docs: Remove old texinfo sources

We can now delete the old .texi files, which we have been keeping in
the tree as a parallel set of documentation to the new rST sources.
The only remaining use of Texinfo is the autogenerated manuals
and HTML documents created from the QAPI JSON doc comments.

Signed-off-by: Peter Maydell <peter.maydell@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Alex Bennée <alex.bennee@linaro.org>
Reviewed-by: Kashyap Chamarthy <kchamart@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Alex Bennée <alex.bennee@linaro.org>
Message-id: 20200228153619.9906-33-peter.maydell@linaro.org
This commit is contained in:
Peter Maydell 2020-02-28 15:36:18 +00:00
parent 5b1d0e9249
commit 3a8273b1ab
31 changed files with 1 additions and 3586 deletions

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@ -215,7 +215,6 @@ S: Maintained
F: target/mips/
F: default-configs/*mips*
F: disas/*mips*
F: docs/system/cpu-models-mips.texi
F: docs/system/cpu-models-mips.rst.inc
F: hw/intc/mips_gic.c
F: hw/mips/
@ -321,7 +320,6 @@ F: tests/tcg/i386/
F: tests/tcg/x86_64/
F: hw/i386/
F: disas/i386.c
F: docs/system/cpu-models-x86.texi
F: docs/system/cpu-models-x86.rst.inc
T: git https://github.com/ehabkost/qemu.git x86-next
@ -2236,7 +2234,7 @@ M: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>
S: Maintained
F: trace/
F: trace-events
F: docs/system/qemu-option-trace.texi
F: docs/qemu-option-trace.rst.inc
F: scripts/tracetool.py
F: scripts/tracetool/
F: scripts/qemu-trace-stap*
@ -2806,7 +2804,6 @@ F: contrib/gitdm/*
Incompatible changes
R: libvir-list@redhat.com
F: docs/system/deprecated.texi
F: docs/system/deprecated.rst
Build System

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@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
@node Supported build platforms
@appendix Supported build platforms
QEMU aims to support building and executing on multiple host OS platforms.
This appendix outlines which platforms are the major build targets. These
platforms are used as the basis for deciding upon the minimum required
versions of 3rd party software QEMU depends on. The supported platforms
are the targets for automated testing performed by the project when patches
are submitted for review, and tested before and after merge.
If a platform is not listed here, it does not imply that QEMU won't work.
If an unlisted platform has comparable software versions to a listed platform,
there is every expectation that it will work. Bug reports are welcome for
problems encountered on unlisted platforms unless they are clearly older
vintage than what is described here.
Note that when considering software versions shipped in distros as support
targets, QEMU considers only the version number, and assumes the features in
that distro match the upstream release with the same version. In other words,
if a distro backports extra features to the software in their distro, QEMU
upstream code will not add explicit support for those backports, unless the
feature is auto-detectable in a manner that works for the upstream releases
too.
The Repology site @url{https://repology.org} is a useful resource to identify
currently shipped versions of software in various operating systems, though
it does not cover all distros listed below.
@section Linux OS
For distributions with frequent, short-lifetime releases, the project will
aim to support all versions that are not end of life by their respective
vendors. For the purposes of identifying supported software versions, the
project will look at Fedora, Ubuntu, and openSUSE distros. Other short-
lifetime distros will be assumed to ship similar software versions.
For distributions with long-lifetime releases, the project will aim to support
the most recent major version at all times. Support for the previous major
version will be dropped 2 years after the new major version is released,
or when it reaches ``end of life''. For the purposes of identifying
supported software versions, the project will look at RHEL, Debian,
Ubuntu LTS, and SLES distros. Other long-lifetime distros will be
assumed to ship similar software versions.
@section Windows
The project supports building with current versions of the MinGW toolchain,
hosted on Linux.
@section macOS
The project supports building with the two most recent versions of macOS, with
the current homebrew package set available.
@section FreeBSD
The project aims to support the all the versions which are not end of life.
@section NetBSD
The project aims to support the most recent major version at all times. Support
for the previous major version will be dropped 2 years after the new major
version is released.
@section OpenBSD
The project aims to support the all the versions which are not end of life.

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@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
@node recommendations_cpu_models_MIPS
@section Supported CPU model configurations on MIPS hosts
QEMU supports variety of MIPS CPU models:
@menu
* cpu_models_MIPS32:: Supported CPU models for MIPS32 hosts
* cpu_models_MIPS64:: Supported CPU models for MIPS64 hosts
* cpu_models_nanoMIPS:: Supported CPU models for nanoMIPS hosts
* preferred_cpu_models_MIPS:: Preferred CPU models for MIPS hosts
@end menu
@node cpu_models_MIPS32
@subsection Supported CPU models for MIPS32 hosts
The following CPU models are supported for use on MIPS32 hosts. Administrators /
applications are recommended to use the CPU model that matches the generation
of the host CPUs in use. In a deployment with a mixture of host CPU models
between machines, if live migration compatibility is required, use the newest
CPU model that is compatible across all desired hosts.
@table @option
@item @code{mips32r6-generic}
MIPS32 Processor (Release 6, 2015)
@item @code{P5600}
MIPS32 Processor (P5600, 2014)
@item @code{M14K}
@item @code{M14Kc}
MIPS32 Processor (M14K, 2009)
@item @code{74Kf}
MIPS32 Processor (74K, 2007)
@item @code{34Kf}
MIPS32 Processor (34K, 2006)
@item @code{24Kc}
@item @code{24KEc}
@item @code{24Kf}
MIPS32 Processor (24K, 2003)
@item @code{4Kc}
@item @code{4Km}
@item @code{4KEcR1}
@item @code{4KEmR1}
@item @code{4KEc}
@item @code{4KEm}
MIPS32 Processor (4K, 1999)
@end table
@node cpu_models_MIPS64
@subsection Supported CPU models for MIPS64 hosts
The following CPU models are supported for use on MIPS64 hosts. Administrators /
applications are recommended to use the CPU model that matches the generation
of the host CPUs in use. In a deployment with a mixture of host CPU models
between machines, if live migration compatibility is required, use the newest
CPU model that is compatible across all desired hosts.
@table @option
@item @code{I6400}
MIPS64 Processor (Release 6, 2014)
@item @code{Loongson-2F}
MIPS64 Processor (Loongson 2, 2008)
@item @code{Loongson-2E}
MIPS64 Processor (Loongson 2, 2006)
@item @code{mips64dspr2}
MIPS64 Processor (Release 2, 2006)
@item @code{MIPS64R2-generic}
@item @code{5KEc}
@item @code{5KEf}
MIPS64 Processor (Release 2, 2002)
@item @code{20Kc}
MIPS64 Processor (20K, 2000)
@item @code{5Kc}
@item @code{5Kf}
MIPS64 Processor (5K, 1999)
@item @code{VR5432}
MIPS64 Processor (VR, 1998)
@item @code{R4000}
MIPS64 Processor (MIPS III, 1991)
@end table
@node cpu_models_nanoMIPS
@subsection Supported CPU models for nanoMIPS hosts
The following CPU models are supported for use on nanoMIPS hosts. Administrators /
applications are recommended to use the CPU model that matches the generation
of the host CPUs in use. In a deployment with a mixture of host CPU models
between machines, if live migration compatibility is required, use the newest
CPU model that is compatible across all desired hosts.
@table @option
@item @code{I7200}
MIPS I7200 (nanoMIPS, 2018)
@end table
@node preferred_cpu_models_MIPS
@subsection Preferred CPU models for MIPS hosts
The following CPU models are preferred for use on different MIPS hosts:
@table @option
@item @code{MIPS III}
R4000
@item @code{MIPS32R2}
34Kf
@item @code{MIPS64R6}
I6400
@item @code{nanoMIPS}
I7200
@end table

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@ -1,482 +0,0 @@
@node cpu_models_x86
@section Recommendations for KVM CPU model configuration on x86 hosts
QEMU / KVM virtualization supports two ways to configure CPU models
@table @option
@item Host passthrough
This passes the host CPU model features, model, stepping, exactly to the
guest. Note that KVM may filter out some host CPU model features if they
cannot be supported with virtualization. Live migration is unsafe when
this mode is used as libvirt / QEMU cannot guarantee a stable CPU is
exposed to the guest across hosts. This is the recommended CPU to use,
provided live migration is not required.
@item Named model
QEMU comes with a number of predefined named CPU models, that typically
refer to specific generations of hardware released by Intel and AMD.
These allow the guest VMs to have a degree of isolation from the host CPU,
allowing greater flexibility in live migrating between hosts with differing
hardware.
@end table
In both cases, it is possible to optionally add or remove individual CPU
features, to alter what is presented to the guest by default.
Libvirt supports a third way to configure CPU models known as "Host model".
This uses the QEMU "Named model" feature, automatically picking a CPU model
that is similar the host CPU, and then adding extra features to approximate
the host model as closely as possible. This does not guarantee the CPU family,
stepping, etc will precisely match the host CPU, as they would with "Host
passthrough", but gives much of the benefit of passthrough, while making
live migration safe.
The information that follows provides recommendations for configuring
CPU models on x86 hosts. The goals are to maximise performance, while
protecting guest OS against various CPU hardware flaws, and optionally
enabling live migration between hosts with heterogeneous CPU models.
@menu
* preferred_cpu_models_intel_x86:: Preferred CPU models for Intel x86 hosts
* important_cpu_features_intel_x86:: Important CPU features for Intel x86 hosts
* preferred_cpu_models_amd_x86:: Preferred CPU models for AMD x86 hosts
* important_cpu_features_amd_x86:: Important CPU features for AMD x86 hosts
* default_cpu_models_x86:: Default x86 CPU models
* other_non_recommended_cpu_models_x86:: Other non-recommended x86 CPUs
* cpu_model_syntax_apps:: Syntax for configuring CPU models
@end menu
@node preferred_cpu_models_intel_x86
@subsection Preferred CPU models for Intel x86 hosts
The following CPU models are preferred for use on Intel hosts. Administrators /
applications are recommended to use the CPU model that matches the generation
of the host CPUs in use. In a deployment with a mixture of host CPU models
between machines, if live migration compatibility is required, use the newest
CPU model that is compatible across all desired hosts.
@table @option
@item @code{Skylake-Server}
@item @code{Skylake-Server-IBRS}
Intel Xeon Processor (Skylake, 2016)
@item @code{Skylake-Client}
@item @code{Skylake-Client-IBRS}
Intel Core Processor (Skylake, 2015)
@item @code{Broadwell}
@item @code{Broadwell-IBRS}
@item @code{Broadwell-noTSX}
@item @code{Broadwell-noTSX-IBRS}
Intel Core Processor (Broadwell, 2014)
@item @code{Haswell}
@item @code{Haswell-IBRS}
@item @code{Haswell-noTSX}
@item @code{Haswell-noTSX-IBRS}
Intel Core Processor (Haswell, 2013)
@item @code{IvyBridge}
@item @code{IvyBridge-IBRS}
Intel Xeon E3-12xx v2 (Ivy Bridge, 2012)
@item @code{SandyBridge}
@item @code{SandyBridge-IBRS}
Intel Xeon E312xx (Sandy Bridge, 2011)
@item @code{Westmere}
@item @code{Westmere-IBRS}
Westmere E56xx/L56xx/X56xx (Nehalem-C, 2010)
@item @code{Nehalem}
@item @code{Nehalem-IBRS}
Intel Core i7 9xx (Nehalem Class Core i7, 2008)
@item @code{Penryn}
Intel Core 2 Duo P9xxx (Penryn Class Core 2, 2007)
@item @code{Conroe}
Intel Celeron_4x0 (Conroe/Merom Class Core 2, 2006)
@end table
@node important_cpu_features_intel_x86
@subsection Important CPU features for Intel x86 hosts
The following are important CPU features that should be used on Intel x86
hosts, when available in the host CPU. Some of them require explicit
configuration to enable, as they are not included by default in some, or all,
of the named CPU models listed above. In general all of these features are
included if using "Host passthrough" or "Host model".
@table @option
@item @code{pcid}
Recommended to mitigate the cost of the Meltdown (CVE-2017-5754) fix
Included by default in Haswell, Broadwell & Skylake Intel CPU models.
Should be explicitly turned on for Westmere, SandyBridge, and IvyBridge
Intel CPU models. Note that some desktop/mobile Westmere CPUs cannot
support this feature.
@item @code{spec-ctrl}
Required to enable the Spectre v2 (CVE-2017-5715) fix.
Included by default in Intel CPU models with -IBRS suffix.
Must be explicitly turned on for Intel CPU models without -IBRS suffix.
Requires the host CPU microcode to support this feature before it
can be used for guest CPUs.
@item @code{stibp}
Required to enable stronger Spectre v2 (CVE-2017-5715) fixes in some
operating systems.
Must be explicitly turned on for all Intel CPU models.
Requires the host CPU microcode to support this feature before it
can be used for guest CPUs.
@item @code{ssbd}
Required to enable the CVE-2018-3639 fix
Not included by default in any Intel CPU model.
Must be explicitly turned on for all Intel CPU models.
Requires the host CPU microcode to support this feature before it
can be used for guest CPUs.
@item @code{pdpe1gb}
Recommended to allow guest OS to use 1GB size pages
Not included by default in any Intel CPU model.
Should be explicitly turned on for all Intel CPU models.
Note that not all CPU hardware will support this feature.
@item @code{md-clear}
Required to confirm the MDS (CVE-2018-12126, CVE-2018-12127, CVE-2018-12130,
CVE-2019-11091) fixes.
Not included by default in any Intel CPU model.
Must be explicitly turned on for all Intel CPU models.
Requires the host CPU microcode to support this feature before it
can be used for guest CPUs.
@end table
@node preferred_cpu_models_amd_x86
@subsection Preferred CPU models for AMD x86 hosts
The following CPU models are preferred for use on Intel hosts. Administrators /
applications are recommended to use the CPU model that matches the generation
of the host CPUs in use. In a deployment with a mixture of host CPU models
between machines, if live migration compatibility is required, use the newest
CPU model that is compatible across all desired hosts.
@table @option
@item @code{EPYC}
@item @code{EPYC-IBPB}
AMD EPYC Processor (2017)
@item @code{Opteron_G5}
AMD Opteron 63xx class CPU (2012)
@item @code{Opteron_G4}
AMD Opteron 62xx class CPU (2011)
@item @code{Opteron_G3}
AMD Opteron 23xx (Gen 3 Class Opteron, 2009)
@item @code{Opteron_G2}
AMD Opteron 22xx (Gen 2 Class Opteron, 2006)
@item @code{Opteron_G1}
AMD Opteron 240 (Gen 1 Class Opteron, 2004)
@end table
@node important_cpu_features_amd_x86
@subsection Important CPU features for AMD x86 hosts
The following are important CPU features that should be used on AMD x86
hosts, when available in the host CPU. Some of them require explicit
configuration to enable, as they are not included by default in some, or all,
of the named CPU models listed above. In general all of these features are
included if using "Host passthrough" or "Host model".
@table @option
@item @code{ibpb}
Required to enable the Spectre v2 (CVE-2017-5715) fix.
Included by default in AMD CPU models with -IBPB suffix.
Must be explicitly turned on for AMD CPU models without -IBPB suffix.
Requires the host CPU microcode to support this feature before it
can be used for guest CPUs.
@item @code{stibp}
Required to enable stronger Spectre v2 (CVE-2017-5715) fixes in some
operating systems.
Must be explicitly turned on for all AMD CPU models.
Requires the host CPU microcode to support this feature before it
can be used for guest CPUs.
@item @code{virt-ssbd}
Required to enable the CVE-2018-3639 fix
Not included by default in any AMD CPU model.
Must be explicitly turned on for all AMD CPU models.
This should be provided to guests, even if amd-ssbd is also
provided, for maximum guest compatibility.
Note for some QEMU / libvirt versions, this must be force enabled
when when using "Host model", because this is a virtual feature
that doesn't exist in the physical host CPUs.
@item @code{amd-ssbd}
Required to enable the CVE-2018-3639 fix
Not included by default in any AMD CPU model.
Must be explicitly turned on for all AMD CPU models.
This provides higher performance than virt-ssbd so should be
exposed to guests whenever available in the host. virt-ssbd
should none the less also be exposed for maximum guest
compatibility as some kernels only know about virt-ssbd.
@item @code{amd-no-ssb}
Recommended to indicate the host is not vulnerable CVE-2018-3639
Not included by default in any AMD CPU model.
Future hardware generations of CPU will not be vulnerable to
CVE-2018-3639, and thus the guest should be told not to enable
its mitigations, by exposing amd-no-ssb. This is mutually
exclusive with virt-ssbd and amd-ssbd.
@item @code{pdpe1gb}
Recommended to allow guest OS to use 1GB size pages
Not included by default in any AMD CPU model.
Should be explicitly turned on for all AMD CPU models.
Note that not all CPU hardware will support this feature.
@end table
@node default_cpu_models_x86
@subsection Default x86 CPU models
The default QEMU CPU models are designed such that they can run on all hosts.
If an application does not wish to do perform any host compatibility checks
before launching guests, the default is guaranteed to work.
The default CPU models will, however, leave the guest OS vulnerable to various
CPU hardware flaws, so their use is strongly discouraged. Applications should
follow the earlier guidance to setup a better CPU configuration, with host
passthrough recommended if live migration is not needed.
@table @option
@item @code{qemu32}
@item @code{qemu64}
QEMU Virtual CPU version 2.5+ (32 & 64 bit variants)
qemu64 is used for x86_64 guests and qemu32 is used for i686 guests, when no
-cpu argument is given to QEMU, or no <cpu> is provided in libvirt XML.
@end table
@node other_non_recommended_cpu_models_x86
@subsection Other non-recommended x86 CPUs
The following CPUs models are compatible with most AMD and Intel x86 hosts, but
their usage is discouraged, as they expose a very limited featureset, which
prevents guests having optimal performance.
@table @option
@item @code{kvm32}
@item @code{kvm64}
Common KVM processor (32 & 64 bit variants)
Legacy models just for historical compatibility with ancient QEMU versions.
@item @code{486}
@item @code{athlon}
@item @code{phenom}
@item @code{coreduo}
@item @code{core2duo}
@item @code{n270}
@item @code{pentium}
@item @code{pentium2}
@item @code{pentium3}
Various very old x86 CPU models, mostly predating the introduction of
hardware assisted virtualization, that should thus not be required for
running virtual machines.
@end table
@node cpu_model_syntax_apps
@subsection Syntax for configuring CPU models
The example below illustrate the approach to configuring the various
CPU models / features in QEMU and libvirt.
QEMU command line:
@table @option
@item Host passthrough
@example
$ @value{qemu_system_x86} -cpu host
@end example
With feature customization:
@example
$ @value{qemu_system_x86} -cpu host,-vmx,...
@end example
@item Named CPU models
@example
$ @value{qemu_system_x86} -cpu Westmere
@end example
With feature customization:
@example
$ @value{qemu_system_x86} -cpu Westmere,+pcid,...
@end example
@end table
Libvirt guest XML:
@table @option
@item Host passthrough
@example
<cpu mode='host-passthrough'/>
@end example
With feature customization:
@example
<cpu mode='host-passthrough'>
<feature name="vmx" policy="disable"/>
...
</cpu>
@end example
@item Host model
@example
<cpu mode='host-model'/>
@end example
With feature customization:
@example
<cpu mode='host-model'>
<feature name="vmx" policy="disable"/>
...
</cpu>
@end example
@item Named model
@example
<cpu mode='custom'>
<model name="Westmere"/>
</cpu>
@end example
With feature customization:
@example
<cpu mode='custom'>
<model name="Westmere"/>
<feature name="pcid" policy="require"/>
...
</cpu>
@end example
@end table

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@ -1,377 +0,0 @@
@node Deprecated features
@appendix Deprecated features
In general features are intended to be supported indefinitely once
introduced into QEMU. In the event that a feature needs to be removed,
it will be listed in this appendix. The feature will remain functional
for 2 releases prior to actual removal. Deprecated features may also
generate warnings on the console when QEMU starts up, or if activated
via a monitor command, however, this is not a mandatory requirement.
Prior to the 2.10.0 release there was no official policy on how
long features would be deprecated prior to their removal, nor
any documented list of which features were deprecated. Thus
any features deprecated prior to 2.10.0 will be treated as if
they were first deprecated in the 2.10.0 release.
What follows is a list of all features currently marked as
deprecated.
@section System emulator command line arguments
@subsection -machine enforce-config-section=on|off (since 3.1)
The @option{enforce-config-section} parameter is replaced by the
@option{-global migration.send-configuration=@var{on|off}} option.
@subsection -no-kvm (since 1.3.0)
The ``-no-kvm'' argument is now a synonym for setting ``-accel tcg''.
@subsection -usbdevice (since 2.10.0)
The ``-usbdevice DEV'' argument is now a synonym for setting
the ``-device usb-DEV'' argument instead. The deprecated syntax
would automatically enable USB support on the machine type.
If using the new syntax, USB support must be explicitly
enabled via the ``-machine usb=on'' argument.
@subsection -drive file=json:@{...@{'driver':'file'@}@} (since 3.0)
The 'file' driver for drives is no longer appropriate for character or host
devices and will only accept regular files (S_IFREG). The correct driver
for these file types is 'host_cdrom' or 'host_device' as appropriate.
@subsection -net ...,name=@var{name} (since 3.1)
The @option{name} parameter of the @option{-net} option is a synonym
for the @option{id} parameter, which should now be used instead.
@subsection -smp (invalid topologies) (since 3.1)
CPU topology properties should describe whole machine topology including
possible CPUs.
However, historically it was possible to start QEMU with an incorrect topology
where @math{@var{n} <= @var{sockets} * @var{cores} * @var{threads} < @var{maxcpus}},
which could lead to an incorrect topology enumeration by the guest.
Support for invalid topologies will be removed, the user must ensure
topologies described with -smp include all possible cpus, i.e.
@math{@var{sockets} * @var{cores} * @var{threads} = @var{maxcpus}}.
@subsection -vnc acl (since 4.0.0)
The @code{acl} option to the @code{-vnc} argument has been replaced
by the @code{tls-authz} and @code{sasl-authz} options.
@subsection QEMU_AUDIO_ environment variables and -audio-help (since 4.0)
The ``-audiodev'' argument is now the preferred way to specify audio
backend settings instead of environment variables. To ease migration to
the new format, the ``-audiodev-help'' option can be used to convert
the current values of the environment variables to ``-audiodev'' options.
@subsection Creating sound card devices and vnc without audiodev= property (since 4.2)
When not using the deprecated legacy audio config, each sound card
should specify an @code{audiodev=} property. Additionally, when using
vnc, you should specify an @code{audiodev=} propery if you plan to
transmit audio through the VNC protocol.
@subsection -mon ...,control=readline,pretty=on|off (since 4.1)
The @code{pretty=on|off} switch has no effect for HMP monitors, but is
silently ignored. Using the switch with HMP monitors will become an
error in the future.
@subsection -realtime (since 4.1)
The @code{-realtime mlock=on|off} argument has been replaced by the
@code{-overcommit mem-lock=on|off} argument.
@subsection -numa node,mem=@var{size} (since 4.1)
The parameter @option{mem} of @option{-numa node} is used to assign a part of
guest RAM to a NUMA node. But when using it, it's impossible to manage specified
RAM chunk on the host side (like bind it to a host node, setting bind policy, ...),
so guest end-ups with the fake NUMA configuration with suboptiomal performance.
However since 2014 there is an alternative way to assign RAM to a NUMA node
using parameter @option{memdev}, which does the same as @option{mem} and adds
means to actualy manage node RAM on the host side. Use parameter @option{memdev}
with @var{memory-backend-ram} backend as an replacement for parameter @option{mem}
to achieve the same fake NUMA effect or a properly configured
@var{memory-backend-file} backend to actually benefit from NUMA configuration.
In future new machine versions will not accept the option but it will still
work with old machine types. User can check QAPI schema to see if the legacy
option is supported by looking at MachineInfo::numa-mem-supported property.
@subsection -numa node (without memory specified) (since 4.1)
Splitting RAM by default between NUMA nodes has the same issues as @option{mem}
parameter described above with the difference that the role of the user plays
QEMU using implicit generic or board specific splitting rule.
Use @option{memdev} with @var{memory-backend-ram} backend or @option{mem} (if
it's supported by used machine type) to define mapping explictly instead.
@subsection RISC-V -bios (since 4.1)
QEMU 4.1 introduced support for the -bios option in QEMU for RISC-V for the
RISC-V virt machine and sifive_u machine.
QEMU 4.1 has no changes to the default behaviour to avoid breakages. This
default will change in a future QEMU release, so please prepare now. All users
of the virt or sifive_u machine must change their command line usage.
QEMU 4.1 has three options, please migrate to one of these three:
1. ``-bios none`` - This is the current default behavior if no -bios option
is included. QEMU will not automatically load any firmware. It is up
to the user to load all the images they need.
2. ``-bios default`` - In a future QEMU release this will become the default
behaviour if no -bios option is specified. This option will load the
default OpenSBI firmware automatically. The firmware is included with
the QEMU release and no user interaction is required. All a user needs
to do is specify the kernel they want to boot with the -kernel option
3. ``-bios <file>`` - Tells QEMU to load the specified file as the firmwrae.
@subsection -tb-size option (since 5.0)
QEMU 5.0 introduced an alternative syntax to specify the size of the translation
block cache, @option{-accel tcg,tb-size=}. The new syntax deprecates the
previously available @option{-tb-size} option.
@subsection -show-cursor option (since 5.0)
Use @option{-display sdl,show-cursor=on} or
@option{-display gtk,show-cursor=on} instead.
@section QEMU Machine Protocol (QMP) commands
@subsection change (since 2.5.0)
Use ``blockdev-change-medium'' or ``change-vnc-password'' instead.
@subsection migrate_set_downtime and migrate_set_speed (since 2.8.0)
Use ``migrate-set-parameters'' instead.
@subsection migrate-set-cache-size and query-migrate-cache-size (since 2.11.0)
Use ``migrate-set-parameters'' and ``query-migrate-parameters'' instead.
@subsection query-block result field dirty-bitmaps[i].status (since 4.0)
The ``status'' field of the ``BlockDirtyInfo'' structure, returned by
the query-block command is deprecated. Two new boolean fields,
``recording'' and ``busy'' effectively replace it.
@subsection query-block result field dirty-bitmaps (Since 4.2)
The ``dirty-bitmaps`` field of the ``BlockInfo`` structure, returned by
the query-block command is itself now deprecated. The ``dirty-bitmaps``
field of the ``BlockDeviceInfo`` struct should be used instead, which is the
type of the ``inserted`` field in query-block replies, as well as the
type of array items in query-named-block-nodes.
Since the ``dirty-bitmaps`` field is optionally present in both the old and
new locations, clients must use introspection to learn where to anticipate
the field if/when it does appear in command output.
@subsection query-cpus (since 2.12.0)
The ``query-cpus'' command is replaced by the ``query-cpus-fast'' command.
@subsection query-cpus-fast "arch" output member (since 3.0.0)
The ``arch'' output member of the ``query-cpus-fast'' command is
replaced by the ``target'' output member.
@subsection cpu-add (since 4.0)
Use ``device_add'' for hotplugging vCPUs instead of ``cpu-add''. See
documentation of ``query-hotpluggable-cpus'' for additional
details.
@subsection query-events (since 4.0)
The ``query-events'' command has been superseded by the more powerful
and accurate ``query-qmp-schema'' command.
@subsection chardev client socket with 'wait' option (since 4.0)
Character devices creating sockets in client mode should not specify
the 'wait' field, which is only applicable to sockets in server mode
@section Human Monitor Protocol (HMP) commands
@subsection The hub_id parameter of 'hostfwd_add' / 'hostfwd_remove' (since 3.1)
The @option{[hub_id name]} parameter tuple of the 'hostfwd_add' and
'hostfwd_remove' HMP commands has been replaced by @option{netdev_id}.
@subsection cpu-add (since 4.0)
Use ``device_add'' for hotplugging vCPUs instead of ``cpu-add''. See
documentation of ``query-hotpluggable-cpus'' for additional details.
@subsection acl_show, acl_reset, acl_policy, acl_add, acl_remove (since 4.0.0)
The ``acl_show'', ``acl_reset'', ``acl_policy'', ``acl_add'', and
``acl_remove'' commands are deprecated with no replacement. Authorization
for VNC should be performed using the pluggable QAuthZ objects.
@section Guest Emulator ISAs
@subsection RISC-V ISA privledge specification version 1.09.1 (since 4.1)
The RISC-V ISA privledge specification version 1.09.1 has been deprecated.
QEMU supports both the newer version 1.10.0 and the ratified version 1.11.0, these
should be used instead of the 1.09.1 version.
@section System emulator CPUS
@subsection RISC-V ISA CPUs (since 4.1)
The RISC-V cpus with the ISA version in the CPU name have been depcreated. The
four CPUs are: ``rv32gcsu-v1.9.1``, ``rv32gcsu-v1.10.0``, ``rv64gcsu-v1.9.1`` and
``rv64gcsu-v1.10.0``. Instead the version can be specified via the CPU ``priv_spec``
option when using the ``rv32`` or ``rv64`` CPUs.
@subsection RISC-V ISA CPUs (since 4.1)
The RISC-V no MMU cpus have been depcreated. The two CPUs: ``rv32imacu-nommu`` and
``rv64imacu-nommu`` should no longer be used. Instead the MMU status can be specified
via the CPU ``mmu`` option when using the ``rv32`` or ``rv64`` CPUs.
@section System emulator devices
@subsection ide-drive (since 4.2)
The 'ide-drive' device is deprecated. Users should use 'ide-hd' or
'ide-cd' as appropriate to get an IDE hard disk or CD-ROM as needed.
@subsection scsi-disk (since 4.2)
The 'scsi-disk' device is deprecated. Users should use 'scsi-hd' or
'scsi-cd' as appropriate to get a SCSI hard disk or CD-ROM as needed.
@section System emulator machines
@subsection mips r4k platform (since 5.0)
This machine type is very old and unmaintained. Users should use the 'malta'
machine type instead.
@subsection pc-1.0, pc-1.1, pc-1.2 and pc-1.3 (since 5.0)
These machine types are very old and likely can not be used for live migration
from old QEMU versions anymore. A newer machine type should be used instead.
@subsection spike_v1.9.1 and spike_v1.10 (since 4.1)
The version specific Spike machines have been deprecated in favour of the
generic ``spike`` machine. If you need to specify an older version of the RISC-V
spec you can use the ``-cpu rv64gcsu,priv_spec=v1.9.1`` command line argument.
@section Device options
@subsection Emulated device options
@subsubsection -device virtio-blk,scsi=on|off (since 5.0.0)
The virtio-blk SCSI passthrough feature is a legacy VIRTIO feature. VIRTIO 1.0
and later do not support it because the virtio-scsi device was introduced for
full SCSI support. Use virtio-scsi instead when SCSI passthrough is required.
Note this also applies to ``-device virtio-blk-pci,scsi=on|off'', which is an
alias.
@subsection Block device options
@subsubsection "backing": "" (since 2.12.0)
In order to prevent QEMU from automatically opening an image's backing
chain, use ``"backing": null'' instead.
@subsubsection rbd keyvalue pair encoded filenames: "" (since 3.1.0)
Options for ``rbd'' should be specified according to its runtime options,
like other block drivers. Legacy parsing of keyvalue pair encoded
filenames is useful to open images with the old format for backing files;
These image files should be updated to use the current format.
Example of legacy encoding:
@code{json:@{"file.driver":"rbd", "file.filename":"rbd:rbd/name"@}}
The above, converted to the current supported format:
@code{json:@{"file.driver":"rbd", "file.pool":"rbd", "file.image":"name"@}}
@section Related binaries
@subsection qemu-img convert -n -o (since 4.2.0)
All options specified in @option{-o} are image creation options, so
they have no effect when used with @option{-n} to skip image creation.
Silently ignored options can be confusing, so this combination of
options will be made an error in future versions.
@section Backwards compatibility
@subsection Runnability guarantee of CPU models (since 4.1.0)
Previous versions of QEMU never changed existing CPU models in
ways that introduced additional host software or hardware
requirements to the VM. This allowed management software to
safely change the machine type of an existing VM without
introducing new requirements ("runnability guarantee"). This
prevented CPU models from being updated to include CPU
vulnerability mitigations, leaving guests vulnerable in the
default configuration.
The CPU model runnability guarantee won't apply anymore to
existing CPU models. Management software that needs runnability
guarantees must resolve the CPU model aliases using te
``alias-of'' field returned by the ``query-cpu-definitions'' QMP
command.
While those guarantees are kept, the return value of
``query-cpu-definitions'' will have existing CPU model aliases
point to a version that doesn't break runnability guarantees
(specifically, version 1 of those CPU models). In future QEMU
versions, aliases will point to newer CPU model versions
depending on the machine type, so management software must
resolve CPU model aliases before starting a virtual machine.
@node Recently removed features
@appendix Recently removed features
What follows is a record of recently removed, formerly deprecated
features that serves as a record for users who have encountered
trouble after a recent upgrade.
@section QEMU Machine Protocol (QMP) commands
@subsection block-dirty-bitmap-add "autoload" parameter (since 4.2.0)
The "autoload" parameter has been ignored since 2.12.0. All bitmaps
are automatically loaded from qcow2 images.
@section Related binaries
@subsection qemu-nbd --partition (removed in 5.0.0)
The ``qemu-nbd --partition $digit'' code (also spelled @option{-P})
could only handle MBR partitions, and never correctly handled logical
partitions beyond partition 5. Exporting a partition can still be
done by utilizing the @option{--image-opts} option with a raw blockdev
using the @code{offset} and @code{size} parameters layered on top of
any other existing blockdev. For example, if partition 1 is 100MiB
long starting at 1MiB, the old command:
@code{qemu-nbd -t -P 1 -f qcow2 file.qcow2}
can be rewritten as:
@code{qemu-nbd -t --image-opts driver=raw,offset=1M,size=100M,file.driver=qcow2,file.file.driver=file,file.file.filename=file.qcow2}

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@node gdb_usage
@section GDB usage
QEMU has a primitive support to work with gdb, so that you can do
'Ctrl-C' while the virtual machine is running and inspect its state.
In order to use gdb, launch QEMU with the '-s' option. It will wait for a
gdb connection:
@example
@value{qemu_system} -s -kernel bzImage -hda rootdisk.img -append "root=/dev/hda"
Connected to host network interface: tun0
Waiting gdb connection on port 1234
@end example
Then launch gdb on the 'vmlinux' executable:
@example
> gdb vmlinux
@end example
In gdb, connect to QEMU:
@example
(gdb) target remote localhost:1234
@end example
Then you can use gdb normally. For example, type 'c' to launch the kernel:
@example
(gdb) c
@end example
Here are some useful tips in order to use gdb on system code:
@enumerate
@item
Use @code{info reg} to display all the CPU registers.
@item
Use @code{x/10i $eip} to display the code at the PC position.
@item
Use @code{set architecture i8086} to dump 16 bit code. Then use
@code{x/10i $cs*16+$eip} to dump the code at the PC position.
@end enumerate
Advanced debugging options:
The default single stepping behavior is step with the IRQs and timer service routines off. It is set this way because when gdb executes a single step it expects to advance beyond the current instruction. With the IRQs and timer service routines on, a single step might jump into the one of the interrupt or exception vectors instead of executing the current instruction. This means you may hit the same breakpoint a number of times before executing the instruction gdb wants to have executed. Because there are rare circumstances where you want to single step into an interrupt vector the behavior can be controlled from GDB. There are three commands you can query and set the single step behavior:
@table @code
@item maintenance packet qqemu.sstepbits
This will display the MASK bits used to control the single stepping IE:
@example
(gdb) maintenance packet qqemu.sstepbits
sending: "qqemu.sstepbits"
received: "ENABLE=1,NOIRQ=2,NOTIMER=4"
@end example
@item maintenance packet qqemu.sstep
This will display the current value of the mask used when single stepping IE:
@example
(gdb) maintenance packet qqemu.sstep
sending: "qqemu.sstep"
received: "0x7"
@end example
@item maintenance packet Qqemu.sstep=HEX_VALUE
This will change the single step mask, so if wanted to enable IRQs on the single step, but not timers, you would use:
@example
(gdb) maintenance packet Qqemu.sstep=0x5
sending: "qemu.sstep=0x5"
received: "OK"
@end example
@end table

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@node disk_images
@section Disk Images
QEMU supports many disk image formats, including growable disk images
(their size increase as non empty sectors are written), compressed and
encrypted disk images.
@menu
* disk_images_quickstart:: Quick start for disk image creation
* disk_images_snapshot_mode:: Snapshot mode
* vm_snapshots:: VM snapshots
@end menu
@node disk_images_quickstart
@subsection Quick start for disk image creation
You can create a disk image with the command:
@example
qemu-img create myimage.img mysize
@end example
where @var{myimage.img} is the disk image filename and @var{mysize} is its
size in kilobytes. You can add an @code{M} suffix to give the size in
megabytes and a @code{G} suffix for gigabytes.
@c When this document is converted to rst we should make this into
@c a proper linked reference to the qemu-img documentation again:
See the qemu-img invocation documentation for more information.
@node disk_images_snapshot_mode
@subsection Snapshot mode
If you use the option @option{-snapshot}, all disk images are
considered as read only. When sectors in written, they are written in
a temporary file created in @file{/tmp}. You can however force the
write back to the raw disk images by using the @code{commit} monitor
command (or @key{C-a s} in the serial console).
@node vm_snapshots
@subsection VM snapshots
VM snapshots are snapshots of the complete virtual machine including
CPU state, RAM, device state and the content of all the writable
disks. In order to use VM snapshots, you must have at least one non
removable and writable block device using the @code{qcow2} disk image
format. Normally this device is the first virtual hard drive.
Use the monitor command @code{savevm} to create a new VM snapshot or
replace an existing one. A human readable name can be assigned to each
snapshot in addition to its numerical ID.
Use @code{loadvm} to restore a VM snapshot and @code{delvm} to remove
a VM snapshot. @code{info snapshots} lists the available snapshots
with their associated information:
@example
(qemu) info snapshots
Snapshot devices: hda
Snapshot list (from hda):
ID TAG VM SIZE DATE VM CLOCK
1 start 41M 2006-08-06 12:38:02 00:00:14.954
2 40M 2006-08-06 12:43:29 00:00:18.633
3 msys 40M 2006-08-06 12:44:04 00:00:23.514
@end example
A VM snapshot is made of a VM state info (its size is shown in
@code{info snapshots}) and a snapshot of every writable disk image.
The VM state info is stored in the first @code{qcow2} non removable
and writable block device. The disk image snapshots are stored in
every disk image. The size of a snapshot in a disk image is difficult
to evaluate and is not shown by @code{info snapshots} because the
associated disk sectors are shared among all the snapshots to save
disk space (otherwise each snapshot would need a full copy of all the
disk images).
When using the (unrelated) @code{-snapshot} option
(@ref{disk_images_snapshot_mode}), you can always make VM snapshots,
but they are deleted as soon as you exit QEMU.
VM snapshots currently have the following known limitations:
@itemize
@item
They cannot cope with removable devices if they are removed or
inserted after a snapshot is done.
@item
A few device drivers still have incomplete snapshot support so their
state is not saved or restored properly (in particular USB).
@end itemize

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@node sec_invocation
@section Invocation
@example
@c man begin SYNOPSIS
@command{@value{qemu_system}} [@var{options}] [@var{disk_image}]
@c man end
@end example
@c man begin OPTIONS
@var{disk_image} is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0. Some
targets do not need a disk image.
@include qemu-options.texi
@c man end
@subsection Device URL Syntax
@c TODO merge this with section Disk Images
@c man begin NOTES
In addition to using normal file images for the emulated storage devices,
QEMU can also use networked resources such as iSCSI devices. These are
specified using a special URL syntax.
@table @option
@item iSCSI
iSCSI support allows QEMU to access iSCSI resources directly and use as
images for the guest storage. Both disk and cdrom images are supported.
Syntax for specifying iSCSI LUNs is
``iscsi://<target-ip>[:<port>]/<target-iqn>/<lun>''
By default qemu will use the iSCSI initiator-name
'iqn.2008-11.org.linux-kvm[:<name>]' but this can also be set from the command
line or a configuration file.
Since version Qemu 2.4 it is possible to specify a iSCSI request timeout to detect
stalled requests and force a reestablishment of the session. The timeout
is specified in seconds. The default is 0 which means no timeout. Libiscsi
1.15.0 or greater is required for this feature.
Example (without authentication):
@example
@value{qemu_system} -iscsi initiator-name=iqn.2001-04.com.example:my-initiator \
-cdrom iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/2 \
-drive file=iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1
@end example
Example (CHAP username/password via URL):
@example
@value{qemu_system} -drive file=iscsi://user%password@@192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1
@end example
Example (CHAP username/password via environment variables):
@example
LIBISCSI_CHAP_USERNAME="user" \
LIBISCSI_CHAP_PASSWORD="password" \
@value{qemu_system} -drive file=iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1
@end example
@item NBD
QEMU supports NBD (Network Block Devices) both using TCP protocol as well
as Unix Domain Sockets. With TCP, the default port is 10809.
Syntax for specifying a NBD device using TCP, in preferred URI form:
``nbd://<server-ip>[:<port>]/[<export>]''
Syntax for specifying a NBD device using Unix Domain Sockets; remember
that '?' is a shell glob character and may need quoting:
``nbd+unix:///[<export>]?socket=<domain-socket>''
Older syntax that is also recognized:
``nbd:<server-ip>:<port>[:exportname=<export>]''
Syntax for specifying a NBD device using Unix Domain Sockets
``nbd:unix:<domain-socket>[:exportname=<export>]''
Example for TCP
@example
@value{qemu_system} --drive file=nbd:192.0.2.1:30000
@end example
Example for Unix Domain Sockets
@example
@value{qemu_system} --drive file=nbd:unix:/tmp/nbd-socket
@end example
@item SSH
QEMU supports SSH (Secure Shell) access to remote disks.
Examples:
@example
@value{qemu_system} -drive file=ssh://user@@host/path/to/disk.img
@value{qemu_system} -drive file.driver=ssh,file.user=user,file.host=host,file.port=22,file.path=/path/to/disk.img
@end example
Currently authentication must be done using ssh-agent. Other
authentication methods may be supported in future.
@item Sheepdog
Sheepdog is a distributed storage system for QEMU.
QEMU supports using either local sheepdog devices or remote networked
devices.
Syntax for specifying a sheepdog device
@example
sheepdog[+tcp|+unix]://[host:port]/vdiname[?socket=path][#snapid|#tag]
@end example
Example
@example
@value{qemu_system} --drive file=sheepdog://192.0.2.1:30000/MyVirtualMachine
@end example
See also @url{https://sheepdog.github.io/sheepdog/}.
@item GlusterFS
GlusterFS is a user space distributed file system.
QEMU supports the use of GlusterFS volumes for hosting VM disk images using
TCP, Unix Domain Sockets and RDMA transport protocols.
Syntax for specifying a VM disk image on GlusterFS volume is
@example
URI:
gluster[+type]://[host[:port]]/volume/path[?socket=...][,debug=N][,logfile=...]
JSON:
'json:@{"driver":"qcow2","file":@{"driver":"gluster","volume":"testvol","path":"a.img","debug":N,"logfile":"...",
@ "server":[@{"type":"tcp","host":"...","port":"..."@},
@ @{"type":"unix","socket":"..."@}]@}@}'
@end example
Example
@example
URI:
@value{qemu_system} --drive file=gluster://192.0.2.1/testvol/a.img,
@ file.debug=9,file.logfile=/var/log/qemu-gluster.log
JSON:
@value{qemu_system} 'json:@{"driver":"qcow2",
@ "file":@{"driver":"gluster",
@ "volume":"testvol","path":"a.img",
@ "debug":9,"logfile":"/var/log/qemu-gluster.log",
@ "server":[@{"type":"tcp","host":"1.2.3.4","port":24007@},
@ @{"type":"unix","socket":"/var/run/glusterd.socket"@}]@}@}'
@value{qemu_system} -drive driver=qcow2,file.driver=gluster,file.volume=testvol,file.path=/path/a.img,
@ file.debug=9,file.logfile=/var/log/qemu-gluster.log,
@ file.server.0.type=tcp,file.server.0.host=1.2.3.4,file.server.0.port=24007,
@ file.server.1.type=unix,file.server.1.socket=/var/run/glusterd.socket
@end example
See also @url{http://www.gluster.org}.
@item HTTP/HTTPS/FTP/FTPS
QEMU supports read-only access to files accessed over http(s) and ftp(s).
Syntax using a single filename:
@example
<protocol>://[<username>[:<password>]@@]<host>/<path>
@end example
where:
@table @option
@item protocol
'http', 'https', 'ftp', or 'ftps'.
@item username
Optional username for authentication to the remote server.
@item password
Optional password for authentication to the remote server.
@item host
Address of the remote server.
@item path
Path on the remote server, including any query string.
@end table
The following options are also supported:
@table @option
@item url
The full URL when passing options to the driver explicitly.
@item readahead
The amount of data to read ahead with each range request to the remote server.
This value may optionally have the suffix 'T', 'G', 'M', 'K', 'k' or 'b'. If it
does not have a suffix, it will be assumed to be in bytes. The value must be a
multiple of 512 bytes. It defaults to 256k.
@item sslverify
Whether to verify the remote server's certificate when connecting over SSL. It
can have the value 'on' or 'off'. It defaults to 'on'.
@item cookie
Send this cookie (it can also be a list of cookies separated by ';') with
each outgoing request. Only supported when using protocols such as HTTP
which support cookies, otherwise ignored.
@item timeout
Set the timeout in seconds of the CURL connection. This timeout is the time
that CURL waits for a response from the remote server to get the size of the
image to be downloaded. If not set, the default timeout of 5 seconds is used.
@end table
Note that when passing options to qemu explicitly, @option{driver} is the value
of <protocol>.
Example: boot from a remote Fedora 20 live ISO image
@example
@value{qemu_system_x86} --drive media=cdrom,file=https://archives.fedoraproject.org/pub/archive/fedora/linux/releases/20/Live/x86_64/Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-20-1.iso,readonly
@value{qemu_system_x86} --drive media=cdrom,file.driver=http,file.url=http://archives.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Live/x86_64/Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-20-1.iso,readonly
@end example
Example: boot from a remote Fedora 20 cloud image using a local overlay for
writes, copy-on-read, and a readahead of 64k
@example
qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o backing_file='json:@{"file.driver":"http",, "file.url":"http://archives.fedoraproject.org/pub/archive/fedora/linux/releases/20/Images/x86_64/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2",, "file.readahead":"64k"@}' /tmp/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2
@value{qemu_system_x86} -drive file=/tmp/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2,copy-on-read=on
@end example
Example: boot from an image stored on a VMware vSphere server with a self-signed
certificate using a local overlay for writes, a readahead of 64k and a timeout
of 10 seconds.
@example
qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o backing_file='json:@{"file.driver":"https",, "file.url":"https://user:password@@vsphere.example.com/folder/test/test-flat.vmdk?dcPath=Datacenter&dsName=datastore1",, "file.sslverify":"off",, "file.readahead":"64k",, "file.timeout":10@}' /tmp/test.qcow2
@value{qemu_system_x86} -drive file=/tmp/test.qcow2
@end example
@end table
@c man end

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@node pcsys_ivshmem
@section Inter-VM Shared Memory device
On Linux hosts, a shared memory device is available. The basic syntax
is:
@example
@value{qemu_system_x86} -device ivshmem-plain,memdev=@var{hostmem}
@end example
where @var{hostmem} names a host memory backend. For a POSIX shared
memory backend, use something like
@example
-object memory-backend-file,size=1M,share,mem-path=/dev/shm/ivshmem,id=@var{hostmem}
@end example
If desired, interrupts can be sent between guest VMs accessing the same shared
memory region. Interrupt support requires using a shared memory server and
using a chardev socket to connect to it. The code for the shared memory server
is qemu.git/contrib/ivshmem-server. An example syntax when using the shared
memory server is:
@example
# First start the ivshmem server once and for all
ivshmem-server -p @var{pidfile} -S @var{path} -m @var{shm-name} -l @var{shm-size} -n @var{vectors}
# Then start your qemu instances with matching arguments
@value{qemu_system_x86} -device ivshmem-doorbell,vectors=@var{vectors},chardev=@var{id}
-chardev socket,path=@var{path},id=@var{id}
@end example
When using the server, the guest will be assigned a VM ID (>=0) that allows guests
using the same server to communicate via interrupts. Guests can read their
VM ID from a device register (see ivshmem-spec.txt).
@subsection Migration with ivshmem
With device property @option{master=on}, the guest will copy the shared
memory on migration to the destination host. With @option{master=off},
the guest will not be able to migrate with the device attached. In the
latter case, the device should be detached and then reattached after
migration using the PCI hotplug support.
At most one of the devices sharing the same memory can be master. The
master must complete migration before you plug back the other devices.
@subsection ivshmem and hugepages
Instead of specifying the <shm size> using POSIX shm, you may specify
a memory backend that has hugepage support:
@example
@value{qemu_system_x86} -object memory-backend-file,size=1G,mem-path=/dev/hugepages/my-shmem-file,share,id=mb1
-device ivshmem-plain,memdev=mb1
@end example
ivshmem-server also supports hugepages mount points with the
@option{-m} memory path argument.

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@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
@node pcsys_keys
@section Keys in the graphical frontends
@c man begin OPTIONS
During the graphical emulation, you can use special key combinations to change
modes. The default key mappings are shown below, but if you use @code{-alt-grab}
then the modifier is Ctrl-Alt-Shift (instead of Ctrl-Alt) and if you use
@code{-ctrl-grab} then the modifier is the right Ctrl key (instead of Ctrl-Alt):
@table @key
@item Ctrl-Alt-f
Toggle full screen
@item Ctrl-Alt-+
Enlarge the screen
@item Ctrl-Alt--
Shrink the screen
@item Ctrl-Alt-u
Restore the screen's un-scaled dimensions
@item Ctrl-Alt-n
Switch to virtual console 'n'. Standard console mappings are:
@table @emph
@item 1
Target system display
@item 2
Monitor
@item 3
Serial port
@end table
@item Ctrl-Alt
Toggle mouse and keyboard grab.
@end table
In the virtual consoles, you can use @key{Ctrl-Up}, @key{Ctrl-Down},
@key{Ctrl-PageUp} and @key{Ctrl-PageDown} to move in the back log.
@c man end

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@node License
@appendix License
QEMU is a trademark of Fabrice Bellard.
QEMU is released under the
@url{https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.txt,GNU General Public License},
version 2. Parts of QEMU have specific licenses, see file
@url{https://git.qemu.org/?p=qemu.git;a=blob_plain;f=LICENSE,LICENSE}.

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@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
@node direct_linux_boot
@section Direct Linux Boot
This section explains how to launch a Linux kernel inside QEMU without
having to make a full bootable image. It is very useful for fast Linux
kernel testing.
The syntax is:
@example
@value{qemu_system} -kernel bzImage -hda rootdisk.img -append "root=/dev/hda"
@end example
Use @option{-kernel} to provide the Linux kernel image and
@option{-append} to give the kernel command line arguments. The
@option{-initrd} option can be used to provide an INITRD image.
If you do not need graphical output, you can disable it and redirect
the virtual serial port and the QEMU monitor to the console with the
@option{-nographic} option. The typical command line is:
@example
@value{qemu_system} -kernel bzImage -hda rootdisk.img \
-append "root=/dev/hda console=ttyS0" -nographic
@end example
Use @key{Ctrl-a c} to switch between the serial console and the
monitor (@pxref{pcsys_keys}).

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@node managed_startup
@section Managed start up options
In system mode emulation, it's possible to create a VM in a paused state using
the -S command line option. In this state the machine is completely initialized
according to command line options and ready to execute VM code but VCPU threads
are not executing any code. The VM state in this paused state depends on the way
QEMU was started. It could be in:
@table @asis
@item initial state (after reset/power on state)
@item with direct kernel loading, the initial state could be amended to execute
code loaded by QEMU in the VM's RAM and with incoming migration
@item with incoming migration, initial state will by amended with the migrated
machine state after migration completes.
@end table
This paused state is typically used by users to query machine state and/or
additionally configure the machine (by hotplugging devices) in runtime before
allowing VM code to run.
However, at the -S pause point, it's impossible to configure options that affect
initial VM creation (like: -smp/-m/-numa ...) or cold plug devices. The
experimental --preconfig command line option allows pausing QEMU
before the initial VM creation, in a ``preconfig'' state, where additional
queries and configuration can be performed via QMP before moving on to
the resulting configuration startup. In the preconfig state, QEMU only allows
a limited set of commands over the QMP monitor, where the commands do not
depend on an initialized machine, including but not limited to:
@table @asis
@item qmp_capabilities
@item query-qmp-schema
@item query-commands
@item query-status
@item x-exit-preconfig
@end table

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@node pcsys_monitor
@section QEMU Monitor
The QEMU monitor is used to give complex commands to the QEMU
emulator. You can use it to:
@itemize @minus
@item
Remove or insert removable media images
(such as CD-ROM or floppies).
@item
Freeze/unfreeze the Virtual Machine (VM) and save or restore its state
from a disk file.
@item Inspect the VM state without an external debugger.
@end itemize
@subsection Commands
The following commands are available:
@include qemu-monitor.texi
@include qemu-monitor-info.texi
@subsection Integer expressions
The monitor understands integers expressions for every integer
argument. You can use register names to get the value of specifics
CPU registers by prefixing them with @emph{$}.

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@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
@node mux_keys
@section Keys in the character backend multiplexer
@c man begin OPTIONS
During emulation, if you are using a character backend multiplexer
(which is the default if you are using @option{-nographic}) then
several commands are available via an escape sequence. These
key sequences all start with an escape character, which is @key{Ctrl-a}
by default, but can be changed with @option{-echr}. The list below assumes
you're using the default.
@table @key
@item Ctrl-a h
Print this help
@item Ctrl-a x
Exit emulator
@item Ctrl-a s
Save disk data back to file (if -snapshot)
@item Ctrl-a t
Toggle console timestamps
@item Ctrl-a b
Send break (magic sysrq in Linux)
@item Ctrl-a c
Rotate between the frontends connected to the multiplexer (usually
this switches between the monitor and the console)
@item Ctrl-a Ctrl-a
Send the escape character to the frontend
@end table
@c man end
@ignore
@c man begin SEEALSO
The HTML documentation of QEMU for more precise information and Linux
user mode emulator invocation.
@c man end
@c man begin AUTHOR
Fabrice Bellard
@c man end
@end ignore

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@node pcsys_network
@section Network emulation
QEMU can simulate several network cards (e.g. PCI or ISA cards on the PC
target) and can connect them to a network backend on the host or an emulated
hub. The various host network backends can either be used to connect the NIC of
the guest to a real network (e.g. by using a TAP devices or the non-privileged
user mode network stack), or to other guest instances running in another QEMU
process (e.g. by using the socket host network backend).
@subsection Using TAP network interfaces
This is the standard way to connect QEMU to a real network. QEMU adds
a virtual network device on your host (called @code{tapN}), and you
can then configure it as if it was a real ethernet card.
@subsubsection Linux host
As an example, you can download the @file{linux-test-xxx.tar.gz}
archive and copy the script @file{qemu-ifup} in @file{/etc} and
configure properly @code{sudo} so that the command @code{ifconfig}
contained in @file{qemu-ifup} can be executed as root. You must verify
that your host kernel supports the TAP network interfaces: the
device @file{/dev/net/tun} must be present.
See @ref{sec_invocation} to have examples of command lines using the
TAP network interfaces.
@subsubsection Windows host
There is a virtual ethernet driver for Windows 2000/XP systems, called
TAP-Win32. But it is not included in standard QEMU for Windows,
so you will need to get it separately. It is part of OpenVPN package,
so download OpenVPN from : @url{https://openvpn.net/}.
@subsection Using the user mode network stack
By using the option @option{-net user} (default configuration if no
@option{-net} option is specified), QEMU uses a completely user mode
network stack (you don't need root privilege to use the virtual
network). The virtual network configuration is the following:
@example
guest (10.0.2.15) <------> Firewall/DHCP server <-----> Internet
| (10.0.2.2)
|
----> DNS server (10.0.2.3)
|
----> SMB server (10.0.2.4)
@end example
The QEMU VM behaves as if it was behind a firewall which blocks all
incoming connections. You can use a DHCP client to automatically
configure the network in the QEMU VM. The DHCP server assign addresses
to the hosts starting from 10.0.2.15.
In order to check that the user mode network is working, you can ping
the address 10.0.2.2 and verify that you got an address in the range
10.0.2.x from the QEMU virtual DHCP server.
Note that ICMP traffic in general does not work with user mode networking.
@code{ping}, aka. ICMP echo, to the local router (10.0.2.2) shall work,
however. If you're using QEMU on Linux >= 3.0, it can use unprivileged ICMP
ping sockets to allow @code{ping} to the Internet. The host admin has to set
the ping_group_range in order to grant access to those sockets. To allow ping
for GID 100 (usually users group):
@example
echo 100 100 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ping_group_range
@end example
When using the built-in TFTP server, the router is also the TFTP
server.
When using the @option{'-netdev user,hostfwd=...'} option, TCP or UDP
connections can be redirected from the host to the guest. It allows for
example to redirect X11, telnet or SSH connections.
@subsection Hubs
QEMU can simulate several hubs. A hub can be thought of as a virtual connection
between several network devices. These devices can be for example QEMU virtual
ethernet cards or virtual Host ethernet devices (TAP devices). You can connect
guest NICs or host network backends to such a hub using the @option{-netdev
hubport} or @option{-nic hubport} options. The legacy @option{-net} option
also connects the given device to the emulated hub with ID 0 (i.e. the default
hub) unless you specify a netdev with @option{-net nic,netdev=xxx} here.
@subsection Connecting emulated networks between QEMU instances
Using the @option{-netdev socket} (or @option{-nic socket} or
@option{-net socket}) option, it is possible to create emulated
networks that span several QEMU instances.
See the description of the @option{-netdev socket} option in the
@ref{sec_invocation,,Invocation chapter} to have a basic example.

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@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
@c The contents of this file must be kept in sync with qemu-option-trace.rst.inc
@c until all the users of the texi file have been converted to rst and
@c the texi file can be removed.
Specify tracing options.
@table @option
@item [enable=]@var{pattern}
Immediately enable events matching @var{pattern}
(either event name or a globbing pattern). This option is only
available if QEMU has been compiled with the @var{simple}, @var{log}
or @var{ftrace} tracing backend. To specify multiple events or patterns,
specify the @option{-trace} option multiple times.
Use @code{-trace help} to print a list of names of trace points.
@item events=@var{file}
Immediately enable events listed in @var{file}.
The file must contain one event name (as listed in the @file{trace-events-all}
file) per line; globbing patterns are accepted too. This option is only
available if QEMU has been compiled with the @var{simple}, @var{log} or
@var{ftrace} tracing backend.
@item file=@var{file}
Log output traces to @var{file}.
This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled with
the @var{simple} tracing backend.
@end table

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@node pcsys_quickstart
@section Quick Start
Download and uncompress a PC hard disk image with Linux installed (e.g.
@file{linux.img}) and type:
@example
@value{qemu_system} linux.img
@end example
Linux should boot and give you a prompt.

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@node Security
@chapter Security
@section Overview
This chapter explains the security requirements that QEMU is designed to meet
and principles for securely deploying QEMU.
@section Security Requirements
QEMU supports many different use cases, some of which have stricter security
requirements than others. The community has agreed on the overall security
requirements that users may depend on. These requirements define what is
considered supported from a security perspective.
@subsection Virtualization Use Case
The virtualization use case covers cloud and virtual private server (VPS)
hosting, as well as traditional data center and desktop virtualization. These
use cases rely on hardware virtualization extensions to execute guest code
safely on the physical CPU at close-to-native speed.
The following entities are untrusted, meaning that they may be buggy or
malicious:
@itemize
@item Guest
@item User-facing interfaces (e.g. VNC, SPICE, WebSocket)
@item Network protocols (e.g. NBD, live migration)
@item User-supplied files (e.g. disk images, kernels, device trees)
@item Passthrough devices (e.g. PCI, USB)
@end itemize
Bugs affecting these entities are evaluated on whether they can cause damage in
real-world use cases and treated as security bugs if this is the case.
@subsection Non-virtualization Use Case
The non-virtualization use case covers emulation using the Tiny Code Generator
(TCG). In principle the TCG and device emulation code used in conjunction with
the non-virtualization use case should meet the same security requirements as
the virtualization use case. However, for historical reasons much of the
non-virtualization use case code was not written with these security
requirements in mind.
Bugs affecting the non-virtualization use case are not considered security
bugs at this time. Users with non-virtualization use cases must not rely on
QEMU to provide guest isolation or any security guarantees.
@section Architecture
This section describes the design principles that ensure the security
requirements are met.
@subsection Guest Isolation
Guest isolation is the confinement of guest code to the virtual machine. When
guest code gains control of execution on the host this is called escaping the
virtual machine. Isolation also includes resource limits such as throttling of
CPU, memory, disk, or network. Guests must be unable to exceed their resource
limits.
QEMU presents an attack surface to the guest in the form of emulated devices.
The guest must not be able to gain control of QEMU. Bugs in emulated devices
could allow malicious guests to gain code execution in QEMU. At this point the
guest has escaped the virtual machine and is able to act in the context of the
QEMU process on the host.
Guests often interact with other guests and share resources with them. A
malicious guest must not gain control of other guests or access their data.
Disk image files and network traffic must be protected from other guests unless
explicitly shared between them by the user.
@subsection Principle of Least Privilege
The principle of least privilege states that each component only has access to
the privileges necessary for its function. In the case of QEMU this means that
each process only has access to resources belonging to the guest.
The QEMU process should not have access to any resources that are inaccessible
to the guest. This way the guest does not gain anything by escaping into the
QEMU process since it already has access to those same resources from within
the guest.
Following the principle of least privilege immediately fulfills guest isolation
requirements. For example, guest A only has access to its own disk image file
@code{a.img} and not guest B's disk image file @code{b.img}.
In reality certain resources are inaccessible to the guest but must be
available to QEMU to perform its function. For example, host system calls are
necessary for QEMU but are not exposed to guests. A guest that escapes into
the QEMU process can then begin invoking host system calls.
New features must be designed to follow the principle of least privilege.
Should this not be possible for technical reasons, the security risk must be
clearly documented so users are aware of the trade-off of enabling the feature.
@subsection Isolation mechanisms
Several isolation mechanisms are available to realize this architecture of
guest isolation and the principle of least privilege. With the exception of
Linux seccomp, these mechanisms are all deployed by management tools that
launch QEMU, such as libvirt. They are also platform-specific so they are only
described briefly for Linux here.
The fundamental isolation mechanism is that QEMU processes must run as
unprivileged users. Sometimes it seems more convenient to launch QEMU as
root to give it access to host devices (e.g. @code{/dev/net/tun}) but this poses a
huge security risk. File descriptor passing can be used to give an otherwise
unprivileged QEMU process access to host devices without running QEMU as root.
It is also possible to launch QEMU as a non-root user and configure UNIX groups
for access to @code{/dev/kvm}, @code{/dev/net/tun}, and other device nodes.
Some Linux distros already ship with UNIX groups for these devices by default.
@itemize
@item SELinux and AppArmor make it possible to confine processes beyond the
traditional UNIX process and file permissions model. They restrict the QEMU
process from accessing processes and files on the host system that are not
needed by QEMU.
@item Resource limits and cgroup controllers provide throughput and utilization
limits on key resources such as CPU time, memory, and I/O bandwidth.
@item Linux namespaces can be used to make process, file system, and other system
resources unavailable to QEMU. A namespaced QEMU process is restricted to only
those resources that were granted to it.
@item Linux seccomp is available via the QEMU @option{--sandbox} option. It disables
system calls that are not needed by QEMU, thereby reducing the host kernel
attack surface.
@end itemize
@section Sensitive configurations
There are aspects of QEMU that can have security implications which users &
management applications must be aware of.
@subsection Monitor console (QMP and HMP)
The monitor console (whether used with QMP or HMP) provides an interface
to dynamically control many aspects of QEMU's runtime operation. Many of the
commands exposed will instruct QEMU to access content on the host file system
and/or trigger spawning of external processes.
For example, the @code{migrate} command allows for the spawning of arbitrary
processes for the purpose of tunnelling the migration data stream. The
@code{blockdev-add} command instructs QEMU to open arbitrary files, exposing
their content to the guest as a virtual disk.
Unless QEMU is otherwise confined using technologies such as SELinux, AppArmor,
or Linux namespaces, the monitor console should be considered to have privileges
equivalent to those of the user account QEMU is running under.
It is further important to consider the security of the character device backend
over which the monitor console is exposed. It needs to have protection against
malicious third parties which might try to make unauthorized connections, or
perform man-in-the-middle attacks. Many of the character device backends do not
satisfy this requirement and so must not be used for the monitor console.
The general recommendation is that the monitor console should be exposed over
a UNIX domain socket backend to the local host only. Use of the TCP based
character device backend is inappropriate unless configured to use both TLS
encryption and authorization control policy on client connections.
In summary, the monitor console is considered a privileged control interface to
QEMU and as such should only be made accessible to a trusted management
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@node ARM System emulator
@section ARM System emulator
Use the executable @file{qemu-system-arm} to simulate a ARM
machine. The ARM Integrator/CP board is emulated with the following
devices:
@itemize @minus
@item
ARM926E, ARM1026E, ARM946E, ARM1136 or Cortex-A8 CPU
@item
Two PL011 UARTs
@item
SMC 91c111 Ethernet adapter
@item
PL110 LCD controller
@item
PL050 KMI with PS/2 keyboard and mouse.
@item
PL181 MultiMedia Card Interface with SD card.
@end itemize
The ARM Versatile baseboard is emulated with the following devices:
@itemize @minus
@item
ARM926E, ARM1136 or Cortex-A8 CPU
@item
PL190 Vectored Interrupt Controller
@item
Four PL011 UARTs
@item
SMC 91c111 Ethernet adapter
@item
PL110 LCD controller
@item
PL050 KMI with PS/2 keyboard and mouse.
@item
PCI host bridge. Note the emulated PCI bridge only provides access to
PCI memory space. It does not provide access to PCI IO space.
This means some devices (eg. ne2k_pci NIC) are not usable, and others
(eg. rtl8139 NIC) are only usable when the guest drivers use the memory
mapped control registers.
@item
PCI OHCI USB controller.
@item
LSI53C895A PCI SCSI Host Bus Adapter with hard disk and CD-ROM devices.
@item
PL181 MultiMedia Card Interface with SD card.
@end itemize
Several variants of the ARM RealView baseboard are emulated,
including the EB, PB-A8 and PBX-A9. Due to interactions with the
bootloader, only certain Linux kernel configurations work out
of the box on these boards.
Kernels for the PB-A8 board should have CONFIG_REALVIEW_HIGH_PHYS_OFFSET
enabled in the kernel, and expect 512M RAM. Kernels for The PBX-A9 board
should have CONFIG_SPARSEMEM enabled, CONFIG_REALVIEW_HIGH_PHYS_OFFSET
disabled and expect 1024M RAM.
The following devices are emulated:
@itemize @minus
@item
ARM926E, ARM1136, ARM11MPCore, Cortex-A8 or Cortex-A9 MPCore CPU
@item
ARM AMBA Generic/Distributed Interrupt Controller
@item
Four PL011 UARTs
@item
SMC 91c111 or SMSC LAN9118 Ethernet adapter
@item
PL110 LCD controller
@item
PL050 KMI with PS/2 keyboard and mouse
@item
PCI host bridge
@item
PCI OHCI USB controller
@item
LSI53C895A PCI SCSI Host Bus Adapter with hard disk and CD-ROM devices
@item
PL181 MultiMedia Card Interface with SD card.
@end itemize
The XScale-based clamshell PDA models ("Spitz", "Akita", "Borzoi"
and "Terrier") emulation includes the following peripherals:
@itemize @minus
@item
Intel PXA270 System-on-chip (ARM V5TE core)
@item
NAND Flash memory
@item
IBM/Hitachi DSCM microdrive in a PXA PCMCIA slot - not in "Akita"
@item
On-chip OHCI USB controller
@item
On-chip LCD controller
@item
On-chip Real Time Clock
@item
TI ADS7846 touchscreen controller on SSP bus
@item
Maxim MAX1111 analog-digital converter on I@math{^2}C bus
@item
GPIO-connected keyboard controller and LEDs
@item
Secure Digital card connected to PXA MMC/SD host
@item
Three on-chip UARTs
@item
WM8750 audio CODEC on I@math{^2}C and I@math{^2}S busses
@end itemize
The Palm Tungsten|E PDA (codename "Cheetah") emulation includes the
following elements:
@itemize @minus
@item
Texas Instruments OMAP310 System-on-chip (ARM 925T core)
@item
ROM and RAM memories (ROM firmware image can be loaded with -option-rom)
@item
On-chip LCD controller
@item
On-chip Real Time Clock
@item
TI TSC2102i touchscreen controller / analog-digital converter / Audio
CODEC, connected through MicroWire and I@math{^2}S busses
@item
GPIO-connected matrix keypad
@item
Secure Digital card connected to OMAP MMC/SD host
@item
Three on-chip UARTs
@end itemize
Nokia N800 and N810 internet tablets (known also as RX-34 and RX-44 / 48)
emulation supports the following elements:
@itemize @minus
@item
Texas Instruments OMAP2420 System-on-chip (ARM 1136 core)
@item
RAM and non-volatile OneNAND Flash memories
@item
Display connected to EPSON remote framebuffer chip and OMAP on-chip
display controller and a LS041y3 MIPI DBI-C controller
@item
TI TSC2301 (in N800) and TI TSC2005 (in N810) touchscreen controllers
driven through SPI bus
@item
National Semiconductor LM8323-controlled qwerty keyboard driven
through I@math{^2}C bus
@item
Secure Digital card connected to OMAP MMC/SD host
@item
Three OMAP on-chip UARTs and on-chip STI debugging console
@item
Mentor Graphics "Inventra" dual-role USB controller embedded in a TI
TUSB6010 chip - only USB host mode is supported
@item
TI TMP105 temperature sensor driven through I@math{^2}C bus
@item
TI TWL92230C power management companion with an RTC on I@math{^2}C bus
@item
Nokia RETU and TAHVO multi-purpose chips with an RTC, connected
through CBUS
@end itemize
The Luminary Micro Stellaris LM3S811EVB emulation includes the following
devices:
@itemize @minus
@item
Cortex-M3 CPU core.
@item
64k Flash and 8k SRAM.
@item
Timers, UARTs, ADC and I@math{^2}C interface.
@item
OSRAM Pictiva 96x16 OLED with SSD0303 controller on I@math{^2}C bus.
@end itemize
The Luminary Micro Stellaris LM3S6965EVB emulation includes the following
devices:
@itemize @minus
@item
Cortex-M3 CPU core.
@item
256k Flash and 64k SRAM.
@item
Timers, UARTs, ADC, I@math{^2}C and SSI interfaces.
@item
OSRAM Pictiva 128x64 OLED with SSD0323 controller connected via SSI.
@end itemize
The Freecom MusicPal internet radio emulation includes the following
elements:
@itemize @minus
@item
Marvell MV88W8618 ARM core.
@item
32 MB RAM, 256 KB SRAM, 8 MB flash.
@item
Up to 2 16550 UARTs
@item
MV88W8xx8 Ethernet controller
@item
MV88W8618 audio controller, WM8750 CODEC and mixer
@item
128×64 display with brightness control
@item
2 buttons, 2 navigation wheels with button function
@end itemize
The Siemens SX1 models v1 and v2 (default) basic emulation.
The emulation includes the following elements:
@itemize @minus
@item
Texas Instruments OMAP310 System-on-chip (ARM 925T core)
@item
ROM and RAM memories (ROM firmware image can be loaded with -pflash)
V1
1 Flash of 16MB and 1 Flash of 8MB
V2
1 Flash of 32MB
@item
On-chip LCD controller
@item
On-chip Real Time Clock
@item
Secure Digital card connected to OMAP MMC/SD host
@item
Three on-chip UARTs
@end itemize
A Linux 2.6 test image is available on the QEMU web site. More
information is available in the QEMU mailing-list archive.

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@node x86 (PC) System emulator
@section x86 (PC) System emulator
@menu
* pcsys_devices:: Peripherals
* cpu_models_x86:: CPU models
* pcsys_req:: OS requirements
@end menu
@node pcsys_devices
@subsection Peripherals
@c man begin DESCRIPTION
The QEMU PC System emulator simulates the following peripherals:
@itemize @minus
@item
i440FX host PCI bridge and PIIX3 PCI to ISA bridge
@item
Cirrus CLGD 5446 PCI VGA card or dummy VGA card with Bochs VESA
extensions (hardware level, including all non standard modes).
@item
PS/2 mouse and keyboard
@item
2 PCI IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support
@item
Floppy disk
@item
PCI and ISA network adapters
@item
Serial ports
@item
IPMI BMC, either and internal or external one
@item
Creative SoundBlaster 16 sound card
@item
ENSONIQ AudioPCI ES1370 sound card
@item
Intel 82801AA AC97 Audio compatible sound card
@item
Intel HD Audio Controller and HDA codec
@item
Adlib (OPL2) - Yamaha YM3812 compatible chip
@item
Gravis Ultrasound GF1 sound card
@item
CS4231A compatible sound card
@item
PCI UHCI, OHCI, EHCI or XHCI USB controller and a virtual USB-1.1 hub.
@end itemize
SMP is supported with up to 255 CPUs.
QEMU uses the PC BIOS from the Seabios project and the Plex86/Bochs LGPL
VGA BIOS.
QEMU uses YM3812 emulation by Tatsuyuki Satoh.
QEMU uses GUS emulation (GUSEMU32 @url{http://www.deinmeister.de/gusemu/})
by Tibor "TS" Schütz.
Note that, by default, GUS shares IRQ(7) with parallel ports and so
QEMU must be told to not have parallel ports to have working GUS.
@example
@value{qemu_system_x86} dos.img -soundhw gus -parallel none
@end example
Alternatively:
@example
@value{qemu_system_x86} dos.img -device gus,irq=5
@end example
Or some other unclaimed IRQ.
CS4231A is the chip used in Windows Sound System and GUSMAX products
@c man end
@lowersections
@include docs/system/cpu-models-x86.texi
@raisesections
@node pcsys_req
@subsection OS requirements
On x86_64 hosts, the default set of CPU features enabled by the KVM accelerator
require the host to be running Linux v4.5 or newer. Red Hat Enterprise Linux
7 is also supported, since the required functionality was backported.

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@node ColdFire System emulator
@section ColdFire System emulator
Use the executable @file{qemu-system-m68k} to simulate a ColdFire machine.
The emulator is able to boot a uClinux kernel.
The M5208EVB emulation includes the following devices:
@itemize @minus
@item
MCF5208 ColdFire V2 Microprocessor (ISA A+ with EMAC).
@item
Three Two on-chip UARTs.
@item
Fast Ethernet Controller (FEC)
@end itemize
The AN5206 emulation includes the following devices:
@itemize @minus
@item
MCF5206 ColdFire V2 Microprocessor.
@item
Two on-chip UARTs.
@end itemize

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@node MIPS System emulator
@section MIPS System emulator
@menu
* recommendations_cpu_models_MIPS:: Supported CPU model configurations on MIPS hosts
* nanoMIPS System emulator ::
@end menu
Four executables cover simulation of 32 and 64-bit MIPS systems in
both endian options, @file{qemu-system-mips}, @file{qemu-system-mipsel}
@file{qemu-system-mips64} and @file{qemu-system-mips64el}.
Five different machine types are emulated:
@itemize @minus
@item
A generic ISA PC-like machine "mips"
@item
The MIPS Malta prototype board "malta"
@item
An ACER Pica "pica61". This machine needs the 64-bit emulator.
@item
MIPS emulator pseudo board "mipssim"
@item
A MIPS Magnum R4000 machine "magnum". This machine needs the 64-bit emulator.
@end itemize
The generic emulation is supported by Debian 'Etch' and is able to
install Debian into a virtual disk image. The following devices are
emulated:
@itemize @minus
@item
A range of MIPS CPUs, default is the 24Kf
@item
PC style serial port
@item
PC style IDE disk
@item
NE2000 network card
@end itemize
The Malta emulation supports the following devices:
@itemize @minus
@item
Core board with MIPS 24Kf CPU and Galileo system controller
@item
PIIX4 PCI/USB/SMbus controller
@item
The Multi-I/O chip's serial device
@item
PCI network cards (PCnet32 and others)
@item
Malta FPGA serial device
@item
Cirrus (default) or any other PCI VGA graphics card
@end itemize
The Boston board emulation supports the following devices:
@itemize @minus
@item
Xilinx FPGA, which includes a PCIe root port and an UART
@item
Intel EG20T PCH connects the I/O peripherals, but only the SATA bus is emulated
@end itemize
The ACER Pica emulation supports:
@itemize @minus
@item
MIPS R4000 CPU
@item
PC-style IRQ and DMA controllers
@item
PC Keyboard
@item
IDE controller
@end itemize
The MIPS Magnum R4000 emulation supports:
@itemize @minus
@item
MIPS R4000 CPU
@item
PC-style IRQ controller
@item
PC Keyboard
@item
SCSI controller
@item
G364 framebuffer
@end itemize
The Fulong 2E emulation supports:
@itemize @minus
@item
Loongson 2E CPU
@item
Bonito64 system controller as North Bridge
@item
VT82C686 chipset as South Bridge
@item
RTL8139D as a network card chipset
@end itemize
The mipssim pseudo board emulation provides an environment similar
to what the proprietary MIPS emulator uses for running Linux.
It supports:
@itemize @minus
@item
A range of MIPS CPUs, default is the 24Kf
@item
PC style serial port
@item
MIPSnet network emulation
@end itemize
@lowersections
@include docs/system/cpu-models-mips.texi
@raisesections
@node nanoMIPS System emulator
@subsection nanoMIPS System emulator
Executable @file{qemu-system-mipsel} also covers simulation of
32-bit nanoMIPS system in little endian mode:
@itemize @minus
@item
nanoMIPS I7200 CPU
@end itemize
Example of @file{qemu-system-mipsel} usage for nanoMIPS is shown below:
Download @code{<disk_image_file>} from @url{https://mipsdistros.mips.com/LinuxDistro/nanomips/buildroot/index.html}.
Download @code{<kernel_image_file>} from @url{https://mipsdistros.mips.com/LinuxDistro/nanomips/kernels/v4.15.18-432-gb2eb9a8b07a1-20180627102142/index.html}.
Start system emulation of Malta board with nanoMIPS I7200 CPU:
@example
qemu-system-mipsel -cpu I7200 -kernel @code{<kernel_image_file>} \
-M malta -serial stdio -m @code{<memory_size>} -hda @code{<disk_image_file>} \
-append "mem=256m@@0x0 rw console=ttyS0 vga=cirrus vesa=0x111 root=/dev/sda"
@end example

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@node PowerPC System emulator
@section PowerPC System emulator
Use the executable @file{qemu-system-ppc} to simulate a complete 40P (PREP)
or PowerMac PowerPC system.
QEMU emulates the following PowerMac peripherals:
@itemize @minus
@item
UniNorth or Grackle PCI Bridge
@item
PCI VGA compatible card with VESA Bochs Extensions
@item
2 PMAC IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support
@item
NE2000 PCI adapters
@item
Non Volatile RAM
@item
VIA-CUDA with ADB keyboard and mouse.
@end itemize
QEMU emulates the following 40P (PREP) peripherals:
@itemize @minus
@item
PCI Bridge
@item
PCI VGA compatible card with VESA Bochs Extensions
@item
2 IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support
@item
Floppy disk
@item
PCnet network adapters
@item
Serial port
@item
PREP Non Volatile RAM
@item
PC compatible keyboard and mouse.
@end itemize
Since version 0.9.1, QEMU uses OpenBIOS @url{https://www.openbios.org/}
for the g3beige and mac99 PowerMac and the 40p machines. OpenBIOS is a free
(GPL v2) portable firmware implementation. The goal is to implement a 100%
IEEE 1275-1994 (referred to as Open Firmware) compliant firmware.
More information is available at
@url{http://perso.magic.fr/l_indien/qemu-ppc/}.

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@node Sparc32 System emulator
@section Sparc32 System emulator
Use the executable @file{qemu-system-sparc} to simulate the following
Sun4m architecture machines:
@itemize @minus
@item
SPARCstation 4
@item
SPARCstation 5
@item
SPARCstation 10
@item
SPARCstation 20
@item
SPARCserver 600MP
@item
SPARCstation LX
@item
SPARCstation Voyager
@item
SPARCclassic
@item
SPARCbook
@end itemize
The emulation is somewhat complete. SMP up to 16 CPUs is supported,
but Linux limits the number of usable CPUs to 4.
QEMU emulates the following sun4m peripherals:
@itemize @minus
@item
IOMMU
@item
TCX or cgthree Frame buffer
@item
Lance (Am7990) Ethernet
@item
Non Volatile RAM M48T02/M48T08
@item
Slave I/O: timers, interrupt controllers, Zilog serial ports, keyboard
and power/reset logic
@item
ESP SCSI controller with hard disk and CD-ROM support
@item
Floppy drive (not on SS-600MP)
@item
CS4231 sound device (only on SS-5, not working yet)
@end itemize
The number of peripherals is fixed in the architecture. Maximum
memory size depends on the machine type, for SS-5 it is 256MB and for
others 2047MB.
Since version 0.8.2, QEMU uses OpenBIOS
@url{https://www.openbios.org/}. OpenBIOS is a free (GPL v2) portable
firmware implementation. The goal is to implement a 100% IEEE
1275-1994 (referred to as Open Firmware) compliant firmware.
A sample Linux 2.6 series kernel and ram disk image are available on
the QEMU web site. There are still issues with NetBSD and OpenBSD, but
most kernel versions work. Please note that currently older Solaris kernels
don't work probably due to interface issues between OpenBIOS and
Solaris.
@c man end

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@node Sparc64 System emulator
@section Sparc64 System emulator
Use the executable @file{qemu-system-sparc64} to simulate a Sun4u
(UltraSPARC PC-like machine), Sun4v (T1 PC-like machine), or generic
Niagara (T1) machine. The Sun4u emulator is mostly complete, being
able to run Linux, NetBSD and OpenBSD in headless (-nographic) mode. The
Sun4v emulator is still a work in progress.
The Niagara T1 emulator makes use of firmware and OS binaries supplied in the S10image/ directory
of the OpenSPARC T1 project @url{http://download.oracle.com/technetwork/systems/opensparc/OpenSPARCT1_Arch.1.5.tar.bz2}
and is able to boot the disk.s10hw2 Solaris image.
@example
qemu-system-sparc64 -M niagara -L /path-to/S10image/ \
-nographic -m 256 \
-drive if=pflash,readonly=on,file=/S10image/disk.s10hw2
@end example
QEMU emulates the following peripherals:
@itemize @minus
@item
UltraSparc IIi APB PCI Bridge
@item
PCI VGA compatible card with VESA Bochs Extensions
@item
PS/2 mouse and keyboard
@item
Non Volatile RAM M48T59
@item
PC-compatible serial ports
@item
2 PCI IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support
@item
Floppy disk
@end itemize

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@node Xtensa System emulator
@section Xtensa System emulator
Two executables cover simulation of both Xtensa endian options,
@file{qemu-system-xtensa} and @file{qemu-system-xtensaeb}.
Two different machine types are emulated:
@itemize @minus
@item
Xtensa emulator pseudo board "sim"
@item
Avnet LX60/LX110/LX200 board
@end itemize
The sim pseudo board emulation provides an environment similar
to one provided by the proprietary Tensilica ISS.
It supports:
@itemize @minus
@item
A range of Xtensa CPUs, default is the DC232B
@item
Console and filesystem access via semihosting calls
@end itemize
The Avnet LX60/LX110/LX200 emulation supports:
@itemize @minus
@item
A range of Xtensa CPUs, default is the DC232B
@item
16550 UART
@item
OpenCores 10/100 Mbps Ethernet MAC
@end itemize

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@node network_tls
@section TLS setup for network services
Almost all network services in QEMU have the ability to use TLS for
session data encryption, along with x509 certificates for simple
client authentication. What follows is a description of how to
generate certificates suitable for usage with QEMU, and applies to
the VNC server, character devices with the TCP backend, NBD server
and client, and migration server and client.
At a high level, QEMU requires certificates and private keys to be
provided in PEM format. Aside from the core fields, the certificates
should include various extension data sets, including v3 basic
constraints data, key purpose, key usage and subject alt name.
The GnuTLS package includes a command called @code{certtool} which can
be used to easily generate certificates and keys in the required format
with expected data present. Alternatively a certificate management
service may be used.
At a minimum it is necessary to setup a certificate authority, and
issue certificates to each server. If using x509 certificates for
authentication, then each client will also need to be issued a
certificate.
Assuming that the QEMU network services will only ever be exposed to
clients on a private intranet, there is no need to use a commercial
certificate authority to create certificates. A self-signed CA is
sufficient, and in fact likely to be more secure since it removes
the ability of malicious 3rd parties to trick the CA into mis-issuing
certs for impersonating your services. The only likely exception
where a commercial CA might be desirable is if enabling the VNC
websockets server and exposing it directly to remote browser clients.
In such a case it might be useful to use a commercial CA to avoid
needing to install custom CA certs in the web browsers.
The recommendation is for the server to keep its certificates in either
@code{/etc/pki/qemu} or for unprivileged users in @code{$HOME/.pki/qemu}.
@menu
* tls_generate_ca::
* tls_generate_server::
* tls_generate_client::
* tls_creds_setup::
* tls_psk::
@end menu
@node tls_generate_ca
@subsection Setup the Certificate Authority
This step only needs to be performed once per organization / organizational
unit. First the CA needs a private key. This key must be kept VERY secret
and secure. If this key is compromised the entire trust chain of the certificates
issued with it is lost.
@example
# certtool --generate-privkey > ca-key.pem
@end example
To generate a self-signed certificate requires one core piece of information,
the name of the organization. A template file @code{ca.info} should be
populated with the desired data to avoid having to deal with interactive
prompts from certtool:
@example
# cat > ca.info <<EOF
cn = Name of your organization
ca
cert_signing_key
EOF
# certtool --generate-self-signed \
--load-privkey ca-key.pem
--template ca.info \
--outfile ca-cert.pem
@end example
The @code{ca} keyword in the template sets the v3 basic constraints extension
to indicate this certificate is for a CA, while @code{cert_signing_key} sets
the key usage extension to indicate this will be used for signing other keys.
The generated @code{ca-cert.pem} file should be copied to all servers and
clients wishing to utilize TLS support in the VNC server. The @code{ca-key.pem}
must not be disclosed/copied anywhere except the host responsible for issuing
certificates.
@node tls_generate_server
@subsection Issuing server certificates
Each server (or host) needs to be issued with a key and certificate. When connecting
the certificate is sent to the client which validates it against the CA certificate.
The core pieces of information for a server certificate are the hostnames and/or IP
addresses that will be used by clients when connecting. The hostname / IP address
that the client specifies when connecting will be validated against the hostname(s)
and IP address(es) recorded in the server certificate, and if no match is found
the client will close the connection.
Thus it is recommended that the server certificate include both the fully qualified
and unqualified hostnames. If the server will have permanently assigned IP address(es),
and clients are likely to use them when connecting, they may also be included in the
certificate. Both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are supported. Historically certificates
only included 1 hostname in the @code{CN} field, however, usage of this field for
validation is now deprecated. Instead modern TLS clients will validate against the
Subject Alt Name extension data, which allows for multiple entries. In the future
usage of the @code{CN} field may be discontinued entirely, so providing SAN
extension data is strongly recommended.
On the host holding the CA, create template files containing the information
for each server, and use it to issue server certificates.
@example
# cat > server-hostNNN.info <<EOF
organization = Name of your organization
cn = hostNNN.foo.example.com
dns_name = hostNNN
dns_name = hostNNN.foo.example.com
ip_address = 10.0.1.87
ip_address = 192.8.0.92
ip_address = 2620:0:cafe::87
ip_address = 2001:24::92
tls_www_server
encryption_key
signing_key
EOF
# certtool --generate-privkey > server-hostNNN-key.pem
# certtool --generate-certificate \
--load-ca-certificate ca-cert.pem \
--load-ca-privkey ca-key.pem \
--load-privkey server-hostNNN-key.pem \
--template server-hostNNN.info \
--outfile server-hostNNN-cert.pem
@end example
The @code{dns_name} and @code{ip_address} fields in the template are setting
the subject alt name extension data. The @code{tls_www_server} keyword is the
key purpose extension to indicate this certificate is intended for usage in
a web server. Although QEMU network services are not in fact HTTP servers
(except for VNC websockets), setting this key purpose is still recommended.
The @code{encryption_key} and @code{signing_key} keyword is the key usage
extension to indicate this certificate is intended for usage in the data
session.
The @code{server-hostNNN-key.pem} and @code{server-hostNNN-cert.pem} files
should now be securely copied to the server for which they were generated,
and renamed to @code{server-key.pem} and @code{server-cert.pem} when added
to the @code{/etc/pki/qemu} directory on the target host. The @code{server-key.pem}
file is security sensitive and should be kept protected with file mode 0600
to prevent disclosure.
@node tls_generate_client
@subsection Issuing client certificates
The QEMU x509 TLS credential setup defaults to enabling client verification
using certificates, providing a simple authentication mechanism. If this
default is used, each client also needs to be issued a certificate. The client
certificate contains enough metadata to uniquely identify the client with the
scope of the certificate authority. The client certificate would typically
include fields for organization, state, city, building, etc.
Once again on the host holding the CA, create template files containing the
information for each client, and use it to issue client certificates.
@example
# cat > client-hostNNN.info <<EOF
country = GB
state = London
locality = City Of London
organization = Name of your organization
cn = hostNNN.foo.example.com
tls_www_client
encryption_key
signing_key
EOF
# certtool --generate-privkey > client-hostNNN-key.pem
# certtool --generate-certificate \
--load-ca-certificate ca-cert.pem \
--load-ca-privkey ca-key.pem \
--load-privkey client-hostNNN-key.pem \
--template client-hostNNN.info \
--outfile client-hostNNN-cert.pem
@end example
The subject alt name extension data is not required for clients, so the
the @code{dns_name} and @code{ip_address} fields are not included.
The @code{tls_www_client} keyword is the key purpose extension to indicate
this certificate is intended for usage in a web client. Although QEMU
network clients are not in fact HTTP clients, setting this key purpose is
still recommended. The @code{encryption_key} and @code{signing_key} keyword
is the key usage extension to indicate this certificate is intended for
usage in the data session.
The @code{client-hostNNN-key.pem} and @code{client-hostNNN-cert.pem} files
should now be securely copied to the client for which they were generated,
and renamed to @code{client-key.pem} and @code{client-cert.pem} when added
to the @code{/etc/pki/qemu} directory on the target host. The @code{client-key.pem}
file is security sensitive and should be kept protected with file mode 0600
to prevent disclosure.
If a single host is going to be using TLS in both a client and server
role, it is possible to create a single certificate to cover both roles.
This would be quite common for the migration and NBD services, where a
QEMU process will be started by accepting a TLS protected incoming migration,
and later itself be migrated out to another host. To generate a single
certificate, simply include the template data from both the client and server
instructions in one.
@example
# cat > both-hostNNN.info <<EOF
country = GB
state = London
locality = City Of London
organization = Name of your organization
cn = hostNNN.foo.example.com
dns_name = hostNNN
dns_name = hostNNN.foo.example.com
ip_address = 10.0.1.87
ip_address = 192.8.0.92
ip_address = 2620:0:cafe::87
ip_address = 2001:24::92
tls_www_server
tls_www_client
encryption_key
signing_key
EOF
# certtool --generate-privkey > both-hostNNN-key.pem
# certtool --generate-certificate \
--load-ca-certificate ca-cert.pem \
--load-ca-privkey ca-key.pem \
--load-privkey both-hostNNN-key.pem \
--template both-hostNNN.info \
--outfile both-hostNNN-cert.pem
@end example
When copying the PEM files to the target host, save them twice,
once as @code{server-cert.pem} and @code{server-key.pem}, and
again as @code{client-cert.pem} and @code{client-key.pem}.
@node tls_creds_setup
@subsection TLS x509 credential configuration
QEMU has a standard mechanism for loading x509 credentials that will be
used for network services and clients. It requires specifying the
@code{tls-creds-x509} class name to the @code{--object} command line
argument for the system emulators. Each set of credentials loaded should
be given a unique string identifier via the @code{id} parameter. A single
set of TLS credentials can be used for multiple network backends, so VNC,
migration, NBD, character devices can all share the same credentials. Note,
however, that credentials for use in a client endpoint must be loaded
separately from those used in a server endpoint.
When specifying the object, the @code{dir} parameters specifies which
directory contains the credential files. This directory is expected to
contain files with the names mentioned previously, @code{ca-cert.pem},
@code{server-key.pem}, @code{server-cert.pem}, @code{client-key.pem}
and @code{client-cert.pem} as appropriate. It is also possible to
include a set of pre-generated Diffie-Hellman (DH) parameters in a file
@code{dh-params.pem}, which can be created using the
@code{certtool --generate-dh-params} command. If omitted, QEMU will
dynamically generate DH parameters when loading the credentials.
The @code{endpoint} parameter indicates whether the credentials will
be used for a network client or server, and determines which PEM
files are loaded.
The @code{verify} parameter determines whether x509 certificate
validation should be performed. This defaults to enabled, meaning
clients will always validate the server hostname against the
certificate subject alt name fields and/or CN field. It also
means that servers will request that clients provide a certificate
and validate them. Verification should never be turned off for
client endpoints, however, it may be turned off for server endpoints
if an alternative mechanism is used to authenticate clients. For
example, the VNC server can use SASL to authenticate clients
instead.
To load server credentials with client certificate validation
enabled
@example
@value{qemu_system} -object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=server
@end example
while to load client credentials use
@example
@value{qemu_system} -object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=client
@end example
Network services which support TLS will all have a @code{tls-creds}
parameter which expects the ID of the TLS credentials object. For
example with VNC:
@example
@value{qemu_system} -vnc 0.0.0.0:0,tls-creds=tls0
@end example
@node tls_psk
@subsection TLS Pre-Shared Keys (PSK)
Instead of using certificates, you may also use TLS Pre-Shared Keys
(TLS-PSK). This can be simpler to set up than certificates but is
less scalable.
Use the GnuTLS @code{psktool} program to generate a @code{keys.psk}
file containing one or more usernames and random keys:
@example
mkdir -m 0700 /tmp/keys
psktool -u rich -p /tmp/keys/keys.psk
@end example
TLS-enabled servers such as qemu-nbd can use this directory like so:
@example
qemu-nbd \
-t -x / \
--object tls-creds-psk,id=tls0,endpoint=server,dir=/tmp/keys \
--tls-creds tls0 \
image.qcow2
@end example
When connecting from a qemu-based client you must specify the
directory containing @code{keys.psk} and an optional @var{username}
(defaults to ``qemu''):
@example
qemu-img info \
--object tls-creds-psk,id=tls0,dir=/tmp/keys,username=rich,endpoint=client \
--image-opts \
file.driver=nbd,file.host=localhost,file.port=10809,file.tls-creds=tls0,file.export=/
@end example

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@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
@node pcsys_usb
@section USB emulation
QEMU can emulate a PCI UHCI, OHCI, EHCI or XHCI USB controller. You can
plug virtual USB devices or real host USB devices (only works with certain
host operating systems). QEMU will automatically create and connect virtual
USB hubs as necessary to connect multiple USB devices.
@menu
* usb_devices::
* host_usb_devices::
@end menu
@node usb_devices
@subsection Connecting USB devices
USB devices can be connected with the @option{-device usb-...} command line
option or the @code{device_add} monitor command. Available devices are:
@table @code
@item usb-mouse
Virtual Mouse. This will override the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated.
@item usb-tablet
Pointer device that uses absolute coordinates (like a touchscreen).
This means QEMU is able to report the mouse position without having
to grab the mouse. Also overrides the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated.
@item usb-storage,drive=@var{drive_id}
Mass storage device backed by @var{drive_id} (@pxref{disk_images})
@item usb-uas
USB attached SCSI device, see
@url{https://git.qemu.org/?p=qemu.git;a=blob_plain;f=docs/usb-storage.txt,usb-storage.txt}
for details
@item usb-bot
Bulk-only transport storage device, see
@url{https://git.qemu.org/?p=qemu.git;a=blob_plain;f=docs/usb-storage.txt,usb-storage.txt}
for details here, too
@item usb-mtp,rootdir=@var{dir}
Media transfer protocol device, using @var{dir} as root of the file tree
that is presented to the guest.
@item usb-host,hostbus=@var{bus},hostaddr=@var{addr}
Pass through the host device identified by @var{bus} and @var{addr}
@item usb-host,vendorid=@var{vendor},productid=@var{product}
Pass through the host device identified by @var{vendor} and @var{product} ID
@item usb-wacom-tablet
Virtual Wacom PenPartner tablet. This device is similar to the @code{tablet}
above but it can be used with the tslib library because in addition to touch
coordinates it reports touch pressure.
@item usb-kbd
Standard USB keyboard. Will override the PS/2 keyboard (if present).
@item usb-serial,chardev=@var{id}
Serial converter. This emulates an FTDI FT232BM chip connected to host character
device @var{id}.
@item usb-braille,chardev=@var{id}
Braille device. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille output on a real
or fake device referenced by @var{id}.
@item usb-net[,netdev=@var{id}]
Network adapter that supports CDC ethernet and RNDIS protocols. @var{id}
specifies a netdev defined with @code{-netdev @dots{},id=@var{id}}.
For instance, user-mode networking can be used with
@example
@value{qemu_system} [...] -netdev user,id=net0 -device usb-net,netdev=net0
@end example
@item usb-ccid
Smartcard reader device
@item usb-audio
USB audio device
@end table
@node host_usb_devices
@subsection Using host USB devices on a Linux host
WARNING: this is an experimental feature. QEMU will slow down when
using it. USB devices requiring real time streaming (i.e. USB Video
Cameras) are not supported yet.
@enumerate
@item If you use an early Linux 2.4 kernel, verify that no Linux driver
is actually using the USB device. A simple way to do that is simply to
disable the corresponding kernel module by renaming it from @file{mydriver.o}
to @file{mydriver.o.disabled}.
@item Verify that @file{/proc/bus/usb} is working (most Linux distributions should enable it by default). You should see something like that:
@example
ls /proc/bus/usb
001 devices drivers
@end example
@item Since only root can access to the USB devices directly, you can either launch QEMU as root or change the permissions of the USB devices you want to use. For testing, the following suffices:
@example
chown -R myuid /proc/bus/usb
@end example
@item Launch QEMU and do in the monitor:
@example
info usbhost
Device 1.2, speed 480 Mb/s
Class 00: USB device 1234:5678, USB DISK
@end example
You should see the list of the devices you can use (Never try to use
hubs, it won't work).
@item Add the device in QEMU by using:
@example
device_add usb-host,vendorid=0x1234,productid=0x5678
@end example
Normally the guest OS should report that a new USB device is plugged.
You can use the option @option{-device usb-host,...} to do the same.
@item Now you can try to use the host USB device in QEMU.
@end enumerate
When relaunching QEMU, you may have to unplug and plug again the USB
device to make it work again (this is a bug).

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@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
@node vnc_security
@section VNC security
The VNC server capability provides access to the graphical console
of the guest VM across the network. This has a number of security
considerations depending on the deployment scenarios.
@menu
* vnc_sec_none::
* vnc_sec_password::
* vnc_sec_certificate::
* vnc_sec_certificate_verify::
* vnc_sec_certificate_pw::
* vnc_sec_sasl::
* vnc_sec_certificate_sasl::
* vnc_setup_sasl::
@end menu
@node vnc_sec_none
@subsection Without passwords
The simplest VNC server setup does not include any form of authentication.
For this setup it is recommended to restrict it to listen on a UNIX domain
socket only. For example
@example
@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] -vnc unix:/home/joebloggs/.qemu-myvm-vnc
@end example
This ensures that only users on local box with read/write access to that
path can access the VNC server. To securely access the VNC server from a
remote machine, a combination of netcat+ssh can be used to provide a secure
tunnel.
@node vnc_sec_password
@subsection With passwords
The VNC protocol has limited support for password based authentication. Since
the protocol limits passwords to 8 characters it should not be considered
to provide high security. The password can be fairly easily brute-forced by
a client making repeat connections. For this reason, a VNC server using password
authentication should be restricted to only listen on the loopback interface
or UNIX domain sockets. Password authentication is not supported when operating
in FIPS 140-2 compliance mode as it requires the use of the DES cipher. Password
authentication is requested with the @code{password} option, and then once QEMU
is running the password is set with the monitor. Until the monitor is used to
set the password all clients will be rejected.
@example
@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] -vnc :1,password -monitor stdio
(qemu) change vnc password
Password: ********
(qemu)
@end example
@node vnc_sec_certificate
@subsection With x509 certificates
The QEMU VNC server also implements the VeNCrypt extension allowing use of
TLS for encryption of the session, and x509 certificates for authentication.
The use of x509 certificates is strongly recommended, because TLS on its
own is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks. Basic x509 certificate
support provides a secure session, but no authentication. This allows any
client to connect, and provides an encrypted session.
@example
@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] \
-object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=server,verify-peer=no \
-vnc :1,tls-creds=tls0 -monitor stdio
@end example
In the above example @code{/etc/pki/qemu} should contain at least three files,
@code{ca-cert.pem}, @code{server-cert.pem} and @code{server-key.pem}. Unprivileged
users will want to use a private directory, for example @code{$HOME/.pki/qemu}.
NB the @code{server-key.pem} file should be protected with file mode 0600 to
only be readable by the user owning it.
@node vnc_sec_certificate_verify
@subsection With x509 certificates and client verification
Certificates can also provide a means to authenticate the client connecting.
The server will request that the client provide a certificate, which it will
then validate against the CA certificate. This is a good choice if deploying
in an environment with a private internal certificate authority. It uses the
same syntax as previously, but with @code{verify-peer} set to @code{yes}
instead.
@example
@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] \
-object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=server,verify-peer=yes \
-vnc :1,tls-creds=tls0 -monitor stdio
@end example
@node vnc_sec_certificate_pw
@subsection With x509 certificates, client verification and passwords
Finally, the previous method can be combined with VNC password authentication
to provide two layers of authentication for clients.
@example
@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] \
-object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=server,verify-peer=yes \
-vnc :1,tls-creds=tls0,password -monitor stdio
(qemu) change vnc password
Password: ********
(qemu)
@end example
@node vnc_sec_sasl
@subsection With SASL authentication
The SASL authentication method is a VNC extension, that provides an
easily extendable, pluggable authentication method. This allows for
integration with a wide range of authentication mechanisms, such as
PAM, GSSAPI/Kerberos, LDAP, SQL databases, one-time keys and more.
The strength of the authentication depends on the exact mechanism
configured. If the chosen mechanism also provides a SSF layer, then
it will encrypt the datastream as well.
Refer to the later docs on how to choose the exact SASL mechanism
used for authentication, but assuming use of one supporting SSF,
then QEMU can be launched with:
@example
@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] -vnc :1,sasl -monitor stdio
@end example
@node vnc_sec_certificate_sasl
@subsection With x509 certificates and SASL authentication
If the desired SASL authentication mechanism does not supported
SSF layers, then it is strongly advised to run it in combination
with TLS and x509 certificates. This provides securely encrypted
data stream, avoiding risk of compromising of the security
credentials. This can be enabled, by combining the 'sasl' option
with the aforementioned TLS + x509 options:
@example
@value{qemu_system} [...OPTIONS...] \
-object tls-creds-x509,id=tls0,dir=/etc/pki/qemu,endpoint=server,verify-peer=yes \
-vnc :1,tls-creds=tls0,sasl -monitor stdio
@end example
@node vnc_setup_sasl
@subsection Configuring SASL mechanisms
The following documentation assumes use of the Cyrus SASL implementation on a
Linux host, but the principles should apply to any other SASL implementation
or host. When SASL is enabled, the mechanism configuration will be loaded from
system default SASL service config /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If running QEMU as an
unprivileged user, an environment variable SASL_CONF_PATH can be used to make
it search alternate locations for the service config file.
If the TLS option is enabled for VNC, then it will provide session encryption,
otherwise the SASL mechanism will have to provide encryption. In the latter
case the list of possible plugins that can be used is drastically reduced. In
fact only the GSSAPI SASL mechanism provides an acceptable level of security
by modern standards. Previous versions of QEMU referred to the DIGEST-MD5
mechanism, however, it has multiple serious flaws described in detail in
RFC 6331 and thus should never be used any more. The SCRAM-SHA-1 mechanism
provides a simple username/password auth facility similar to DIGEST-MD5, but
does not support session encryption, so can only be used in combination with
TLS.
When not using TLS the recommended configuration is
@example
mech_list: gssapi
keytab: /etc/qemu/krb5.tab
@end example
This says to use the 'GSSAPI' mechanism with the Kerberos v5 protocol, with
the server principal stored in /etc/qemu/krb5.tab. For this to work the
administrator of your KDC must generate a Kerberos principal for the server,
with a name of 'qemu/somehost.example.com@@EXAMPLE.COM' replacing
'somehost.example.com' with the fully qualified host name of the machine
running QEMU, and 'EXAMPLE.COM' with the Kerberos Realm.
When using TLS, if username+password authentication is desired, then a
reasonable configuration is
@example
mech_list: scram-sha-1
sasldb_path: /etc/qemu/passwd.db
@end example
The @code{saslpasswd2} program can be used to populate the @code{passwd.db}
file with accounts.
Other SASL configurations will be left as an exercise for the reader. Note that
all mechanisms, except GSSAPI, should be combined with use of TLS to ensure a
secure data channel.

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@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
\input texinfo @c -*- texinfo -*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename qemu-doc.info
@include version.texi
@documentlanguage en
@documentencoding UTF-8
@settitle QEMU version @value{VERSION} User Documentation
@exampleindent 0
@paragraphindent 0
@c %**end of header
@set qemu_system qemu-system-x86_64
@set qemu_system_x86 qemu-system-x86_64
@ifinfo
@direntry
* QEMU: (qemu-doc). The QEMU Emulator User Documentation.
@end direntry
@end ifinfo
@iftex
@titlepage
@sp 7
@center @titlefont{QEMU version @value{VERSION}}
@sp 1
@center @titlefont{User Documentation}
@sp 3
@end titlepage
@end iftex
@ifnottex
@node Top
@top
@menu
* Introduction::
* QEMU System emulator::
* QEMU System emulator targets::
* Security::
* Deprecated features::
* Recently removed features::
* Supported build platforms::
* License::
* Index::
@end menu
@end ifnottex
@contents
@node Introduction
@chapter Introduction
@menu
* intro_features:: Features
@end menu
@node intro_features
@section Features
QEMU is a FAST! processor emulator using dynamic translation to
achieve good emulation speed.
QEMU has two operating modes:
@itemize
@item Full system emulation. In this mode, QEMU emulates a full system (for
example a PC), including one or several processors and various
peripherals. It can be used to launch different Operating Systems
without rebooting the PC or to debug system code.
@item User mode emulation. In this mode, QEMU can launch
processes compiled for one CPU on another CPU. It can be used to
launch the Wine Windows API emulator (@url{https://www.winehq.org}) or
to ease cross-compilation and cross-debugging.
@end itemize
QEMU has the following features:
@itemize
@item QEMU can run without a host kernel driver and yet gives acceptable
performance. It uses dynamic translation to native code for reasonable speed,
with support for self-modifying code and precise exceptions.
@item It is portable to several operating systems (GNU/Linux, *BSD, Mac OS X,
Windows) and architectures.
@item It performs accurate software emulation of the FPU.
@end itemize
QEMU user mode emulation has the following features:
@itemize
@item Generic Linux system call converter, including most ioctls.
@item clone() emulation using native CPU clone() to use Linux scheduler for threads.
@item Accurate signal handling by remapping host signals to target signals.
@end itemize
QEMU full system emulation has the following features:
@itemize
@item
QEMU uses a full software MMU for maximum portability.
@item
QEMU can optionally use an in-kernel accelerator, like kvm. The accelerators
execute most of the guest code natively, while
continuing to emulate the rest of the machine.
@item
Various hardware devices can be emulated and in some cases, host
devices (e.g. serial and parallel ports, USB, drives) can be used
transparently by the guest Operating System. Host device passthrough
can be used for talking to external physical peripherals (e.g. a
webcam, modem or tape drive).
@item
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) support. Currently, an in-kernel
accelerator is required to use more than one host CPU for emulation.
@end itemize
@node QEMU System emulator
@chapter QEMU System emulator
@menu
* pcsys_quickstart:: Quick start
* sec_invocation:: Invocation
* pcsys_keys:: Keys in the graphical frontends
* mux_keys:: Keys in the character backend multiplexer
* pcsys_monitor:: QEMU Monitor
* disk_images:: Disk Images
* pcsys_network:: Network emulation
* pcsys_usb:: USB emulation
* pcsys_ivshmem:: Inter-VM Shared Memory device
* direct_linux_boot:: Direct Linux Boot
* vnc_security:: VNC security
* network_tls:: TLS setup for network services
* gdb_usage:: GDB usage
* managed_startup:: Managed startup options
@end menu
@include docs/system/quickstart.texi
@include docs/system/invocation.texi
@include docs/system/keys.texi
@include docs/system/mux-chardev.texi
@include docs/system/monitor.texi
@include docs/system/images.texi
@include docs/system/net.texi
@include docs/system/usb.texi
@include docs/system/ivshmem.texi
@include docs/system/linuxboot.texi
@include docs/system/vnc-security.texi
@include docs/system/tls.texi
@include docs/system/gdb.texi
@include docs/system/managed-startup.texi
@node QEMU System emulator targets
@chapter QEMU System emulator targets
QEMU is a generic emulator and it emulates many machines. Most of the
options are similar for all machines. Specific information about the
various targets are mentioned in the following sections.
@menu
* x86 (PC) System emulator::
* PowerPC System emulator::
* Sparc32 System emulator::
* Sparc64 System emulator::
* MIPS System emulator::
* ARM System emulator::
* ColdFire System emulator::
* Xtensa System emulator::
@end menu
@include docs/system/target-i386.texi
@include docs/system/target-ppc.texi
@include docs/system/target-sparc.texi
@include docs/system/target-sparc64.texi
@include docs/system/target-mips.texi
@include docs/system/target-arm.texi
@include docs/system/target-m68k.texi
@include docs/system/target-xtensa.texi
@include docs/system/security.texi
@include docs/system/deprecated.texi
@include docs/system/build-platforms.texi
@include docs/system/license.texi
@node Index
@appendix Index
@printindex fn
@bye