From 8f7219c6fafb4941d4cd1f094fb43e32e101299f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Michiel Visser Date: Wed, 2 Mar 2022 21:03:45 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] LibCrypto: Implement the SECP256r1 elliptic curve This implementation of the secp256r1 elliptic curve uses two techniques to improve the performance of the operations. 1. All coordinates are stored in Jacobian form, (X/Z^2, Y/Z^3, Z), which removes the need for division operations during point addition or doubling. The points are converted at the start of the computation, and converted back at the end. 2. All values are transformed to Montgomery form, to allow for faster modular multiplication using the Montgomery modular multiplication method. This means that all coordinates have to be converted into this form, and back out of this form before returning them. --- Tests/LibCrypto/TestCurves.cpp | 60 +++ Userland/Libraries/LibCrypto/CMakeLists.txt | 1 + .../Libraries/LibCrypto/Curves/SECP256r1.cpp | 429 ++++++++++++++++++ .../Libraries/LibCrypto/Curves/SECP256r1.h | 49 ++ 4 files changed, 539 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Userland/Libraries/LibCrypto/Curves/SECP256r1.cpp create mode 100644 Userland/Libraries/LibCrypto/Curves/SECP256r1.h diff --git a/Tests/LibCrypto/TestCurves.cpp b/Tests/LibCrypto/TestCurves.cpp index 4017bba52b..91189803d0 100644 --- a/Tests/LibCrypto/TestCurves.cpp +++ b/Tests/LibCrypto/TestCurves.cpp @@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ */ #include +#include #include #include #include @@ -160,3 +161,62 @@ TEST_CASE(test_x448) EXPECT_EQ(shared_alice, shared_bob); } + +TEST_CASE(test_secp256r1) +{ + // clang-format off + u8 alice_private_key_data[32] { + 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, + 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, + }; + + u8 alice_public_key_data[65] { + 0x04, + 0x6B, 0x17, 0xD1, 0xF2, 0xE1, 0x2C, 0x42, 0x47, 0xF8, 0xBC, 0xE6, 0xE5, 0x63, 0xA4, 0x40, 0xF2, + 0x77, 0x03, 0x7D, 0x81, 0x2D, 0xEB, 0x33, 0xA0, 0xF4, 0xA1, 0x39, 0x45, 0xD8, 0x98, 0xC2, 0x96, + 0x4F, 0xE3, 0x42, 0xE2, 0xFE, 0x1A, 0x7F, 0x9B, 0x8E, 0xE7, 0xEB, 0x4A, 0x7C, 0x0F, 0x9E, 0x16, + 0x2B, 0xCE, 0x33, 0x57, 0x6B, 0x31, 0x5E, 0xCE, 0xCB, 0xB6, 0x40, 0x68, 0x37, 0xBF, 0x51, 0xF5, + }; + + u8 bob_private_key_data[32] { + 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, + 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, + }; + + u8 bob_public_key_data[65] { + 0x04, + 0x7C, 0xF2, 0x7B, 0x18, 0x8D, 0x03, 0x4F, 0x7E, 0x8A, 0x52, 0x38, 0x03, 0x04, 0xB5, 0x1A, 0xC3, + 0xC0, 0x89, 0x69, 0xE2, 0x77, 0xF2, 0x1B, 0x35, 0xA6, 0x0B, 0x48, 0xFC, 0x47, 0x66, 0x99, 0x78, + 0x07, 0x77, 0x55, 0x10, 0xDB, 0x8E, 0xD0, 0x40, 0x29, 0x3D, 0x9A, 0xC6, 0x9F, 0x74, 0x30, 0xDB, + 0xBA, 0x7D, 0xAD, 0xE6, 0x3C, 0xE9, 0x82, 0x29, 0x9E, 0x04, 0xB7, 0x9D, 0x22, 0x78, 0x73, 0xD1, + }; + + u8 private_key_data[32] { + 0x01, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x1f, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x80, 0x1f, 0xff, 0xc0, 0xf8, 0x1f, + 0x01, 0xff, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x1f, 0xc0, 0x05, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xfc, + }; + + u8 expected_public_key_data[65] { + 0x04, + 0x34, 0xdf, 0xbc, 0x09, 0x40, 0x4c, 0x21, 0xe2, 0x50, 0xa9, 0xb4, 0x0f, 0xa8, 0x77, 0x28, 0x97, + 0xac, 0x63, 0xa0, 0x94, 0x87, 0x7d, 0xb6, 0x58, 0x62, 0xb6, 0x1b, 0xd1, 0x50, 0x7b, 0x34, 0xf3, + 0xcf, 0x6f, 0x8a, 0x87, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x99, 0xce, 0xae, 0xc8, 0x71, 0x48, 0xf1, 0x8c, 0x7e, 0x1e, + 0x0d, 0xa6, 0xe1, 0x65, 0xff, 0xc8, 0xed, 0x82, 0xab, 0xb6, 0x59, 0x55, 0x21, 0x5f, 0x77, 0xd3, + }; + // clang-format on + + ReadonlyBytes alice_private_key { alice_private_key_data, 32 }; + ReadonlyBytes alice_public_key { alice_public_key_data, 65 }; + ReadonlyBytes bob_private_key { bob_private_key_data, 32 }; + ReadonlyBytes bob_public_key { bob_public_key_data, 65 }; + + auto generated_alice_public = MUST(Crypto::Curves::SECP256r1::generate_public_key(alice_private_key)); + EXPECT_EQ(alice_public_key, generated_alice_public); + + auto generated_bob_public = MUST(Crypto::Curves::SECP256r1::generate_public_key(bob_private_key)); + EXPECT_EQ(bob_public_key, generated_bob_public); + + auto generated_public = MUST(Crypto::Curves::SECP256r1::generate_public_key({ private_key_data, 32 })); + ReadonlyBytes expected_public_key { expected_public_key_data, 65 }; + EXPECT_EQ(expected_public_key, generated_public); +} diff --git a/Userland/Libraries/LibCrypto/CMakeLists.txt b/Userland/Libraries/LibCrypto/CMakeLists.txt index ec703e4623..a7d707bf40 100644 --- a/Userland/Libraries/LibCrypto/CMakeLists.txt +++ b/Userland/Libraries/LibCrypto/CMakeLists.txt @@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ set(SOURCES Checksum/Adler32.cpp Checksum/CRC32.cpp Cipher/AES.cpp + Curves/SECP256r1.cpp Curves/X25519.cpp Curves/X448.cpp Hash/MD5.cpp diff --git a/Userland/Libraries/LibCrypto/Curves/SECP256r1.cpp b/Userland/Libraries/LibCrypto/Curves/SECP256r1.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d5164c9823 --- /dev/null +++ b/Userland/Libraries/LibCrypto/Curves/SECP256r1.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,429 @@ +/* + * Copyright (c) 2022, Michiel Visser + * + * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause + */ + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +namespace Crypto::Curves { + +static u256 import_big_endian(ReadonlyBytes data) +{ + VERIFY(data.size() == 32); + + u64 d = AK::convert_between_host_and_big_endian(ByteReader::load64(data.offset_pointer(0 * sizeof(u64)))); + u64 c = AK::convert_between_host_and_big_endian(ByteReader::load64(data.offset_pointer(1 * sizeof(u64)))); + u64 b = AK::convert_between_host_and_big_endian(ByteReader::load64(data.offset_pointer(2 * sizeof(u64)))); + u64 a = AK::convert_between_host_and_big_endian(ByteReader::load64(data.offset_pointer(3 * sizeof(u64)))); + + return u256 { u128 { a, b }, u128 { c, d } }; +} + +static void export_big_endian(u256 const& value, Bytes data) +{ + u64 a = AK::convert_between_host_and_big_endian(value.low().low()); + u64 b = AK::convert_between_host_and_big_endian(value.low().high()); + u64 c = AK::convert_between_host_and_big_endian(value.high().low()); + u64 d = AK::convert_between_host_and_big_endian(value.high().high()); + + ByteReader::store(data.offset_pointer(0 * sizeof(u64)), d); + ByteReader::store(data.offset_pointer(1 * sizeof(u64)), c); + ByteReader::store(data.offset_pointer(2 * sizeof(u64)), b); + ByteReader::store(data.offset_pointer(3 * sizeof(u64)), a); +} + +static u256 select(u256 const& left, u256 const& right, bool condition) +{ + // If condition = 0 return left else right + u256 mask = (u256)condition - 1; + + return (left & mask) | (right & ~mask); +} + +static u512 multiply(u256 const& left, u256 const& right) +{ + auto result = left.wide_multiply(right); + return { result.low, result.high }; +} + +u256 SECP256r1::modular_reduce(u256 const& value) +{ + // Add -prime % 2^256 = 2^224-2^192-2^96+1 + bool carry = false; + u256 other = value.addc(REDUCE_PRIME, carry); + + // Check for overflow + return select(value, other, carry); +} + +u256 SECP256r1::modular_reduce_order(u256 const& value) +{ + // Add -order % 2^256 + bool carry = false; + u256 other = value.addc(REDUCE_ORDER, carry); + + // Check for overflow + return select(value, other, carry); +} + +u256 SECP256r1::modular_add(u256 const& left, u256 const& right, bool carry_in) +{ + bool carry = carry_in; + u256 output = left.addc(right, carry); + + // If there is left carry, subtract p by adding 2^256 - p + u64 t = carry; + carry = false; + u256 addend { u128 { t, -(t << 32) }, u128 { -t, (t << 32) - (t << 1) } }; + output = output.addc(addend, carry); + + // If there is still left carry, subtract p by adding 2^256 - p + t = carry; + addend = { u128 { t, -(t << 32) }, u128 { -t, (t << 32) - (t << 1) } }; + return output + addend; +} + +u256 SECP256r1::modular_sub(u256 const& left, u256 const& right) +{ + bool borrow = false; + u256 output = left.subc(right, borrow); + + // If there is left borrow, add p by subtracting 2^256 - p + u64 t = borrow; + borrow = false; + u256 sub { u128 { t, -(t << 32) }, u128 { -t, (t << 32) - (t << 1) } }; + output = output.subc(sub, borrow); + + // If there is still left borrow, add p by subtracting 2^256 - p + t = borrow; + sub = { u128 { t, -(t << 32) }, u128 { -t, (t << 32) - (t << 1) } }; + return output - sub; +} + +u256 SECP256r1::modular_multiply(u256 const& left, u256 const& right) +{ + // Modular multiplication using the Montgomery method: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_modular_multiplication + // This requires that the inputs to this function are in Montgomery form. + + // T = left * right + u512 mult = multiply(left, right); + + // m = ((T mod R) * curve_p') + u512 m = multiply(mult.low(), PRIME_INVERSE_MOD_R); + + // mp = (m mod R) * curve_p + u512 mp = multiply(m.low(), PRIME); + + // t = (T + mp) + bool carry = false; + mult.low().addc(mp.low(), carry); + + // output = t / R + return modular_add(mult.high(), mp.high(), carry); +} + +u256 SECP256r1::modular_square(u256 const& value) +{ + return modular_multiply(value, value); +} + +u256 SECP256r1::to_montgomery(u256 const& value) +{ + return modular_multiply(value, R2_MOD_PRIME); +} + +u256 SECP256r1::from_montgomery(u256 const& value) +{ + return modular_multiply(value, ONE); +} + +u256 SECP256r1::modular_inverse(u256 const& value) +{ + // Modular inverse modulo the curve prime can be computed using Fermat's little theorem: a^(p-2) mod p = a^-1 mod p. + // Calculating a^(p-2) mod p can be done using the square-and-multiply exponentiation method, as p-2 is constant. + // + // p-2 = 2^256 - 2^224 + 2^192 + 2^96 - 3, or written as binary: + // 1111111111111111111111111111111100000000000000000000000000000001 + // 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 + // 0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111 + // 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101 + + u256 base = value; + + // 1 + u256 result = value; + base = modular_square(base); + + // 0 + base = modular_square(base); + + // 94*1 + for (auto i = 0; i < 94; i++) { + result = modular_multiply(result, base); + base = modular_square(base); + } + + // 96*0 + for (auto i = 0; i < 96; i++) { + base = modular_square(base); + } + + // 1 + result = modular_multiply(result, base); + base = modular_square(base); + + // 31*0 + for (auto i = 0; i < 31; i++) { + base = modular_square(base); + } + + // 32*1 + for (auto i = 0; i < 32; i++) { + result = modular_multiply(result, base); + base = modular_square(base); + } + + return result; +} + +void SECP256r1::point_double(JacobianPoint& output_point, JacobianPoint const& point) +{ + // Based on "Point Doubling" from http://point-at-infinity.org/ecc/Prime_Curve_Jacobian_Coordinates.html + + // if (Y == 0) + // return POINT_AT_INFINITY + if (point.y.is_zero_constant_time()) { + VERIFY_NOT_REACHED(); + } + + u256 temp; + + // Y2 = Y^2 + u256 y2 = modular_square(point.y); + + // S = 4*X*Y2 + u256 s = modular_multiply(point.x, y2); + s = modular_add(s, s); + s = modular_add(s, s); + + // M = 3*X^2 + a*Z^4 = 3*(X + Z^2)*(X - Z^2) + // This specific equation from https://github.com/earlephilhower/bearssl-esp8266/blob/6105635531027f5b298aa656d44be2289b2d434f/src/ec/ec_p256_m64.c#L811-L816 + // This simplification only works because a = -3 mod p + temp = modular_square(point.z); + u256 m = modular_add(point.x, temp); + temp = modular_sub(point.x, temp); + m = modular_multiply(m, temp); + temp = modular_add(m, m); + m = modular_add(m, temp); + + // X' = M^2 - 2*S + u256 xp = modular_square(m); + xp = modular_sub(xp, s); + xp = modular_sub(xp, s); + + // Y' = M*(S - X') - 8*Y2^2 + u256 yp = modular_sub(s, xp); + yp = modular_multiply(yp, m); + temp = modular_square(y2); + temp = modular_add(temp, temp); + temp = modular_add(temp, temp); + temp = modular_add(temp, temp); + yp = modular_sub(yp, temp); + + // Z' = 2*Y*Z + u256 zp = modular_multiply(point.y, point.z); + zp = modular_add(zp, zp); + + // return (X', Y', Z') + output_point.x = xp; + output_point.y = yp; + output_point.z = zp; +} + +void SECP256r1::point_add(JacobianPoint& output_point, JacobianPoint const& point_a, JacobianPoint const& point_b) +{ + // Based on "Point Addition" from http://point-at-infinity.org/ecc/Prime_Curve_Jacobian_Coordinates.html + if (point_a.x.is_zero_constant_time() && point_a.y.is_zero_constant_time() && point_a.z.is_zero_constant_time()) { + output_point.x = point_b.x; + output_point.y = point_b.y; + output_point.z = point_b.z; + return; + } + + u256 temp; + + temp = modular_square(point_b.z); + // U1 = X1*Z2^2 + u256 u1 = modular_multiply(point_a.x, temp); + // S1 = Y1*Z2^3 + u256 s1 = modular_multiply(point_a.y, temp); + s1 = modular_multiply(s1, point_b.z); + + temp = modular_square(point_a.z); + // U2 = X2*Z1^2 + u256 u2 = modular_multiply(point_b.x, temp); + // S2 = Y2*Z1^3 + u256 s2 = modular_multiply(point_b.y, temp); + s2 = modular_multiply(s2, point_a.z); + + // if (U1 == U2) + // if (S1 != S2) + // return POINT_AT_INFINITY + // else + // return POINT_DOUBLE(X1, Y1, Z1) + if (u1.is_equal_to_constant_time(u2)) { + if (s1.is_equal_to_constant_time(s2)) { + point_double(output_point, point_a); + return; + } else { + VERIFY_NOT_REACHED(); + } + } + + // H = U2 - U1 + u256 h = modular_sub(u2, u1); + u256 h2 = modular_square(h); + u256 h3 = modular_multiply(h2, h); + // R = S2 - S1 + u256 r = modular_sub(s2, s1); + // X3 = R^2 - H^3 - 2*U1*H^2 + u256 x3 = modular_square(r); + x3 = modular_sub(x3, h3); + temp = modular_multiply(u1, h2); + temp = modular_add(temp, temp); + x3 = modular_sub(x3, temp); + // Y3 = R*(U1*H^2 - X3) - S1*H^3 + u256 y3 = modular_multiply(u1, h2); + y3 = modular_sub(y3, x3); + y3 = modular_multiply(y3, r); + temp = modular_multiply(s1, h3); + y3 = modular_sub(y3, temp); + // Z3 = H*Z1*Z2 + u256 z3 = modular_multiply(h, point_a.z); + z3 = modular_multiply(z3, point_b.z); + // return (X3, Y3, Z3) + output_point.x = x3; + output_point.y = y3; + output_point.z = z3; +} + +void SECP256r1::convert_jacobian_to_affine(JacobianPoint& point) +{ + u256 temp; + // X' = X/Z^2 + temp = modular_square(point.z); + temp = modular_inverse(temp); + point.x = modular_multiply(point.x, temp); + // Y' = Y/Z^3 + temp = modular_square(point.z); + temp = modular_multiply(temp, point.z); + temp = modular_inverse(temp); + point.y = modular_multiply(point.y, temp); +} + +bool SECP256r1::is_point_on_curve(JacobianPoint const& point) +{ + // This check requires the point to be in Montgomery form, with Z=1 + u256 temp, temp2; + + // Calulcate Y^2 - X^3 - a*X - b = Y^2 - X^3 + 3*X - b + temp = modular_square(point.y); + temp2 = modular_square(point.x); + temp2 = modular_multiply(temp2, point.x); + temp = modular_sub(temp, temp2); + temp = modular_add(temp, point.x); + temp = modular_add(temp, point.x); + temp = modular_add(temp, point.x); + temp = modular_sub(temp, B_MONTGOMERY); + temp = modular_reduce(temp); + + return temp.is_zero_constant_time(); +} + +ErrorOr SECP256r1::generate_public_key(ReadonlyBytes a) +{ + // clang-format off + u8 generator_bytes[65] { + 0x04, + 0x6B, 0x17, 0xD1, 0xF2, 0xE1, 0x2C, 0x42, 0x47, 0xF8, 0xBC, 0xE6, 0xE5, 0x63, 0xA4, 0x40, 0xF2, + 0x77, 0x03, 0x7D, 0x81, 0x2D, 0xEB, 0x33, 0xA0, 0xF4, 0xA1, 0x39, 0x45, 0xD8, 0x98, 0xC2, 0x96, + 0x4F, 0xE3, 0x42, 0xE2, 0xFE, 0x1A, 0x7F, 0x9B, 0x8E, 0xE7, 0xEB, 0x4A, 0x7C, 0x0F, 0x9E, 0x16, + 0x2B, 0xCE, 0x33, 0x57, 0x6B, 0x31, 0x5E, 0xCE, 0xCB, 0xB6, 0x40, 0x68, 0x37, 0xBF, 0x51, 0xF5, + }; + // clang-format on + return compute_coordinate(a, { generator_bytes, 65 }); +} + +ErrorOr SECP256r1::compute_coordinate(ReadonlyBytes scalar_bytes, ReadonlyBytes point_bytes) +{ + VERIFY(scalar_bytes.size() == 32); + + u256 scalar = import_big_endian(scalar_bytes); + // FIXME: This will slightly bias the distribution of client secrets + scalar = modular_reduce_order(scalar); + if (scalar.is_zero_constant_time()) + return Error::from_string_literal("SECP256r1: scalar is zero"); + + // Make sure the point is uncompressed + if (point_bytes.size() != 65 || point_bytes[0] != 0x04) + return Error::from_string_literal("SECP256r1: point is not uncompressed format"); + + JacobianPoint point { + import_big_endian(point_bytes.slice(1, 32)), + import_big_endian(point_bytes.slice(33, 32)), + 1u, + }; + + // Convert the input point into Montgomery form + point.x = to_montgomery(point.x); + point.y = to_montgomery(point.y); + point.z = to_montgomery(point.z); + + // Check that the point is on the curve + if (!is_point_on_curve(point)) + return Error::from_string_literal("SECP256r1: point is not on the curve"); + + JacobianPoint result; + JacobianPoint temp_result; + + // Calculate the scalar times point multiplication in constant time + for (auto i = 0; i < 256; i++) { + point_add(temp_result, result, point); + + auto condition = (scalar & 1u) == 1u; + result.x = select(result.x, temp_result.x, condition); + result.y = select(result.y, temp_result.y, condition); + result.z = select(result.z, temp_result.z, condition); + + point_double(point, point); + scalar >>= 1u; + } + + // Convert from Jacobian coordinates back to Affine coordinates + convert_jacobian_to_affine(result); + + // Make sure the resulting point is on the curve + VERIFY(is_point_on_curve(result)); + + // Convert the result back from Montgomery form + result.x = from_montgomery(result.x); + result.y = from_montgomery(result.y); + // Final modular reduction on the coordinates + result.x = modular_reduce(result.x); + result.y = modular_reduce(result.y); + + // Export the values into an output buffer + auto buf = TRY(ByteBuffer::create_uninitialized(65)); + buf[0] = 0x04; + export_big_endian(result.x, buf.bytes().slice(1, 32)); + export_big_endian(result.y, buf.bytes().slice(33, 32)); + return buf; +} + +} diff --git a/Userland/Libraries/LibCrypto/Curves/SECP256r1.h b/Userland/Libraries/LibCrypto/Curves/SECP256r1.h new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1972cf9c10 --- /dev/null +++ b/Userland/Libraries/LibCrypto/Curves/SECP256r1.h @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +/* + * Copyright (c) 2022, Michiel Visser + * + * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause + */ + +#pragma once + +#include +#include + +namespace Crypto::Curves { + +struct JacobianPoint { + u256 x { 0u }; + u256 y { 0u }; + u256 z { 0u }; +}; + +class SECP256r1 { +public: + static ErrorOr generate_public_key(ReadonlyBytes a); + static ErrorOr compute_coordinate(ReadonlyBytes scalar_bytes, ReadonlyBytes point_bytes); + +private: + static u256 modular_reduce(u256 const& value); + static u256 modular_reduce_order(u256 const& value); + static u256 modular_add(u256 const& left, u256 const& right, bool carry_in = false); + static u256 modular_sub(u256 const& left, u256 const& right); + static u256 modular_multiply(u256 const& left, u256 const& right); + static u256 modular_square(u256 const& value); + static u256 to_montgomery(u256 const& value); + static u256 from_montgomery(u256 const& value); + static u256 modular_inverse(u256 const& value); + static void point_double(JacobianPoint& output_point, JacobianPoint const& point); + static void point_add(JacobianPoint& output_point, JacobianPoint const& point_a, JacobianPoint const& point_b); + static void convert_jacobian_to_affine(JacobianPoint& point); + static bool is_point_on_curve(JacobianPoint const& point); + + static constexpr u256 REDUCE_PRIME { u128 { 0x0000000000000001ull, 0xffffffff00000000ull }, u128 { 0xffffffffffffffffull, 0x00000000fffffffe } }; + static constexpr u256 REDUCE_ORDER { u128 { 0x0c46353d039cdaafull, 0x4319055258e8617bull }, u128 { 0x0000000000000000ull, 0x00000000ffffffff } }; + static constexpr u256 PRIME_INVERSE_MOD_R { u128 { 0x0000000000000001ull, 0x0000000100000000ull }, u128 { 0x0000000000000000ull, 0xffffffff00000002ull } }; + static constexpr u256 PRIME { u128 { 0xffffffffffffffffull, 0x00000000ffffffffull }, u128 { 0x0000000000000000ull, 0xffffffff00000001ull } }; + static constexpr u256 R2_MOD_PRIME { u128 { 0x0000000000000003ull, 0xfffffffbffffffffull }, u128 { 0xfffffffffffffffeull, 0x00000004fffffffdull } }; + static constexpr u256 ONE { 1u }; + static constexpr u256 B_MONTGOMERY { u128 { 0xd89cdf6229c4bddfull, 0xacf005cd78843090ull }, u128 { 0xe5a220abf7212ed6ull, 0xdc30061d04874834ull } }; +}; + +}