qobject atomics osdep: Make a few macros more hygienic

Variables declared in macros can shadow other variables.  Much of the
time, this is harmless, e.g.:

    #define _FDT(exp)                                                  \
        do {                                                           \
            int ret = (exp);                                           \
            if (ret < 0) {                                             \
                error_report("error creating device tree: %s: %s",   \
                        #exp, fdt_strerror(ret));                      \
                exit(1);                                               \
            }                                                          \
        } while (0)

Harmless shadowing in h_client_architecture_support():

        target_ulong ret;

        [...]

        ret = do_client_architecture_support(cpu, spapr, vec, fdt_bufsize);
        if (ret == H_SUCCESS) {
            _FDT((fdt_pack(spapr->fdt_blob)));
            [...]
        }

        return ret;

However, we can get in trouble when the shadowed variable is used in a
macro argument:

    #define QOBJECT(obj) ({                                 \
        typeof(obj) o = (obj);                              \
        o ? container_of(&(o)->base, QObject, base) : NULL; \
     })

QOBJECT(o) expands into

    ({
--->    typeof(o) o = (o);
        o ? container_of(&(o)->base, QObject, base) : NULL;
    })

Unintended variable name capture at --->.  We'd be saved by
-Winit-self.  But I could certainly construct more elaborate death
traps that don't trigger it.

To reduce the risk of trapping ourselves, we use variable names in
macros that no sane person would use elsewhere.  Here's our actual
definition of QOBJECT():

    #define QOBJECT(obj) ({                                         \
        typeof(obj) _obj = (obj);                                   \
        _obj ? container_of(&(_obj)->base, QObject, base) : NULL;   \
    })

Works well enough until we nest macro calls.  For instance, with

    #define qobject_ref(obj) ({                     \
        typeof(obj) _obj = (obj);                   \
        qobject_ref_impl(QOBJECT(_obj));            \
        _obj;                                       \
    })

the expression qobject_ref(obj) expands into

    ({
        typeof(obj) _obj = (obj);
        qobject_ref_impl(
            ({
--->            typeof(_obj) _obj = (_obj);
                _obj ? container_of(&(_obj)->base, QObject, base) : NULL;
            }));
        _obj;
    })

Unintended variable name capture at --->.

The only reliable way to prevent unintended variable name capture is
-Wshadow.

One blocker for enabling it is shadowing hiding in function-like
macros like

     qdict_put(dict, "name", qobject_ref(...))

qdict_put() wraps its last argument in QOBJECT(), and the last
argument here contains another QOBJECT().

Use dark preprocessor sorcery to make the macros that give us this
problem use different variable names on every call.

Signed-off-by: Markus Armbruster <armbru@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Blake <eblake@redhat.com>
Message-ID: <20230921121312.1301864-8-armbru@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Mathieu-Daudé <philmd@linaro.org>

include/qapi/qmp/qobject.h

@@ -45,10 +45,16 @@ struct QObject {
     struct QObjectBase_ base;
 };
 
-#define QOBJECT(obj) ({                                         \
+/*
+ * Preprocessor sorcery ahead: use a different identifier for the
+ * local variable in each expansion, so we can nest macro calls
+ * without shadowing variables.
+ */
+#define QOBJECT_INTERNAL(obj, _obj) ({                          \
     typeof(obj) _obj = (obj);                                   \
-    _obj ? container_of(&(_obj)->base, QObject, base) : NULL;   \
+    _obj ? container_of(&_obj->base, QObject, base) : NULL;     \
 })
+#define QOBJECT(obj) QOBJECT_INTERNAL((obj), MAKE_IDENTFIER(_obj))
 
 /* Required for qobject_to() */
 #define QTYPE_CAST_TO_QNull     QTYPE_QNULL

include/qemu/atomic.h

@@ -157,13 +157,20 @@
     smp_read_barrier_depends();
 #endif
 
-#define qatomic_rcu_read(ptr)                          \
-    ({                                                 \
+/*
+ * Preprocessor sorcery ahead: use a different identifier for the
+ * local variable in each expansion, so we can nest macro calls
+ * without shadowing variables.
+ */
+#define qatomic_rcu_read_internal(ptr, _val)            \
+    ({                                                  \
     qemu_build_assert(sizeof(*ptr) <= ATOMIC_REG_SIZE); \
-    typeof_strip_qual(*ptr) _val;                      \
-    qatomic_rcu_read__nocheck(ptr, &_val);             \
-    _val;                                              \
+    typeof_strip_qual(*ptr) _val;                       \
+    qatomic_rcu_read__nocheck(ptr, &_val);              \
+    _val;                                               \
     })
+#define qatomic_rcu_read(ptr) \
+    qatomic_rcu_read_internal((ptr), MAKE_IDENTFIER(_val))
 
 #define qatomic_rcu_set(ptr, i) do {                   \
     qemu_build_assert(sizeof(*ptr) <= ATOMIC_REG_SIZE); \

include/qemu/compiler.h

@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@
 #define tostring(s) #s
 #endif
 
+/* Expands into an identifier stemN, where N is another number each time */
+#define MAKE_IDENTFIER(stem) glue(stem, __COUNTER__)
+
 #ifndef likely
 #define likely(x)   __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)
 #define unlikely(x)   __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)

include/qemu/osdep.h

@@ -383,19 +383,28 @@ void QEMU_ERROR("code path is reachable")
  * determined by the pre-processor instead of the compiler, you'll
  * have to open-code it.  Sadly, Coverity is severely confused by the
  * constant variants, so we have to dumb things down there.
+ *
+ * Preprocessor sorcery ahead: use different identifiers for the local
+ * variables in each expansion, so we can nest macro calls without
+ * shadowing variables.
  */
-#undef MIN
-#define MIN(a, b)                                       \
+#define MIN_INTERNAL(a, b, _a, _b)                      \
     ({                                                  \
         typeof(1 ? (a) : (b)) _a = (a), _b = (b);       \
         _a < _b ? _a : _b;                              \
     })
-#undef MAX
-#define MAX(a, b)                                       \
+#undef MIN
+#define MIN(a, b) \
+    MIN_INTERNAL((a), (b), MAKE_IDENTFIER(_a), MAKE_IDENTFIER(_b))
+
+#define MAX_INTERNAL(a, b, _a, _b)                      \
     ({                                                  \
         typeof(1 ? (a) : (b)) _a = (a), _b = (b);       \
         _a > _b ? _a : _b;                              \
     })
+#undef MAX
+#define MAX(a, b) \
+    MAX_INTERNAL((a), (b), MAKE_IDENTFIER(_a), MAKE_IDENTFIER(_b))
 
 #ifdef __COVERITY__
 # define MIN_CONST(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
@@ -416,14 +425,18 @@ void QEMU_ERROR("code path is reachable")
 /*
  * Minimum function that returns zero only if both values are zero.
  * Intended for use with unsigned values only.
+ *
+ * Preprocessor sorcery ahead: use different identifiers for the local
+ * variables in each expansion, so we can nest macro calls without
+ * shadowing variables.
  */
-#ifndef MIN_NON_ZERO
-#define MIN_NON_ZERO(a, b)                              \
+#define MIN_NON_ZERO_INTERNAL(a, b, _a, _b)             \
     ({                                                  \
         typeof(1 ? (a) : (b)) _a = (a), _b = (b);       \
         _a == 0 ? _b : (_b == 0 || _b > _a) ? _a : _b;  \
     })
-#endif
+#define MIN_NON_ZERO(a, b) \
+    MIN_NON_ZERO_INTERNAL((a), (b), MAKE_IDENTFIER(_a), MAKE_IDENTFIER(_b))
 
 /*
  * Round number down to multiple. Safe when m is not a power of 2 (see