systemd-analyzesystemdsystemd-analyze1systemd-analyzeAnalyze and debug system managersystemd-analyzeOPTIONStimesystemd-analyzeOPTIONSblamesystemd-analyzeOPTIONScritical-chainUNITsystemd-analyzeOPTIONSdumpsystemd-analyzeOPTIONSplot>file.svgsystemd-analyzeOPTIONSdotPATTERN>file.dotsystemd-analyzeOPTIONSunit-pathssystemd-analyzeOPTIONSexit-statusSTATUSsystemd-analyzeOPTIONScapabilityCAPABILITYsystemd-analyzeOPTIONSconditionCONDITION…systemd-analyzeOPTIONSsyscall-filterSET…systemd-analyzeOPTIONScalendarSPECsystemd-analyzeOPTIONStimestampTIMESTAMPsystemd-analyzeOPTIONStimespanSPANsystemd-analyzeOPTIONScat-configNAME|PATHsystemd-analyzeOPTIONSverifyFILEsystemd-analyzeOPTIONSsecurityUNITDescriptionsystemd-analyze may be used to determine
system boot-up performance statistics and retrieve other state and
tracing information from the system and service manager, and to
verify the correctness of unit files. It is also used to access
special functions useful for advanced system manager debugging.If no command is passed, systemd-analyze
time is implied.systemd-analyze timeThis command prints the time spent in the kernel before userspace has been reached, the time
spent in the initial RAM disk (initrd) before normal system userspace has been reached, and the time
normal system userspace took to initialize. Note that these measurements simply measure the time passed
up to the point where all system services have been spawned, but not necessarily until they fully
finished initialization or the disk is idle.Show how long the boot took# in a container
$ systemd-analyze time
Startup finished in 296ms (userspace)
multi-user.target reached after 275ms in userspace
# on a real machine
$ systemd-analyze time
Startup finished in 2.584s (kernel) + 19.176s (initrd) + 47.847s (userspace) = 1min 9.608s
multi-user.target reached after 47.820s in userspace
systemd-analyze blameThis command prints a list of all running units, ordered by the time they took to initialize.
This information may be used to optimize boot-up times. Note that the output might be misleading as the
initialization of one service might be slow simply because it waits for the initialization of another
service to complete. Also note: systemd-analyze blame doesn't display results for
services with Type=simple, because systemd considers such services to be started
immediately, hence no measurement of the initialization delays can be done. Also note that this command
only shows the time units took for starting up, it does not show how long unit jobs spent in the
execution queue. In particular it shows the time units spent in activating state,
which is not defined for units such as device units that transition directly from
inactive to active. This command hence gives an impression of the
performance of program code, but cannot accurately reflect latency introduced by waiting for
hardware and similar events.Show which units took the most time during boot$ systemd-analyze blame
32.875s pmlogger.service
20.905s systemd-networkd-wait-online.service
13.299s dev-vda1.device
...
23ms sysroot.mount
11ms initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service
3ms sys-kernel-config.mount
systemd-analyze critical-chain UNIT...This command prints a tree of the time-critical chain of units (for each of the specified
UNITs or for the default target otherwise). The time after the unit is
active or started is printed after the "@" character. The time the unit takes to start is printed after
the "+" character. Note that the output might be misleading as the initialization of services might
depend on socket activation and because of the parallel execution of units. Also, similar to the
blame command, this only takes into account the time units spent in
activating state, and hence does not cover units that never went through an
activating state (such as device units that transition directly from
inactive to active). Moreover it does not show information on
jobs (and in particular not jobs that timed out).systemd-analyze critical-chain$ systemd-analyze critical-chain
multi-user.target @47.820s
└─pmie.service @35.968s +548ms
└─pmcd.service @33.715s +2.247s
└─network-online.target @33.712s
└─systemd-networkd-wait-online.service @12.804s +20.905s
└─systemd-networkd.service @11.109s +1.690s
└─systemd-udevd.service @9.201s +1.904s
└─systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @7.306s +1.776s
└─kmod-static-nodes.service @6.976s +177ms
└─systemd-journald.socket
└─system.slice
└─-.slice
systemd-analyze dumpThis command outputs a (usually very long) human-readable serialization of the complete server
state. Its format is subject to change without notice and should not be parsed by applications.Show the internal state of user manager$ systemd-analyze --user dump
Timestamp userspace: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp generators-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp generators-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp units-load-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
Timestamp units-load-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
-> Unit proc-timer_list.mount:
Description: /proc/timer_list
...
-> Unit default.target:
Description: Main user target
...
systemd-analyze plotThis command prints an SVG graphic detailing which system services have been started at what
time, highlighting the time they spent on initialization.Plot a bootchart$ systemd-analyze plot >bootup.svg
$ eog bootup.svg&
systemd-analyze dot [pattern...]This command generates textual dependency graph description in dot format for further processing
with the GraphViz
dot1
tool. Use a command line like systemd-analyze dot | dot -Tsvg >systemd.svg to
generate a graphical dependency tree. Unless or is
passed, the generated graph will show both ordering and requirement dependencies. Optional pattern
globbing style specifications (e.g. *.target) may be given at the end. A unit
dependency is included in the graph if any of these patterns match either the origin or destination
node.Plot all dependencies of any unit whose name starts with avahi-daemon$ systemd-analyze dot 'avahi-daemon.*' | dot -Tsvg >avahi.svg
$ eog avahi.svgPlot the dependencies between all known target units$ systemd-analyze dot --to-pattern='*.target' --from-pattern='*.target' \
| dot -Tsvg >targets.svg
$ eog targets.svgsystemd-analyze unit-pathsThis command outputs a list of all directories from which unit files, .d
overrides, and .wants, .requires symlinks may be
loaded. Combine with to retrieve the list for the user manager instance, and
for the global configuration of user manager instances.Show all paths for generated units$ systemd-analyze unit-paths | grep '^/run'
/run/systemd/system.control
/run/systemd/transient
/run/systemd/generator.early
/run/systemd/system
/run/systemd/system.attached
/run/systemd/generator
/run/systemd/generator.late
Note that this verb prints the list that is compiled into systemd-analyze
itself, and does not communicate with the running manager. Use
systemctl [--user] [--global] show -p UnitPath --value
to retrieve the actual list that the manager uses, with any empty directories omitted.systemd-analyze exit-status STATUS...This command prints a list of exit statuses along with their "class", i.e. the source of the
definition (one of glibc, systemd, LSB, or
BSD), see the Process Exit Codes section in
systemd.exec5.
If no additional arguments are specified, all known statuses are shown. Otherwise, only the
definitions for the specified codes are shown.Show some example exit status names$ systemd-analyze exit-status 0 1 {63..65}
NAME STATUS CLASS
SUCCESS 0 glibc
FAILURE 1 glibc
- 63 -
USAGE 64 BSD
DATAERR 65 BSD
systemd-analyze capability CAPABILITY...This command prints a list of Linux capabilities along with their numeric IDs. See capabilities7
for details. If no argument is specified the full list of capabilities known to the service manager and
the kernel is shown. Capabilities defined by the kernel but not known to the service manager are shown
as cap_???. Optionally, if arguments are specified they may refer to specific
cabilities by name or numeric ID, in which case only the indicated capabilities are shown in the
table.Show some example capability names$ systemd-analyze capability 0 1 {30..32}
NAME NUMBER
cap_chown 0
cap_dac_override 1
cap_audit_control 30
cap_setfcap 31
cap_mac_override 32systemd-analyze condition CONDITION...This command will evaluate Condition*=... and
Assert*=... assignments, and print their values, and
the resulting value of the combined condition set. See
systemd.unit5
for a list of available conditions and asserts.Evaluate conditions that check kernel versions$ systemd-analyze condition 'ConditionKernelVersion = ! <4.0' \
'ConditionKernelVersion = >=5.1' \
'ConditionACPower=|false' \
'ConditionArchitecture=|!arm' \
'AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release'
test.service: AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release succeeded.
Asserts succeeded.
test.service: ConditionArchitecture=|!arm succeeded.
test.service: ConditionACPower=|false failed.
test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=>=5.1 succeeded.
test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=!<4.0 succeeded.
Conditions succeeded.systemd-analyze syscall-filter SET...This command will list system calls contained in the specified system call set
SET, or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument
SET must include the @ prefix.systemd-analyze calendar EXPRESSION...This command will parse and normalize repetitive calendar time events, and will calculate when
they elapse next. This takes the same input as the OnCalendar= setting in
systemd.timer5,
following the syntax described in
systemd.time7. By
default, only the next time the calendar expression will elapse is shown; use
to show the specified number of next times the expression
elapses. Each time the expression elapses forms a timestamp, see the timestamp
verb below.Show leap days in the near future$ systemd-analyze calendar --iterations=5 '*-2-29 0:0:0'
Original form: *-2-29 0:0:0
Normalized form: *-02-29 00:00:00
Next elapse: Sat 2020-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 11 months 15 days left
Iter. #2: Thu 2024-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 4 years 11 months left
Iter. #3: Tue 2028-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 8 years 11 months left
Iter. #4: Sun 2032-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 12 years 11 months left
Iter. #5: Fri 2036-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
From now: 16 years 11 months left
systemd-analyze timestamp TIMESTAMP...This command parses a timestamp (i.e. a single point in time) and outputs the normalized form and
the difference between this timestamp and now. The timestamp should adhere to the syntax documented in
systemd.time7,
section "PARSING TIMESTAMPS".Show parsing of timestamps$ systemd-analyze timestamp yesterday now tomorrow
Original form: yesterday
Normalized form: Mon 2019-05-20 00:00:00 CEST
(in UTC): Sun 2019-05-19 22:00:00 UTC
UNIX seconds: @15583032000
From now: 1 day 9h ago
Original form: now
Normalized form: Tue 2019-05-21 09:48:39 CEST
(in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 07:48:39 UTC
UNIX seconds: @1558424919.659757
From now: 43us ago
Original form: tomorrow
Normalized form: Wed 2019-05-22 00:00:00 CEST
(in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 22:00:00 UTC
UNIX seconds: @15584760000
From now: 14h left
systemd-analyze timespan EXPRESSION...This command parses a time span (i.e. a difference between two timestamps) and outputs the
normalized form and the equivalent value in microseconds. The time span should adhere to the syntax
documented in
systemd.time7,
section "PARSING TIME SPANS". Values without units are parsed as seconds.Show parsing of timespans$ systemd-analyze timespan 1s 300s '1year 0.000001s'
Original: 1s
μs: 1000000
Human: 1s
Original: 300s
μs: 300000000
Human: 5min
Original: 1year 0.000001s
μs: 31557600000001
Human: 1y 1us
systemd-analyze cat-configNAME|PATH...This command is similar to systemctl cat, but operates on config files. It
will copy the contents of a config file and any drop-ins to standard output, using the usual systemd
set of directories and rules for precedence. Each argument must be either an absolute path including
the prefix (such as /etc/systemd/logind.conf or
/usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf), or a name relative to the prefix (such as
systemd/logind.conf).Showing logind configuration$ systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/logind.conf
# /etc/systemd/logind.conf
...
[Login]
NAutoVTs=8
...
# /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf.d/20-test.conf
... some override from another package
# /etc/systemd/logind.conf.d/50-override.conf
... some administrator override
systemd-analyze verify FILE...This command will load unit files and print warnings if any errors are detected. Files specified
on the command line will be loaded, but also any other units referenced by them. The full unit search
path is formed by combining the directories for all command line arguments, and the usual unit load
paths. The variable $SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH is supported, and may be used to replace or
augment the compiled in set of unit load paths; see
systemd.unit5. All
units files present in the directories containing the command line arguments will be used in preference
to the other paths.The following errors are currently detected:unknown sections and directives,missing dependencies which are required to start the given unit,man pages listed in Documentation= which are not found in the
system,commands listed in ExecStart= and similar which are not found in
the system or not executable.Misspelt directives$ cat ./user.slice
[Unit]
WhatIsThis=11
Documentation=man:nosuchfile(1)
Requires=different.service
[Service]
Description=x
$ systemd-analyze verify ./user.slice
[./user.slice:9] Unknown lvalue 'WhatIsThis' in section 'Unit'
[./user.slice:13] Unknown section 'Service'. Ignoring.
Error: org.freedesktop.systemd1.LoadFailed:
Unit different.service failed to load:
No such file or directory.
Failed to create user.slice/start: Invalid argument
user.slice: man nosuchfile(1) command failed with code 16
Missing service units$ tail ./a.socket ./b.socket
==> ./a.socket <==
[Socket]
ListenStream=100
==> ./b.socket <==
[Socket]
ListenStream=100
Accept=yes
$ systemd-analyze verify ./a.socket ./b.socket
Service a.service not loaded, a.socket cannot be started.
Service b@0.service not loaded, b.socket cannot be started.
systemd-analyze security UNIT...This command analyzes the security and sandboxing settings of one or more specified service
units. If at least one unit name is specified the security settings of the specified service units are
inspected and a detailed analysis is shown. If no unit name is specified, all currently loaded,
long-running service units are inspected and a terse table with results shown. The command checks for
various security-related service settings, assigning each a numeric "exposure level" value, depending
on how important a setting is. It then calculates an overall exposure level for the whole unit, which
is an estimation in the range 0.0…10.0 indicating how exposed a service is security-wise. High exposure
levels indicate very little applied sandboxing. Low exposure levels indicate tight sandboxing and
strongest security restrictions. Note that this only analyzes the per-service security features systemd
itself implements. This means that any additional security mechanisms applied by the service code
itself are not accounted for. The exposure level determined this way should not be misunderstood: a
high exposure level neither means that there is no effective sandboxing applied by the service code
itself, nor that the service is actually vulnerable to remote or local attacks. High exposure levels do
indicate however that most likely the service might benefit from additional settings applied to
them.Please note that many of the security and sandboxing settings individually can be circumvented —
unless combined with others. For example, if a service retains the privilege to establish or undo mount
points many of the sandboxing options can be undone by the service code itself. Due to that is
essential that each service uses the most comprehensive and strict sandboxing and security settings
possible. The tool will take into account some of these combinations and relationships between the
settings, but not all. Also note that the security and sandboxing settings analyzed here only apply to
the operations executed by the service code itself. If a service has access to an IPC system (such as
D-Bus) it might request operations from other services that are not subject to the same
restrictions. Any comprehensive security and sandboxing analysis is hence incomplete if the IPC access
policy is not validated too.Analyze systemd-logind.service$ systemd-analyze security --no-pager systemd-logind.service
NAME DESCRIPTION EXPOSURE
✗ PrivateNetwork= Service has access to the host's network 0.5
✗ User=/DynamicUser= Service runs as root user 0.4
✗ DeviceAllow= Service has no device ACL 0.2
✓ IPAddressDeny= Service blocks all IP address ranges
...
→ Overall exposure level for systemd-logind.service: 4.1 OK 🙂
OptionsThe following options are understood:Operates on the system systemd instance. This
is the implied default.Operates on the user systemd
instance.Operates on the system-wide configuration for
user systemd instance.When used in conjunction with the
dot command (see above), selects which
dependencies are shown in the dependency graph. If
is passed, only dependencies of type
After= or Before= are
shown. If is passed, only
dependencies of type Requires=,
Requisite=,
Wants= and Conflicts=
are shown. If neither is passed, this shows dependencies of
all these types.When used in conjunction with the
dot command (see above), this selects which
relationships are shown in the dependency graph. Both options
require a
glob7
pattern as an argument, which will be matched against the
left-hand and the right-hand, respectively, nodes of a
relationship.Each of these can be used more than once, in which case
the unit name must match one of the values. When tests for
both sides of the relation are present, a relation must pass
both tests to be shown. When patterns are also specified as
positional arguments, they must match at least one side of the
relation. In other words, patterns specified with those two
options will trim the list of edges matched by the positional
arguments, if any are given, and fully determine the list of
edges shown otherwise.timespanWhen used in conjunction with the
critical-chain command (see above), also
show units, which finished timespan
earlier, than the latest unit in the same level. The unit of
timespan is seconds unless
specified with a different unit, e.g.
"50ms".Do not invoke
man1
to verify the existence of man pages listed in Documentation=.Invoke unit generators, see
systemd.generator7.
Some generators require root privileges. Under a normal user, running with
generators enabled will generally result in some warnings.Control verification of units and their dependencies and whether
systemd-analyze verify exits with a non-zero process exit status or not. With
yes, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification
of either the specified unit or any of its associated dependencies. This is the default. With
no, return a non-zero process exit status when warnings arise during verification
of only the specified unit. With one, return a non-zero process exit status when
warnings arise during verification of either the specified unit or its immediate dependencies. With cat-files and verify,
operate on files underneath the specified root path PATH.With cat-files and verify,
operate on files inside the specified image path PATH.When used with the calendar command, show the specified number of
iterations the specified calendar expression will elapse next. Defaults to 1.When used with the calendar command, show next iterations relative
to the specified point in time. If not specified defaults to the current time.Exit statusOn success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code
otherwise.See Alsosystemd1,
systemctl1