet used. Specifically the following use cases are among those covered:The root partition may be grown to cover the whole available disk space.A /home/, swap or /srv/ partition can be
added.A second (or third, …) root partition may be added, to cover A/B style setups
where a second version of the root file system is alternatingly used for implementing update
schemes. The deployed image would carry only a single partition ("A") but on first boot a second
partition ("B") for this purpose is automatically created.The algorithm executed by systemd-repart is roughly as follows:The repart.d/*.conf configuration files are loaded and parsed,
and ordered by filename (without the directory prefix). For each configuration file,
drop-in files are looked for in directories with same name as the configuration file
with a suffix ".d" added.The partition table already existing on the block device is loaded and
parsed.The existing partitions in the partition table are matched up with the
repart.d/*.conf files by GPT partition type UUID. The first existing partition
of a specific type is assigned the first configuration file declaring the same type. The second
existing partition of a specific type is then assigned the second configuration file declaring the same
type, and so on. After this iterative assigning is complete any left-over existing partitions that have
no matching configuration file are considered "foreign" and left as they are. And any configuration
files for which no partition currently exists are understood as a request to create such a partition.
Partitions that shall be created are now allocated on the disk, taking the size
constraints and weights declared in the configuration files into account. Free space is used within the
limits set by size and padding requests. In addition, existing partitions that should be grown are
grown. New partitions are always appended to the end of the partition table, taking the first partition
table slot whose index is greater than the indexes of all existing partitions. Partitions are never
reordered and thus partition numbers remain stable. When partitions are created, they are placed in the
smallest area of free space that is large enough to satisfy the size and padding limits. This means
that partitions might have different order on disk than in the partition table. Note that this
allocation happens in memory only, the partition table on disk is not updated yet.All existing partitions for which configuration files exist and which currently have no
GPT partition label set will be assigned a label, either explicitly configured in the configuration or
— if that's missing — derived automatically from the partition type. The same is done for all
partitions that are newly created. These assignments are done in memory only, too, the disk is not
updated yet.Similarly, all existing partitions for which configuration files exist and which
currently have an all-zero identifying UUID will be assigned a new UUID. This UUID is cryptographically
hashed from a common seed value together with the partition type UUID (and a counter in case multiple
partitions of the same type are defined), see below. The same is done for all partitions that are
created anew. These assignments are done in memory only, too, the disk is not updated yet.
Similarly, if the disk's volume UUID is all zeroes it is also initialized, also
cryptographically hashed from the same common seed value. This is done in memory only too.
The disk space assigned to new partitions (i.e. what was previously free space) is now
erased. Specifically, all file system signatures are removed, and if the device supports it, the
BLKDISCARD I/O control command is issued to inform the hardware that the space is
now empty. In addition any "padding" between partitions and at the end of the device is similarly
erased.The new partition table is finally written to disk. The kernel is asked to reread the
partition table.As exception to the normally strictly incremental operation, when called in a special "factory
reset" mode, systemd-repart may also be used to erase existing partitions to
reset an installation back to vendor defaults. This mode of operation is used when either the
switch is passed on the tool's command line, or the
option specified on the kernel command line, or the
FactoryReset EFI variable (vendor UUID
8cf2644b-4b0b-428f-9387-6d876050dc67) is set to "yes". It alters the algorithm above
slightly: between the 3rd and the 4th step above any partition marked explicitly via the
FactoryReset= boolean is deleted, and the algorithm restarted, thus immediately
re-creating these partitions anew empty.Note that systemd-repart only changes partition tables, it does not create or
resize any file systems within these partitions. A separate mechanism should be used for that, for
example
systemd-growfs8 and
systemd-makefs.The UUIDs identifying the new partitions created (or assigned to existing partitions that have no
UUID yet), as well as the disk as a whole are hashed cryptographically from a common seed value. This
seed value is usually the
machine-id5 of the
system, so that the machine ID reproducibly determines the UUIDs assigned to all partitions. If the
machine ID cannot be read (or the user passes , see below) the seed is
generated randomly instead, so that the partition UUIDs are also effectively random. The seed value may
also be set explicitly, formatted as UUID via the option. By hashing these UUIDs
from a common seed images prepared with this tool become reproducible and the result of the algorithm
above deterministic.The positional argument should specify the block device to operate on. Instead of a block device
node path a regular file may be specified too, in which case the command operates on it like it would if
a loopback block device node was specified with the file attached. If is
specified the specified path is created as regular file, which is useful for generating disk images from
scratch.OptionsThe following options are understood:Takes a boolean. If this switch is not specified is
the implied default. Controls whether systemd-repart executes the requested
re-partition operations or whether it should only show what it would do. Unless
is specified systemd-repart will not actually
touch the device's partition table.Takes one of refuse, allow,
require, force or create. Controls how to
operate on block devices that are entirely empty, i.e. carry no partition table/disk label yet. If
this switch is not specified the implied default is refuse.If refusesystemd-repart requires that the block device
it shall operate on already carries a partition table and refuses operation if none is found. If
allow the command will extend an existing partition table or create a new one if
none exists. If require the command will create a new partition table if none
exists so far, and refuse operation if one already exists. If force it will create
a fresh partition table unconditionally, erasing the disk fully in effect. If
force no existing partitions will be taken into account or survive the
operation. Hence: use with care, this is a great way to lose all your data. If
create a new loopback file is create under the path passed via the device node
parameter, of the size indicated with , see below.Takes a boolean. If this switch is not specified is
the implied default. Controls whether to issue the BLKDISCARD I/O control
command on the space taken up by any added partitions or on the space in between them. Usually, it's
a good idea to issue this request since it tells the underlying hardware that the covered blocks
shall be considered empty, improving performance. If operating on a regular file instead of a block
device node, a sparse file is generated.Takes a size in bytes, using the usual K, M, G, T suffixes, or the special value
auto. If used the specified device node path must refer to a regular file, which
is then grown to the specified size if smaller, before any change is made to the partition table. If
specified as auto the minimal size for the disk image is automatically determined
(i.e. the minimal sizes of all partitions are summed up, taking space for additional metadata into
account). This switch is not supported if the specified node is a block device. This switch has no
effect if the file is already as large as the specified size or larger. The specified size is
implicitly rounded up to multiples of 4096. When used with this
specifies the initial size of the loopback file to create.The option takes the sizes of pre-existing partitions into
account. However, it does not accommodate for partition tables that are not tightly packed: the
configured partitions might still not fit into the backing device if empty space exists between
pre-existing partitions (or before the first partition) that cannot be fully filled by partitions to
grow or create.Also note that the automatic size determination does not take files or directories specified
with into account: operation might fail if the specified files or
directories require more disk space then the configured per-partition minimal size
limit.Takes boolean. If this switch is not specified is
the implied default. Controls whether to operate in "factory reset" mode, see above. If set to true
this will remove all existing partitions marked with FactoryReset= set to yes
early while executing the re-partitioning algorithm. Use with care, this is a great way to lose all
your data. Note that partition files need to explicitly turn FactoryReset= on, as
the option defaults to off. If no partitions are marked for factory reset this switch has no
effect. Note that there are two other methods to request factory reset operation: via the kernel
command line and via an EFI variable, see above.If this switch is specified the disk is not re-partitioned. Instead it is determined
if any existing partitions are marked with FactoryReset=. If there are the tool
will exit with exit status zero, otherwise non-zero. This switch may be used to quickly determine
whether the running system supports a factory reset mechanism built on
systemd-repart.Takes a path to a directory to use as root file system when searching for
repart.d/*.conf files, for the machine ID file to use as seed and for the
CopyFiles= and CopyBlocks= source files and directories. By
default when invoked on the regular system this defaults to the host's root file system
/. If invoked from the initrd this defaults to /sysroot/,
so that the tool operates on the configuration and machine ID stored in the root file system later
transitioned into itself.Takes a path to a disk image file or device to mount and use in a similar fashion to
, see above.Takes a UUID as argument or the special value random. If a UUID
is specified the UUIDs to assign to partitions and the partition table itself are derived via
cryptographic hashing from it. If not specified it is attempted to read the machine ID from the host
(or more precisely, the root directory configured via ) and use it as seed
instead, falling back to a randomized seed otherwise. Use to force a
randomized seed. Explicitly specifying the seed may be used to generated strictly reproducible
partition tables.Takes a boolean argument. If this switch is not specified, it defaults to on when
called from an interactive terminal and off otherwise. Controls whether to show a user friendly table
and graphic illustrating the changes applied.Takes a file system path. If specified the *.conf files are read
from the specified directory instead of searching in /usr/lib/repart.d/*.conf,
/etc/repart.d/*.conf,
/run/repart.d/*.conf.This parameter can be specified multiple times.Takes a file system path. Configures the encryption key to use when setting up LUKS2
volumes configured with the Encrypt=key-file setting in partition files. Should
refer to a regular file containing the key, or an AF_UNIX stream socket in the
file system. In the latter case a connection is made to it and the key read from it. If this switch
is not specified the empty key (i.e. zero length key) is used. This behaviour is useful for setting
up encrypted partitions during early first boot that receive their user-supplied password only in a
later setup step.Takes a file system path. Configures the signing key to use when creating verity
signature partitions with the Verity=signature setting in partition files.
Takes a file system path. Configures the PEM encoded X.509 certificate to use when
creating verity signature partitions with the Verity=signature setting in
partition files.Configures the TPM2 device and list of PCRs to use for LUKS2 volumes configured with
the Encrypt=tpm2 option. These options take the same parameters as the identically
named options to
systemd-cryptenroll1
and have the same effect on partitions where TPM2 enrollment is requested.PATHPCRConfigures a TPM2 signed PCR policy to bind encryption to. See
systemd-cryptenroll1
for details on these two options.BOOLEnables generation of split artifacts from partitions configured with
SplitName=. If enabled, for each partition with SplitName= set,
a separate output file containing just the contents of that partition is generated. The output
filename consists of the loopback filename suffixed with the name configured with
SplitName=. If the loopback filename ends with .raw, the suffix
is inserted before the .raw extension instead.Note that is independent from . Even if
is enabled, split artifacts will still be generated from an existing image
if is enabled.PARTITIONPARTITIONThese options specify which partition types systemd-repart should
operate on. If is used, all partitions that aren't specified
are excluded. If is used, all partitions that are specified
are excluded. Both options take a comma separated list of GPT partition type UUIDs or identifiers
(see Type= in
repart.d5).
PARTITIONThis option specifies for which partition types systemd-repart
should defer. All partitions that are deferred using this option are still taken into account when
calculating the sizes and offsets of other partitions, but aren't actually written to the disk image.
The net effect of this option is that if you run systemd-repart again without this
option, the missing partitions will be added as if they had not been deferred the first time
systemd-repart was executed.BYTESThis option allows configuring the sector size of the image produced by
systemd-repart. It takes a value that is a power of 2 between
512 and 4096. This option is useful when building images for
disks that use a different sector size as the disk on which the image is produced.ARCHThis option allows overriding the architecture used for architecture specific
partition types. For example, if set to arm64 a partition type of
root-x86-64 referenced in repart.d/ drop-ins will be patched
dynamically to refer to root-arm64 instead. Takes one of
alpha,
arc,
arm,
arm64,
ia64,
loongarch64,
mips-le,
mips64-le,
parisc,
ppc,
ppc64,
ppc64-le,
riscv32,
riscv64,
s390,
s390x,
tilegx,
x86 or
x86-64.BOOLInstructs systemd-repart to build the image offline. Takes a
boolean or auto. Defaults to auto. If enabled, the image is
built without using loop devices. This is useful to build images unprivileged or when loop devices
are not available. If disabled, the image is always built using loop devices. If
auto, systemd-repart will build the image online if possible
and fall back to building the image offline if loop devices are not available or cannot be accessed
due to missing permissions.IMAGEInstructs systemd-repart to copy the partitions from the given
image. The partitions from the given image are synthesized into partition definitions that are
parsed before the partition definition files.Exit statusOn success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code otherwise.See Alsosystemd1,
repart.d5,
machine-id5,
systemd-cryptenroll1