Documentation: Start documenting LibWeb code style & patterns

Documentation/Browser/Patterns.md

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+# LibWeb Code Style & Patterns
+
+This document aims to describe agreed upon code style and patterns used across LibWeb.
+
+## Directory Structure
+
+Generally we use a subdirectory, and thus C++ namespace, for each individual spec. For example XHR
+(`xhr.spec.whatwg.org`):
+
+-   Code lives in `LibWeb/XHR/`
+-   Uses the C++ namespace `Web::XHR`
+
+If necessary, code can also be grouped into sub-subdirectories (for example `HTML/Scripting/`).
+
+Sometimes a spec document affects several areas of the web platform. An example of this is CSSOM,
+which of course contains features belonging in `LibWeb/CSS/` / `Web::CSS`, but at the same time
+implements additions to `Window` from the HTML spec. Use best judgement in those cases.
+
+## Error Handling
+
+The following error types are commonly used in LibWeb, each having a different purpose:
+
+### `AK::ErrorOr<T>`
+
+This error type is generally only used to propagate OOM errors from AK and other general libraries.
+It should not be used to propagate any other kinds of errors, even though this is supported and used
+in other parts of the system. For LibWeb, use any of the error types below.
+
+This should be propagated as far as possible before being turned into a JS error object (via the
+`TRY_OR_THROW_OOM` macro). This avoids a situation where almost everything returns a generic
+`WebIDL::ExceptionOr<T>`.
+
+### `Web::WebIDL::ExceptionOr<T>`
+
+This is the most common and at the same time most broad error type in LibWeb. Internally it stores a
+variant of supported errors:
+
+-   `SimpleException`
+-   `JS::NonnullGCPtr<DOMException>`
+-   `JS::Completion` (from `JS::ThrowCompletionOr<T>`, assumed to be of `Type::Throw`)
+
+Use this error type for anything that needs to interact with the JS bindings, which will generally
+know how to turn any of the internally supported errors into JS objects.
+
+### `Web::WebIDL::SimpleException`
+
+This is a thin wrapper around various built-in errors from ECMAScript:
+
+-   `EvalError`
+-   `RangeError`
+-   `ReferenceError`
+-   `TypeError`
+-   `URIError`
+
+Instead of constructing one of these directly, create a `SimpleException` with the appropriate type
+and message instead whenever required by a web spec. These will be converted into actual JS objects
+in the bindings layer.
+
+> **Note** Relevant WebIDL documentation: https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#dfn-simple-exception
+
+### `Web::WebIDL::DOMException`
+
+This is an error type from the WebIDL spec specifically for web AOs where none of the JS built-in
+error types are sufficient. Like `SimpleException`, use when indicated by a web spec.
+
+> **Note** Relevant WebIDL documentation: https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#idl-DOMException
+
+### `JS::ThrowCompletionOr<T>`
+
+This is an error type from LibJS, which uses "completions" to propagate errors and other types of AO
+results. Don't use this in LibWeb unless absolutely necessary, e.g. when overriding a `JS::Object`
+virtual method that returns this type.
+
+At the call site, these should be wrapped in a `ExceptionOr<T>` as soon as possible for further
+propagation.
+
+> **Note** Relevant ECMAScript documentation:
+> https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-completion-record-specification-type
+
+## Comments
+
+As in LibJS, **all** functions that represent an operation or JS function from a web specification
+must have:
+
+-   A spec link, above the function definition:
+
+    ```cpp
+    // https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-fetch
+    WebIDL::ExceptionOr<JS::NonnullGCPtr<Infrastructure::FetchController>> fetch(JS::Realm& realm, Infrastructure::Request& request, Infrastructure::FetchAlgorithms const& algorithms, UseParallelQueue use_parallel_queue)
+    {
+        // ...
+    }
+    ```
+
+-   Comments for each individual step of the operation:
+
+    ```cpp
+    // 1. Assert: request’s mode is "navigate" or processEarlyHintsResponse is null.
+    VERIFY(request.mode() == Infrastructure::Request::Mode::Navigate || !algorithms.process_early_hints_response().has_value());
+
+    // 2. Let taskDestination be null.
+    JS::GCPtr<JS::Object> task_destination;
+
+    // ...
+    ```
+
+    -   If a step cannot be implemented at the time, prepend it with a `FIXME`
+    -   Add a blank line between code and the next comment
+
+-   Optimizations (e.g. fast paths) should be marked as such with an `// OPTIMIZATION:` comment
+    explaining the reasoning
+
+-   When adding non-standard code for a feature that is otherwise well-specified, it should be
+    marked as such. This does not universally apply as certain areas (layout and painting, for
+    instance) are only broadly spec'd
+
+-   If the spec has additional prose before or after its algorithm steps, that doesn't need to be
+    copied into the code
+
+## JS Interfaces
+
+### IDL
+
+Try to copy IDL verbatim, only making changes where necessary (IDL parser shortcomings, non-standard
+extended attributes).
+
+This includes not reordering functions, changing parameter names, etc.
+
+The major difference to the spec is that we use four spaces for indentation, like for any other code
+(not two).
+
+### C++ Naming
+
+Try to stick with the interface's exact name as much as possible for the class and file names (no
+`Object` suffixes like in LibJS, for example). When there's a name clash, try to introduce a nested
+namespace, e.g. `Fetch::Request` vs `Fetch::Infrastructure::Request`.
+
+### File placement
+
+The `.cpp`, `.h`, and `.idl` files for a given interface should all be in the same directory, unless
+the implementation is hand-written when it cannot be generated from IDL. In those cases, no IDL file
+is present and code should be placed in `Bindings/`.

Documentation/README.md

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ Make sure to read the basic [Build Instructions](BuildInstructions.md) first.
 * [General Architecture](Browser/ProcessArchitecture.md)
 * [LibWeb: From Loading to Painting](Browser/LibWebFromLoadingToPainting.md)
 * [How to Add an IDL File](Browser/AddNewIDLFile.md)
+* [LibWeb Code Style & Patterns](Browser/Patterns.md)
 
 ## Kernel
 * [AHCI Locking](Kernel/AHCILocking.md)