mirror of
https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd-src
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644 lines
17 KiB
Groff
644 lines
17 KiB
Groff
.\" $Id: man.7,v 1.148 2021/08/05 14:31:14 schwarze Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
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.\" Copyright (c) 2011-2015, 2017-2020 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
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.\" Copyright (c) 2017 Anthony Bentley <bentley@openbsd.org>
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.\" Copyright (c) 2010 Joerg Sonnenberger <joerg@netbsd.org>
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.\"
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.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
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.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
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.\"
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.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
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.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
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.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
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.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
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.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
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.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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.\"
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.Dd $Mdocdate: August 5 2021 $
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.Dt MAN 7
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm man
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.Nd legacy formatting language for manual pages
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm man
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language was the standard formatting language for
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.At
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manual pages from 1979 to 1989.
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Do not use it to write new manual pages: it is a purely presentational
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language and lacks support for semantic markup.
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Use the
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.Xr mdoc 7
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language, instead.
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.Pp
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In a
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.Nm
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document, lines beginning with the control character
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.Sq \&.
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are called
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.Dq macro lines .
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The first word is the macro name.
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It usually consists of two capital letters.
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For a list of portable macros, see
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.Sx MACRO OVERVIEW .
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The words following the macro name are arguments to the macro.
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.Pp
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Lines not beginning with the control character are called
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.Dq text lines .
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They provide free-form text to be printed; the formatting of the text
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depends on the respective processing context:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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\&.SH Macro lines change control state.
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Text lines are interpreted within the current state.
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Many aspects of the basic syntax of the
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.Nm
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language are based on the
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.Xr roff 7
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language; see the
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.Em LANGUAGE SYNTAX
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and
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.Em MACRO SYNTAX
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sections in the
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.Xr roff 7
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manual for details, in particular regarding
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comments, escape sequences, whitespace, and quoting.
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.Pp
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Each
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.Nm
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document starts with the
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.Ic TH
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macro specifying the document's name and section, followed by the
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.Sx NAME
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section formatted as follows:
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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\&.TH PROGNAME 1 1979-01-10
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\&.SH NAME
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\efBprogname\efR \e(en one line about what it does
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.Ed
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.Sh MACRO OVERVIEW
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This overview is sorted such that macros of similar purpose are listed
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together.
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Deprecated and non-portable macros are not included in the overview,
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but can be found in the alphabetical reference below.
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.Ss Page header and footer meta-data
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.Bl -column "RS, RE" description
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.It Ic TH Ta set the title: Ar name section date Op Ar source Op Ar volume
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.It Ic AT Ta display AT&T UNIX version in the page footer (<= 1 argument)
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.It Ic UC Ta display BSD version in the page footer (<= 1 argument)
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.El
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.Ss Sections and paragraphs
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.Bl -column "RS, RE" description
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.It Ic SH Ta section header (one line)
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.It Ic SS Ta subsection header (one line)
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.It Ic PP Ta start an undecorated paragraph (no arguments)
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.It Ic RS , RE Ta reset the left margin: Op Ar width
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.It Ic IP Ta indented paragraph: Op Ar head Op Ar width
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.It Ic TP Ta tagged paragraph: Op Ar width
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.It Ic PD Ta set vertical paragraph distance: Op Ar height
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.It Ic in Ta additional indent: Op Ar width
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.El
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.Ss Physical markup
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.Bl -column "RS, RE" description
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.It Ic B Ta boldface font
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.It Ic I Ta italic font
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.It Ic SB Ta small boldface font
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.It Ic SM Ta small roman font
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.It Ic BI Ta alternate between boldface and italic fonts
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.It Ic BR Ta alternate between boldface and roman fonts
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.It Ic IB Ta alternate between italic and boldface fonts
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.It Ic IR Ta alternate between italic and roman fonts
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.It Ic RB Ta alternate between roman and boldface fonts
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.It Ic RI Ta alternate between roman and italic fonts
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.El
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.Sh MACRO REFERENCE
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This section is a canonical reference to all macros, arranged
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alphabetically.
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For the scoping of individual macros, see
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.Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
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.Bl -tag -width 3n
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.It Ic AT
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Sets the volume for the footer for compatibility with man pages from
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.At
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releases.
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The optional arguments specify which release it is from.
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This macro is an extension that first appeared in
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.Bx 4.3 .
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.It Ic B
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Text is rendered in bold face.
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.It Ic BI
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Text is rendered alternately in bold face and italic.
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Thus,
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.Sq .BI this word and that
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causes
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.Sq this
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and
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.Sq and
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to render in bold face, while
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.Sq word
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and
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.Sq that
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render in italics.
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Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output.
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.Pp
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Example:
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.Pp
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.Dl \&.BI bold italic bold italic
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.It Ic BR
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Text is rendered alternately in bold face and roman (the default font).
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Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output.
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See also
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.Ic BI .
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.It Ic DT
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Restore the default tabulator positions.
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They are at intervals of 0.5 inches.
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This has no effect unless the tabulator positions were changed with the
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.Xr roff 7
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.Ic ta
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request.
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.It Ic EE
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This is a non-standard Version 9
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.At
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extension later adopted by GNU.
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In
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.Xr mandoc 1 ,
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it does the same as the
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.Xr roff 7
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.Ic fi
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request (switch to fill mode).
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.It Ic EX
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This is a non-standard Version 9
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.At
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|
extension later adopted by GNU.
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In
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.Xr mandoc 1 ,
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it does the same as the
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.Xr roff 7
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.Ic nf
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request (switch to no-fill mode).
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.It Ic HP
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Begin a paragraph whose initial output line is left-justified, but
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subsequent output lines are indented, with the following syntax:
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.Pp
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.D1 Pf . Ic HP Op Ar width
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar width
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argument is a
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.Xr roff 7
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scaling width.
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If specified, it's saved for later paragraph left margins;
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if unspecified, the saved or default width is used.
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.Pp
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This macro is portable, but deprecated
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because it has no good representation in HTML output,
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usually ending up indistinguishable from
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.Ic PP .
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.It Ic I
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Text is rendered in italics.
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.It Ic IB
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Text is rendered alternately in italics and bold face.
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Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output.
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See also
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.Ic BI .
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.It Ic IP
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Begin an indented paragraph with the following syntax:
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.Pp
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.D1 Pf . Ic IP Op Ar head Op Ar width
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar width
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argument is a
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.Xr roff 7
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|
scaling width defining the left margin.
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It's saved for later paragraph left-margins; if unspecified, the saved or
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default width is used.
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar head
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argument is used as a leading term, flushed to the left margin.
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This is useful for bulleted paragraphs and so on.
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.It Ic IR
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Text is rendered alternately in italics and roman (the default font).
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Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output.
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See also
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.Ic BI .
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.It Ic LP
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|
A synonym for
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.Ic PP .
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.It Ic ME
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End a mailto block started with
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.Ic MT .
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|
This is a non-standard GNU extension.
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.It Ic MT
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|
Begin a mailto block.
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|
This is a non-standard GNU extension.
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It has the following syntax:
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.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
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.Pf . Ic MT Ar address
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link description to be shown
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.Pf . Ic ME
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.Ed
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.It Ic OP
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Optional command-line argument.
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This is a non-standard DWB extension.
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It has the following syntax:
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.Pp
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.D1 Pf . Ic OP Ar key Op Ar value
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar key
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is usually a command-line flag and
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.Ar value
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its argument.
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.It Ic P
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This synonym for
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.Ic PP
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is an
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.At III
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extension later adopted by
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.Bx 4.3 .
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.It Ic PD
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Specify the vertical space to be inserted before each new paragraph.
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.br
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The syntax is as follows:
|
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.Pp
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.D1 Pf . Ic PD Op Ar height
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar height
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argument is a
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.Xr roff 7
|
|
scaling width.
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It defaults to
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.Cm 1v .
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If the unit is omitted,
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.Cm v
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is assumed.
|
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.Pp
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This macro affects the spacing before any subsequent instances of
|
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.Ic HP ,
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.Ic IP ,
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.Ic LP ,
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.Ic P ,
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.Ic PP ,
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.Ic SH ,
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.Ic SS ,
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.Ic SY ,
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and
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.Ic TP .
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.It Ic PP
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Begin an undecorated paragraph.
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The scope of a paragraph is closed by a subsequent paragraph,
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sub-section, section, or end of file.
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The saved paragraph left-margin width is reset to the default.
|
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.It Ic RB
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Text is rendered alternately in roman (the default font) and bold face.
|
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Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output.
|
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See also
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|
.Ic BI .
|
|
.It Ic RE
|
|
Explicitly close out the scope of a prior
|
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.Ic RS .
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|
The default left margin is restored to the state before that
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.Ic RS
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invocation.
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.Pp
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The syntax is as follows:
|
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.Pp
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.D1 Pf . Ic RE Op Ar level
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.Pp
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|
Without an argument, the most recent
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.Ic RS
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block is closed out.
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|
If
|
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.Ar level
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is 1, all open
|
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.Ic RS
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|
blocks are closed out.
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|
Otherwise,
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.Ar level No \(mi 1
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nested
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.Ic RS
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|
blocks remain open.
|
|
.It Ic RI
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Text is rendered alternately in roman (the default font) and italics.
|
|
Whitespace between arguments is omitted in output.
|
|
See also
|
|
.Ic BI .
|
|
.It Ic RS
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Temporarily reset the default left margin.
|
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This has the following syntax:
|
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.Pp
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.D1 Pf . Ic RS Op Ar width
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.Pp
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|
The
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.Ar width
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argument is a
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.Xr roff 7
|
|
scaling width.
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If not specified, the saved or default width is used.
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.Pp
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|
See also
|
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.Ic RE .
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.It Ic SB
|
|
Text is rendered in small size (one point smaller than the default font)
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bold face.
|
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This macro is an extension that probably first appeared in SunOS 4.0
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and was later adopted by GNU and by
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.Bx 4.4 .
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.It Ic SH
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Begin a section.
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The scope of a section is only closed by another section or the end of
|
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file.
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The paragraph left-margin width is reset to the default.
|
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.It Ic SM
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Text is rendered in small size (one point smaller than the default
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font).
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.It Ic SS
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Begin a sub-section.
|
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The scope of a sub-section is closed by a subsequent sub-section,
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section, or end of file.
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The paragraph left-margin width is reset to the default.
|
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.It Ic SY
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Begin a synopsis block with the following syntax:
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.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
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.Pf . Ic SY Ar command
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.Ar arguments
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.Pf . Ic YS
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.Ed
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.Pp
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|
This is a non-standard GNU extension
|
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and very rarely used even in GNU manual pages.
|
|
Formatting is similar to
|
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.Ic IP .
|
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.It Ic TH
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|
Set the name of the manual page for use in the page header
|
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and footer with the following syntax:
|
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.Pp
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.D1 Pf . Ic TH Ar name section date Op Ar source Op Ar volume
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.Pp
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|
Conventionally, the document
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.Ar name
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is given in all caps.
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The
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.Ar section
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is usually a single digit, in a few cases followed by a letter.
|
|
The recommended
|
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.Ar date
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|
format is
|
|
.Sy YYYY-MM-DD
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as specified in the ISO-8601 standard;
|
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if the argument does not conform, it is printed verbatim.
|
|
If the
|
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.Ar date
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is empty or not specified, the current date is used.
|
|
The optional
|
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.Ar source
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string specifies the organisation providing the utility.
|
|
When unspecified,
|
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.Xr mandoc 1
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uses its
|
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.Fl Ios
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argument.
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The
|
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.Ar volume
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string replaces the default volume title of the
|
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.Ar section .
|
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.Pp
|
|
Examples:
|
|
.Pp
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|
.Dl \&.TH CVS 5 "1992-02-12" GNU
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.It Ic TP
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|
Begin a paragraph where the head, if exceeding the indentation width, is
|
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followed by a newline; if not, the body follows on the same line after
|
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advancing to the indentation width.
|
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Subsequent output lines are indented.
|
|
The syntax is as follows:
|
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.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
|
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.Pf . Ic TP Op Ar width
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.Ar head No \e" one line
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.Ar body
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.Ed
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.Pp
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The
|
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.Ar width
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argument is a
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.Xr roff 7
|
|
scaling width.
|
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If specified, it's saved for later paragraph left-margins; if
|
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unspecified, the saved or default width is used.
|
|
.It Ic TQ
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|
Like
|
|
.Ic TP ,
|
|
except that no vertical spacing is inserted before the paragraph.
|
|
This is a non-standard GNU extension
|
|
and very rarely used even in GNU manual pages.
|
|
.It Ic UC
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|
Sets the volume for the footer for compatibility with man pages from
|
|
.Bx
|
|
releases.
|
|
The optional first argument specifies which release it is from.
|
|
This macro is an extension that first appeared in
|
|
.Bx 3 .
|
|
.It Ic UE
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|
End a uniform resource identifier block started with
|
|
.Ic UR .
|
|
This is a non-standard GNU extension.
|
|
.It Ic UR
|
|
Begin a uniform resource identifier block.
|
|
This is a non-standard GNU extension.
|
|
It has the following syntax:
|
|
.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
|
|
.Pf . Ic UR Ar uri
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|
link description to be shown
|
|
.Pf . Ic UE
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.It Ic YS
|
|
End a synopsis block started with
|
|
.Ic SY .
|
|
This is a non-standard GNU extension.
|
|
.It Ic in
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Indent relative to the current indentation:
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.D1 Pf . Ic in Op Ar width
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If
|
|
.Ar width
|
|
is signed, the new offset is relative.
|
|
Otherwise, it is absolute.
|
|
This value is reset upon the next paragraph, section, or sub-section.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh MACRO SYNTAX
|
|
The
|
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.Nm
|
|
macros are classified by scope: line scope or block scope.
|
|
Line macros are only scoped to the current line (and, in some
|
|
situations, the subsequent line).
|
|
Block macros are scoped to the current line and subsequent lines until
|
|
closed by another block macro.
|
|
.Ss Line Macros
|
|
Line macros are generally scoped to the current line, with the body
|
|
consisting of zero or more arguments.
|
|
If a macro is scoped to the next line and the line arguments are empty,
|
|
the next line, which must be text, is used instead.
|
|
Thus:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
\&.I
|
|
foo
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
is equivalent to
|
|
.Sq .I foo .
|
|
If next-line macros are invoked consecutively, only the last is used.
|
|
If a next-line macro is followed by a non-next-line macro, an error is
|
|
raised.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The syntax is as follows:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
\&.YO \(lBbody...\(rB
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|
\(lBbody...\(rB
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|
.Ed
|
|
.Bl -column "MacroX" "ArgumentsX" "ScopeXXXXX" "CompatX" -offset indent
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|
.It Em Macro Ta Em Arguments Ta Em Scope Ta Em Notes
|
|
.It Ic AT Ta <=1 Ta current Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic B Ta n Ta next-line Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic BI Ta n Ta current Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic BR Ta n Ta current Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic DT Ta 0 Ta current Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic EE Ta 0 Ta current Ta Version 9 At
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|
.It Ic EX Ta 0 Ta current Ta Version 9 At
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|
.It Ic I Ta n Ta next-line Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic IB Ta n Ta current Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic IR Ta n Ta current Ta \&
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|
.It Ic OP Ta >=1 Ta current Ta DWB
|
|
.It Ic PD Ta 1 Ta current Ta \&
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|
.It Ic RB Ta n Ta current Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic RI Ta n Ta current Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic SB Ta n Ta next-line Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic SM Ta n Ta next-line Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic TH Ta >1, <6 Ta current Ta \&
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|
.It Ic UC Ta <=1 Ta current Ta \&
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|
.It Ic in Ta 1 Ta current Ta Xr roff 7
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|
.El
|
|
.Ss Block Macros
|
|
Block macros comprise a head and body.
|
|
As with in-line macros, the head is scoped to the current line and, in
|
|
one circumstance, the next line (the next-line stipulations as in
|
|
.Sx Line Macros
|
|
apply here as well).
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The syntax is as follows:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
\&.YO \(lBhead...\(rB
|
|
\(lBhead...\(rB
|
|
\(lBbody...\(rB
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The closure of body scope may be to the section, where a macro is closed
|
|
by
|
|
.Ic SH ;
|
|
sub-section, closed by a section or
|
|
.Ic SS ;
|
|
or paragraph, closed by a section, sub-section,
|
|
.Ic HP ,
|
|
.Ic IP ,
|
|
.Ic LP ,
|
|
.Ic P ,
|
|
.Ic PP ,
|
|
.Ic RE ,
|
|
.Ic SY ,
|
|
or
|
|
.Ic TP .
|
|
No closure refers to an explicit block closing macro.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
As a rule, block macros may not be nested; thus, calling a block macro
|
|
while another block macro scope is open, and the open scope is not
|
|
implicitly closed, is syntactically incorrect.
|
|
.Bl -column "MacroX" "ArgumentsX" "Head ScopeX" "sub-sectionX" "compatX" -offset indent
|
|
.It Em Macro Ta Em Arguments Ta Em Head Scope Ta Em Body Scope Ta Em Notes
|
|
.It Ic HP Ta <2 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic IP Ta <3 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic LP Ta 0 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic ME Ta 0 Ta none Ta none Ta GNU
|
|
.It Ic MT Ta 1 Ta current Ta to \&ME Ta GNU
|
|
.It Ic P Ta 0 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic PP Ta 0 Ta current Ta paragraph Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic RE Ta <=1 Ta current Ta none Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic RS Ta 1 Ta current Ta to \&RE Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic SH Ta >0 Ta next-line Ta section Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic SS Ta >0 Ta next-line Ta sub-section Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic SY Ta 1 Ta current Ta to \&YS Ta GNU
|
|
.It Ic TP Ta n Ta next-line Ta paragraph Ta \&
|
|
.It Ic TQ Ta n Ta next-line Ta paragraph Ta GNU
|
|
.It Ic UE Ta 0 Ta current Ta none Ta GNU
|
|
.It Ic UR Ta 1 Ta current Ta part Ta GNU
|
|
.It Ic YS Ta 0 Ta none Ta none Ta GNU
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If a block macro is next-line scoped, it may only be followed by in-line
|
|
macros for decorating text.
|
|
.Ss Font handling
|
|
In
|
|
.Nm
|
|
documents, both
|
|
.Sx Physical markup
|
|
macros and
|
|
.Xr roff 7
|
|
.Ql \ef
|
|
font escape sequences can be used to choose fonts.
|
|
In text lines, the effect of manual font selection by escape sequences
|
|
only lasts until the next macro invocation; in macro lines, it only lasts
|
|
until the end of the macro scope.
|
|
Note that macros like
|
|
.Ic BR
|
|
open and close a font scope for each argument.
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr man 1 ,
|
|
.Xr mandoc 1 ,
|
|
.Xr eqn 7 ,
|
|
.Xr mandoc_char 7 ,
|
|
.Xr mdoc 7 ,
|
|
.Xr roff 7 ,
|
|
.Xr tbl 7
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
language first appeared as a macro package for the roff typesetting
|
|
system in
|
|
.At v7 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The stand-alone implementation that is part of the
|
|
.Xr mandoc 1
|
|
utility first appeared in
|
|
.Ox 4.6 .
|
|
.Sh AUTHORS
|
|
.An -nosplit
|
|
.An Douglas McIlroy Aq Mt m.douglas.mcilroy@dartmouth.edu
|
|
designed and implemented the original version of these macros,
|
|
wrote the original version of this manual page,
|
|
and was the first to use them when he edited volume 1 of the
|
|
.At v7
|
|
manual pages.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.An James Clark
|
|
later rewrote the macros for groff.
|
|
.An Eric S. Raymond Aq Mt esr@thyrsus.com
|
|
and
|
|
.An Werner Lemberg Aq Mt wl@gnu.org
|
|
added the extended
|
|
.Nm
|
|
macros to groff in 2007.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Xr mandoc 1
|
|
program and this
|
|
.Nm
|
|
reference were written by
|
|
.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .
|