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Mechanically kill hard sentence breaks.

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This commit is contained in:
Ruslan Ermilov 2004-07-02 21:45:06 +00:00
parent c481aa05e8
commit 9806e23132
Notes: svn2git 2020-12-20 02:59:44 +00:00 
svn path=/head/; revision=131488
37 changed files with 1147 additions and 584 deletions
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2
sbin/atacontrol/atacontrol.8
View file

@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ is done on boot.
Detach an ATA
.Ar channel .
Devices on the channel are removed from the kernel,
and all outstanding transfers etc. are returned back to the system marked
and all outstanding transfers etc.\& are returned back to the system marked
as failed.
.It Ic reinit
Reinitialize an ATA

3
sbin/atm/fore_dnld/fore_dnld.8
View file

@ -64,7 +64,8 @@ for PCA-200E adapters.
.El
.Sh NOTES
For the PCA200E adapter, if no file is specified on the command
line a built-in copy of version 4.1.12 microcode is used. When the
line a built-in copy of version 4.1.12 microcode is used.
When the
option
.Fl 3
is specified version 3.0.1 microcode is used instead.

9
sbin/badsect/badsect.8
View file

@ -40,7 +40,8 @@
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
utility makes a file to contain a bad sector. Normally, bad sectors
utility makes a file to contain a bad sector.
Normally, bad sectors
are made inaccessible by the standard formatter, which provides
a forwarding table for bad sectors to the driver.
If a driver supports the bad blocking standard it is much preferable to
@ -83,8 +84,10 @@ relative sector numbers in its console error messages.)
Then change back to the root directory, unmount the file system
and run
.Xr fsck 8
on the file system. The bad sectors should show up in two files
or in the bad sector files and the free list. Have
on the file system.
The bad sectors should show up in two files
or in the bad sector files and the free list.
Have
.Xr fsck 8
remove files containing the offending bad sectors, but
.Em do not

297
sbin/camcontrol/camcontrol.8
View file

@ -152,38 +152,44 @@ CAM subsystem.
The
.Nm
utility
can cause a loss of data and/or system crashes if used improperly. Even
can cause a loss of data and/or system crashes if used improperly.
Even
expert users are encouraged to exercise caution when using this command.
Novice users should stay away from this utility.
.Pp
The
.Nm
utility has a number of primary functions, many of which support an optional
device identifier. A device identifier can take one of three forms:
device identifier.
A device identifier can take one of three forms:
.Bl -tag -width 14n
.It deviceUNIT
Specify a device name and unit number combination, like "da5" or "cd3".
Note that character device node names (e.g. /dev/da0) are
Note that character device node names (e.g.\& /dev/da0) are
.Em not
allowed here.
.It bus:target
Specify a bus number and target id. The bus number can be determined from
Specify a bus number and target id.
The bus number can be determined from
the output of
.Dq camcontrol devlist .
The lun defaults to 0.
.It bus:target:lun
Specify the bus, target and lun for a device. (e.g. 1:2:0)
Specify the bus, target and lun for a device.
(e.g.\& 1:2:0)
.El
.Pp
The device identifier, if it is specified,
.Em must
come immediately after the function name, and before any generic or
function-specific arguments. Note that the
function-specific arguments.
Note that the
.Fl n
and
.Fl u
arguments described below will override any device name or unit number
specified beforehand. The
specified beforehand.
The
.Fl n
and
.Fl u
@ -196,24 +202,28 @@ Most of the
primary functions support these generic arguments:
.Bl -tag -width 14n
.It Fl C Ar count
SCSI command retry count. In order for this to work, error recovery
SCSI command retry count.
In order for this to work, error recovery
.Pq Fl E
must be turned on.
.It Fl E
Instruct the kernel to perform generic SCSI error recovery for the given
command. This is needed in order for the retry count
command.
This is needed in order for the retry count
.Pq Fl C
to be honored. Other than retrying commands, the generic error recovery in
to be honored.
Other than retrying commands, the generic error recovery in
the code will generally attempt to spin up drives that are not spinning.
It may take some other actions, depending upon the sense code returned from
the command.
.It Fl n Ar dev_name
Specify the device type to operate on, e.g. "da", "cd".
Specify the device type to operate on, e.g.\& "da", "cd".
.It Fl t Ar timeout
SCSI command timeout in seconds. This overrides the default timeout for
SCSI command timeout in seconds.
This overrides the default timeout for
any given command.
.It Fl u Ar unit_number
Specify the device unit number, e.g. "1", "5".
Specify the device unit number, e.g.\& "1", "5".
.It Fl v
Be verbose, print out sense information for failed SCSI commands.
.El
@ -236,16 +246,19 @@ The
.Nm
utility will report whether the device is ready or not.
.It Ic inquiry
Send a SCSI inquiry command (0x12) to a device. By default,
Send a SCSI inquiry command (0x12) to a device.
By default,
.Nm
will print out the standard inquiry data, device serial number, and
transfer rate information. The user can specify that only certain types of
transfer rate information.
The user can specify that only certain types of
inquiry data be printed:
.Bl -tag -width 4n
.It Fl D
Get the standard inquiry data.
.It Fl S
Print out the serial number. If this flag is the only one specified,
Print out the serial number.
If this flag is the only one specified,
.Nm
will not print out "Serial Number" before the value returned by the drive.
This is to aid in script writing.
@ -268,8 +281,10 @@ start bit cleared and the load/eject bit set.
Tell the kernel to scan all busses in the system (with the
.Ar all
argument), the given bus (XPT_SCAN_BUS), or bus:target:lun
(XPT_SCAN_LUN) for new devices or devices that have gone away. The user
may specify a scan of all busses, a single bus, or a lun. Scanning all luns
(XPT_SCAN_LUN) for new devices or devices that have gone away.
The user
may specify a scan of all busses, a single bus, or a lun.
Scanning all luns
on a target isn't supported.
.It Ic reset
Tell the kernel to reset all busses in the system (with the
@ -292,9 +307,13 @@ to print out the list as logical blocks,
.Em bfi ,
to print out the list in bytes from index format, and
.Em phys ,
to print out the list in physical sector format. The format argument is
required. Most drives support the physical sector format. Some drives
support the logical block format. Many drives, if they don't support the
to print out the list in physical sector format.
The format argument is
required.
Most drives support the physical sector format.
Some drives
support the logical block format.
Many drives, if they don't support the
requested format, return the data in an alternate format, along with sense
information indicating that the requested data format isn't supported.
The
@ -306,7 +325,8 @@ support the requested format,
.Nm
will probably see the error as a failure to complete the request.
.It Fl G
Print out the grown defect list. This is a list of bad blocks that have
Print out the grown defect list.
This is a list of bad blocks that have
been remapped since the disk left the factory.
.It Fl P
Print out the primary defect list.
@ -321,7 +341,8 @@ is specified,
will print out the number of defects given in the READ DEFECT DATA header
returned from the drive.
.It Ic modepage
Allows the user to display and optionally edit a SCSI mode page. The mode
Allows the user to display and optionally edit a SCSI mode page.
The mode
page formats are located in
.Pa /usr/share/misc/scsi_modes .
This can be overridden by specifying a different file in the
@ -336,24 +357,28 @@ Disable block descriptors for mode sense.
.It Fl b
Displays mode page data in binary format.
.It Fl e
This flag allows the user to edit values in the mode page. The user may
This flag allows the user to edit values in the mode page.
The user may
either edit mode page values with the text editor pointed to by his
.Ev EDITOR
environment variable, or supply mode page values via standard input, using
the same format that
.Nm
uses to display mode page values. The editor will be invoked if
uses to display mode page values.
The editor will be invoked if
.Nm
detects that standard input is terminal.
.It Fl l
Lists all available mode pages.
.It Fl m Ar mode_page
This specifies the number of the mode page the user would like to view
and/or edit. This argument is mandatory unless
and/or edit.
This argument is mandatory unless
.Fl l
is specified.
.It Fl P Ar pgctl
This allows the user to specify the page control field. Possible values are:
This allows the user to specify the page control field.
Possible values are:
.Bl -tag -width xxx -compact
.It 0
Current values
@ -371,8 +396,10 @@ The
.Ic cmd
function requires the
.Fl c
argument to specify the CDB. Other arguments are optional, depending on
the command type. The command and data specification syntax is documented
argument to specify the CDB.
Other arguments are optional, depending on
the command type.
The command and data specification syntax is documented
in
.Xr cam_cdbparse 3 .
NOTE: If the CDB specified causes data to be transfered to or from the
@ -382,7 +409,8 @@ or
.Fl o .
.Bl -tag -width 17n
.It Fl c Ar cmd Op args
This specifies the SCSI CDB. CDBs may be 6, 10, 12 or 16 bytes.
This specifies the SCSI CDB.
CDBs may be 6, 10, 12 or 16 bytes.
.It Fl i Ar len Ar fmt
This specifies the amount of data to read, and how it should be displayed.
If the format is
@ -391,15 +419,19 @@ If the format is
bytes of data will be read from the device and written to standard output.
.It Fl o Ar len Ar fmt Op args
This specifies the amount of data to be written to a device, and the data
that is to be written. If the format is
that is to be written.
If the format is
.Sq - ,
.Ar len
bytes of data will be read from standard input and written to the device.
.El
.It Ic debug
Turn on CAM debugging printfs in the kernel. This requires options CAMDEBUG
in your kernel config file. WARNING: enabling debugging printfs currently
causes an EXTREME number of kernel printfs. You may have difficulty
Turn on CAM debugging printfs in the kernel.
This requires options CAMDEBUG
in your kernel config file.
WARNING: enabling debugging printfs currently
causes an EXTREME number of kernel printfs.
You may have difficulty
turning off the debugging printfs once they start, since the kernel will be
busy printing messages and unable to service other requests quickly.
The
@ -417,46 +449,57 @@ Enable CAM_DEBUG_SUBTRACE printfs.
.It Fl X
Enable CAM_DEBUG_XPT printfs.
.It Fl c
Enable CAM_DEBUG_CDB printfs. This will cause the kernel to print out the
Enable CAM_DEBUG_CDB printfs.
This will cause the kernel to print out the
SCSI CDBs sent to the specified device(s).
.It all
Enable debugging for all devices.
.It off
Turn off debugging for all devices
.It bus Ns Op :target Ns Op :lun
Turn on debugging for the given bus, target or lun. If the lun or target
and lun are not specified, they are wildcarded. (i.e., just specifying a
Turn on debugging for the given bus, target or lun.
If the lun or target
and lun are not specified, they are wildcarded.
(i.e., just specifying a
bus turns on debugging printfs for all devices on that bus.)
.El
.It Ic tags
Show or set the number of "tagged openings" or simultaneous transactions
we attempt to queue to a particular device. By default, the
we attempt to queue to a particular device.
By default, the
.Ic tags
command, with no command-specific arguments (i.e. only generic arguments)
command, with no command-specific arguments (i.e., only generic arguments)
prints out the "soft" maximum number of transactions that can be queued to
the device in question. For more detailed information, use the
the device in question.
For more detailed information, use the
.Fl v
argument described below.
.Bl -tag -width 7n
.It Fl N Ar tags
Set the number of tags for the given device. This must be between the
minimum and maximum number set in the kernel quirk table. The default for
Set the number of tags for the given device.
This must be between the
minimum and maximum number set in the kernel quirk table.
The default for
most devices that support tagged queueing is a minimum of 2 and a maximum
of 255. The minimum and maximum values for a given device may be
of 255.
The minimum and maximum values for a given device may be
determined by using the
.Fl v
switch. The meaning of the
switch.
The meaning of the
.Fl v
switch for this
.Nm
subcommand is described below.
.It Fl q
Be quiet, and don't report the number of tags. This is generally used when
Be quiet, and don't report the number of tags.
This is generally used when
setting the number of tags.
.It Fl v
The verbose flag has special functionality for the
.Em tags
argument. It causes
argument.
It causes
.Nm
to print out the tagged queueing related fields of the XPT_GDEV_TYPE CCB:
.Bl -tag -width 13n
@ -465,55 +508,68 @@ This is the amount of capacity for transactions queued to a given device.
.It dev_active
This is the number of transactions currently queued to a device.
.It devq_openings
This is the kernel queue space for transactions. This count usually mirrors
This is the kernel queue space for transactions.
This count usually mirrors
dev_openings except during error recovery operations when
the device queue is frozen (device is not allowed to receive
commands), the number of dev_openings is reduced, or transaction
replay is occurring.
.It devq_queued
This is the number of transactions waiting in the kernel queue for capacity
on the device. This number is usually zero unless error recovery is in
on the device.
This number is usually zero unless error recovery is in
progress.
.It held
The held count is the number of CCBs held by peripheral drivers that have
either just been completed or are about to be released to the transport
layer for service by a device. Held CCBs reserve capacity on a given
layer for service by a device.
Held CCBs reserve capacity on a given
device.
.It mintags
This is the current "hard" minimum number of transactions that can be
queued to a device at once. The
queued to a device at once.
The
.Ar dev_openings
value above cannot go below this number. The default value for
value above cannot go below this number.
The default value for
.Ar mintags
is 2, although it may be set higher or lower for various devices.
.It maxtags
This is the "hard" maximum number of transactions that can be queued to a
device at one time. The
device at one time.
The
.Ar dev_openings
value cannot go above this number. The default value for
value cannot go above this number.
The default value for
.Ar maxtags
is 255, although it may be set higher or lower for various devices.
.El
.El
.It Ic negotiate
Show or negotiate various communication parameters. Some controllers may
not support setting or changing some of these values. For instance, the
Show or negotiate various communication parameters.
Some controllers may
not support setting or changing some of these values.
For instance, the
Adaptec 174x controllers do not support changing a device's sync rate or
offset.
The
.Nm
utility
will not attempt to set the parameter if the controller indicates that it
does not support setting the parameter. To find out what the controller
does not support setting the parameter.
To find out what the controller
supports, use the
.Fl v
flag. The meaning of the
flag.
The meaning of the
.Fl v
flag for the
.Ic negotiate
command is described below. Also, some controller drivers don't support
command is described below.
Also, some controller drivers don't support
setting negotiation parameters, even if the underlying controller supports
negotiation changes. Some controllers, such as the Advansys wide
negotiation changes.
Some controllers, such as the Advansys wide
controllers, support enabling and disabling synchronous negotiation for
a device, but do not support setting the synchronous negotiation rate.
.Bl -tag -width 17n
@ -521,41 +577,51 @@ a device, but do not support setting the synchronous negotiation rate.
Attempt to make the negotiation settings take effect immediately by sending
a Test Unit Ready command to the device.
.It Fl c
Show or set current negotiation settings. This is the default.
Show or set current negotiation settings.
This is the default.
.It Fl D Ar enable|disable
Enable or disable disconnection.
.It Fl O Ar offset
Set the command delay offset.
.It Fl q
Be quiet, don't print anything. This is generally useful when you want to
Be quiet, don't print anything.
This is generally useful when you want to
set a parameter, but don't want any status information.
.It Fl R Ar syncrate
Change the synchronization rate for a device. The sync rate is a floating
point value specified in MHz. So, for instance,
Change the synchronization rate for a device.
The sync rate is a floating
point value specified in MHz.
So, for instance,
.Sq 20.000
is a legal value, as is
.Sq 20 .
.It Fl T Ar enable|disable
Enable or disable tagged queueing for a device.
.It Fl U
Show or set user negotiation settings. The default is to show or set
Show or set user negotiation settings.
The default is to show or set
current negotiation settings.
.It Fl v
The verbose switch has special meaning for the
.Ic negotiate
subcommand. It causes
subcommand.
It causes
.Nm
to print out the contents of a Path Inquiry (XPT_PATH_INQ) CCB sent to the
controller driver.
.It Fl W Ar bus_width
Specify the bus width to negotiate with a device. The bus width is
specified in bits. The only useful values to specify are 8, 16, and 32
bits. The controller must support the bus width in question in order for
Specify the bus width to negotiate with a device.
The bus width is
specified in bits.
The only useful values to specify are 8, 16, and 32
bits.
The controller must support the bus width in question in order for
the setting to take effect.
.El
.Pp
In general, sync rate and offset settings will not take effect for a
device until a command has been sent to the device. The
device until a command has been sent to the device.
The
.Fl a
switch above will automatically send a Test Unit Ready to the device so
negotiation parameters will take effect.
@ -566,27 +632,36 @@ FORMAT UNIT command to the named device.
.Pp
.Em WARNING! WARNING! WARNING!
.Pp
Low level formatting a disk will destroy ALL data on the disk. Use
extreme caution when issuing this command. Many users low-level format
disks that do not really need to be low-level formatted. There are
Low level formatting a disk will destroy ALL data on the disk.
Use
extreme caution when issuing this command.
Many users low-level format
disks that do not really need to be low-level formatted.
There are
relatively few scenarios that call for low-level formatting a disk.
One reason for
low-level formatting a disk is to initialize the disk after changing
its physical sector size. Another reason for low-level formatting a disk
its physical sector size.
Another reason for low-level formatting a disk
is to revive the disk if you are getting "medium format corrupted" errors
from the disk in response to read and write requests.
.Pp
Some disks take longer than others to format. Users should specify a
timeout long enough to allow the format to complete. The default format
timeout is 3 hours, which should be long enough for most disks. Some hard
Some disks take longer than others to format.
Users should specify a
timeout long enough to allow the format to complete.
The default format
timeout is 3 hours, which should be long enough for most disks.
Some hard
disks will complete a format operation in a very short period of time
(on the order of 5 minutes or less). This is often because the drive
(on the order of 5 minutes or less).
This is often because the drive
doesn't really support the FORMAT UNIT command -- it just accepts the
command, waits a few minutes and then returns it.
.Pp
The
.Sq format
subcommand takes several arguments that modify its default behavior. The
subcommand takes several arguments that modify its default behavior.
The
.Fl q
and
.Fl y
@ -594,21 +669,27 @@ arguments can be useful for scripts.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width 6n
.It Fl q
Be quiet, don't print any status messages. This option will not disable
the questions, however. To disable questions, use the
Be quiet, don't print any status messages.
This option will not disable
the questions, however.
To disable questions, use the
.Fl y
argument, below.
.It Fl w
Issue a non-immediate format command. By default,
Issue a non-immediate format command.
By default,
.Nm
issues the FORMAT UNIT command with the immediate bit set. This tells the
issues the FORMAT UNIT command with the immediate bit set.
This tells the
device to immediately return the format command, before the format has
actually completed. Then,
actually completed.
Then,
.Nm
gathers
.Tn SCSI
sense information from the device every second to determine how far along
in the format process it is. If the
in the format process it is.
If the
.Fl w
argument is specified,
.Nm
@ -616,10 +697,12 @@ will issue a non-immediate format command, and will be unable to print any
information to let the user know what percentage of the disk has been
formatted.
.It Fl y
Don't ask any questions. By default,
Don't ask any questions.
By default,
.Nm
will ask the user if he/she really wants to format the disk in question,
and also if the default format command timeout is acceptable. The user
and also if the default format command timeout is acceptable.
The user
will not be asked about the timeout if a timeout is specified on the
command line.
.El
@ -665,11 +748,14 @@ switch was not specified.
camcontrol tur da1 -E -C 4 -t 50 -v
.Ed
.Pp
Send a test unit ready command to da1. Enable kernel error recovery.
Specify a retry count of 4, and a timeout of 50 seconds. Enable sense
Send a test unit ready command to da1.
Enable kernel error recovery.
Specify a retry count of 4, and a timeout of 50 seconds.
Enable sense
printing (with the
.Fl v
flag) if the command fails. Since error recovery is turned on, the
flag) if the command fails.
Since error recovery is turned on, the
disk will be spun up if it is not currently spinning.
The
.Nm
@ -679,8 +765,10 @@ camcontrol cmd -n cd -u 1 -v -c "3C 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0e 00" \e
-i 0xe "s1 i3 i1 i1 i1 i1 i1 i1 i1 i1 i1 i1"
.Ed
.Pp
Issue a READ BUFFER command (0x3C) to cd1. Display the buffer size of cd1,
and display the first 10 bytes from the cache on cd1. Display SCSI sense
Issue a READ BUFFER command (0x3C) to cd1.
Display the buffer size of cd1,
and display the first 10 bytes from the cache on cd1.
Display SCSI sense
information if the command fails.
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
@ -688,9 +776,12 @@ camcontrol cmd -n cd -u 1 -v -c "3B 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0e 00" \e
-o 14 "00 00 00 00 1 2 3 4 5 6 v v v v" 7 8 9 8
.Ed
.Pp
Issue a WRITE BUFFER (0x3B) command to cd1. Write out 10 bytes of data,
not including the (reserved) 4 byte header. Print out sense information if
the command fails. Be very careful with this command, improper use may
Issue a WRITE BUFFER (0x3B) command to cd1.
Write out 10 bytes of data,
not including the (reserved) 4 byte header.
Print out sense information if
the command fails.
Be very careful with this command, improper use may
cause data corruption.
.Pp
.Bd -literal -offset indent
@ -698,7 +789,8 @@ camcontrol modepage da3 -m 1 -e -P 3
.Ed
.Pp
Edit mode page 1 (the Read-Write Error Recover page) for da3, and save the
settings on the drive. Mode page 1 contains a disk drive's auto read and
settings on the drive.
Mode page 1 contains a disk drive's auto read and
write reallocation settings, among other things.
.Pp
.Dl camcontrol rescan all
@ -729,7 +821,8 @@ Disable tagged queueing for da4.
camcontrol negotiate -n da -u 3 -R 20.000 -O 15 -a
.Ed
.Pp
Negotiate a sync rate of 20MHz and an offset of 15 with da3. Then send a
Negotiate a sync rate of 20MHz and an offset of 15 with da3.
Then send a
Test Unit Ready command to make the settings take effect.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr cam 3 ,
@ -748,7 +841,8 @@ code in the old
.Xr scsi 8
utility and
.Xr scsi 3
library, written by Julian Elischer and Peter Dufault. The
library, written by Julian Elischer and Peter Dufault.
The
.Xr scsi 8
program first appeared in
.Bx 386 0.1.2.4 ,
@ -760,7 +854,8 @@ in
.An Kenneth Merry Aq ken@FreeBSD.org
.Sh BUGS
The code that parses the generic command line arguments doesn't know that
some of the subcommands take multiple arguments. So if, for instance, you
some of the subcommands take multiple arguments.
So if, for instance, you
tried something like this:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
camcontrol cmd -n da -u 1 -c "00 00 00 00 00 v" 0x00 -v
@ -774,9 +869,11 @@ call in
bails out when it sees the second argument to
.Fl c
(0x00),
above. Fixing this behavior would take some gross code, or changes to the
above.
Fixing this behavior would take some gross code, or changes to the
.Xr getopt 3
interface. The best way to circumvent this problem is to always make sure
interface.
The best way to circumvent this problem is to always make sure
to specify generic
.Nm
arguments before any command-specific arguments.

60
sbin/ccdconfig/ccdconfig.8
View file

@ -62,13 +62,15 @@
The
.Nm
utility is used to dynamically configure and unconfigure concatenated disk
devices, or ccds. For more information about the ccd, see
devices, or ccds.
For more information about the ccd, see
.Xr ccd 4 .
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl c
Configure a ccd. This is the default behavior of
Configure a ccd.
This is the default behavior of
.Nm .
.It Fl C
Configure all ccd devices listed in the ccd configuration file.
@ -79,8 +81,10 @@ instead of the default
.Pa /etc/ccd.conf .
.It Fl g
Dump the current ccd configuration in a format suitable for use as the
ccd configuration file. If no arguments are specified, every configured
ccd is dumped. Otherwise, the configuration of each listed ccd is dumped.
ccd configuration file.
If no arguments are specified, every configured
ccd is dumped.
Otherwise, the configuration of each listed ccd is dumped.
.It Fl u
Unconfigure a ccd.
.It Fl U
@ -93,7 +97,8 @@ to be verbose.
.Pp
A ccd is described on the command line and in the ccd configuration
file by the name of the ccd, the interleave factor, the ccd configuration
flags, and a list of one or more devices. The flags may be represented
flags, and a list of one or more devices.
The flags may be represented
as a decimal number, a hexadecimal number, a comma-separated list
of strings, or the word
.Dq none .
@ -127,17 +132,22 @@ as shown by
.Sh EXAMPLES
A number of
.Nm
examples are shown below. The arguments passed
examples are shown below.
The arguments passed
to
.Nm
are exactly the same as you might place in the
.Pa /etc/ccd.conf
configuration file. The first example creates a 4-disk stripe out of
four scsi disk partitions. The stripe uses a 64 sector interleave.
configuration file.
The first example creates a 4-disk stripe out of
four scsi disk partitions.
The stripe uses a 64 sector interleave.
The second example is an example of a complex stripe/mirror combination.
It reads as a two disk stripe of da4 and da5 which is mirrored
to a two disk stripe of da6 and da7. The last example is a simple
mirror. The 2nd slice of /dev/da8 is mirrored with the 3rd slice of /dev/da9
to a two disk stripe of da6 and da7.
The last example is a simple
mirror.
The 2nd slice of /dev/da8 is mirrored with the 3rd slice of /dev/da9
and assigned to ccd0.
.Pp
.Bd -unfilled -offset
@ -150,14 +160,19 @@ When you create a new ccd disk you generally want to
.Xr fdisk 8
and
.Xr disklabel 8
it before doing anything else. Once you create the initial label you can
edit it, adding additional partitions. The label itself takes up the first
16 sectors of the ccd disk. If all you are doing is creating file systems
it before doing anything else.
Once you create the initial label you can
edit it, adding additional partitions.
The label itself takes up the first
16 sectors of the ccd disk.
If all you are doing is creating file systems
with newfs, you do not have to worry about this as newfs will skip the
label area. However, if you intend to
label area.
However, if you intend to
.Xr dd 1
to or from a ccd partition it is usually a good idea to construct the
partition such that it does not overlap the label area. For example, if
partition such that it does not overlap the label area.
For example, if
you have A ccd disk with 10000 sectors you might create a 'd' partition
with offset 16 and size 9984.
.Pp
@ -173,16 +188,21 @@ the disklabel you
had created before will still be there and not require reinitialization.
Beware that changing any ccd parameters: interleave, flags, or the
device list making up the ccd disk, will usually destroy any prior
data on that ccd disk. If this occurs it is usually a good idea to
data on that ccd disk.
If this occurs it is usually a good idea to
reinitialize the label before [re]constructing your ccd disk.
.Sh RECOVERY
An error on a ccd disk is usually unrecoverable unless you are using the
mirroring option. But mirroring has its own perils: It assumes that
both copies of the data at any given sector are the same. This holds true
mirroring option.
But mirroring has its own perils: It assumes that
both copies of the data at any given sector are the same.
This holds true
until a write error occurs or until you replace either side of the mirror.
This is a poor-man's mirroring implementation. It works well enough that if
This is a poor-man's mirroring implementation.
It works well enough that if
you begin to get disk errors you should be able to backup the ccd disk,
replace the broken hardware, and then regenerate the ccd disk. If you need
replace the broken hardware, and then regenerate the ccd disk.
If you need
more than this you should look into external hardware RAID SCSI boxes,
RAID controllers (see GENERIC),
or software RAID systems such as

3
sbin/comcontrol/comcontrol.8
View file

@ -60,5 +60,6 @@ dialout devices
.Sh HISTORY
Originally part of cgd's com package patches, version 0.2.1, to
.Bx 386 0.1 .
Once controlled bidirectional capabilities. Little is left to control now
Once controlled bidirectional capabilities.
Little is left to control now
that these capabilities are standard.

3
sbin/dumpfs/dumpfs.8
View file

@ -45,7 +45,8 @@ utility prints out the super block and cylinder group information
for the file system or special device specified, unless
.Fl m
is specified.
The listing is very long and detailed. This
The listing is very long and detailed.
This
command is useful mostly for finding out certain file system
information such as the file system block size and minimum
free space percentage.

2
sbin/fdisk/fdisk.8
View file

@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ it will set up the last BIOS slice to use the whole disk for
.Fx
and make it active.
.Sh NOTES
The automatic calculation of starting cylinder etc. uses
The automatic calculation of starting cylinder etc.\& uses
a set of figures that represent what the BIOS thinks the
geometry of the drive is.
These figures are taken from the in-core disklabel by default,

68
sbin/fdisk_pc98/fdisk.8
View file

@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ Sector 0 of the disk must contain boot code,
a partition table,
and a magic number.
BIOS partitions can be used to break the disk up into several pieces.
The BIOS brings in sector 0 and verifies the magic number. The sector
The BIOS brings in sector 0 and verifies the magic number.
The sector
0 boot code then searches the partition table to determine which
partition is marked
.Em active .
@ -42,23 +43,27 @@ utility can be used to divide space on the disk into partitions and set one
The
.Fx
.Nm
utility serves a similar purpose to the DOS program. The first form is used to
utility serves a similar purpose to the DOS program.
The first form is used to
display partition information or to interactively edit the partition
table. The second is used to write a partition table using a
table.
The second is used to write a partition table using a
.Ar configfile
and is designed to be used by other scripts/programs.
.Pp
Options are:
.Bl -tag -width time
.It Fl a
Change the active partition only. Ignored if
Change the active partition only.
Ignored if
.Fl f
is given.
.It Fl b Ar bootcode
Get the boot code from the file
.Ar bootcode .
.It Fl B
Reinitialize the boot code contained in sector 0 of the disk. Ignored
Reinitialize the boot code contained in sector 0 of the disk.
Ignored
if
.Fl f
is given.
@ -72,11 +77,13 @@ always modifies existing partitions, unless
is also given, in which case all existing partitions are deleted (marked
as "unused") before the
.Ar configfile
is read. The
is read.
The
.Ar configfile
can be "-", in which case
.Ar stdin
is read. See
is read.
See
.Sx CONFIGURATION FILE ,
below, for file syntax.
.Pp
@ -84,7 +91,8 @@ below, for file syntax.
when
.Fl f
is used, you are not asked if you really want to write the partition
table (as you are in the interactive mode). Use with caution!
table (as you are in the interactive mode).
Use with caution!
.\" !PC98
.\" .It Fl i
.\" Initialize sector 0 of the disk. This implies
@ -100,22 +108,27 @@ table (as you are in the interactive mode). Use with caution!
.It Fl s
Print summary information and exit.
.It Fl t
Test mode; do not write partition values. Generally used with the
Test mode; do not write partition values.
Generally used with the
.Fl f
option to see what would be written to the partition table. Implies
option to see what would be written to the partition table.
Implies
.Fl v .
.It Fl u
Is used for updating (editing) sector 0 of the disk. Ignored if
Is used for updating (editing) sector 0 of the disk.
Ignored if
.Fl f
is given.
.It Fl v
Be verbose. When
Be verbose.
When
.Fl f
is used,
.Nm
prints out the partition table that is written to the disk.
.It Fl 12345678
Operate on a single fdisk entry only. Ignored if
Operate on a single fdisk entry only.
Ignored if
.Fl f
is given.
.El
@ -219,7 +232,8 @@ The flags
.Fl u
are used to indicate that the partition data is to be updated, unless the
.Fl f
option is used. If the
option is used.
If the
.Fl f
option is not used, the
.Nm
@ -275,7 +289,7 @@ it will setup the last BIOS partition to use the whole disk for
.Fx ;
and make it active.
.Sh NOTES
The automatic calculation of starting cylinder etc. uses
The automatic calculation of starting cylinder etc.\& uses
a set of figures that represent what the BIOS thinks is the
geometry of the drive.
These figures are by default taken from the incore disklabel,
@ -294,8 +308,10 @@ Editing an existing partition will most likely cause you to
lose all the data in that partition.
.Pp
You should run this program interactively once or twice to see how it
works. This is completely safe as long as you answer the last question
in the negative. There are subtleties that the program detects that are
works.
This is completely safe as long as you answer the last question
in the negative.
There are subtleties that the program detects that are
not fully explained in this manual page.
.Sh CONFIGURATION FILE
When the
@ -303,7 +319,8 @@ When the
option is given, a disk's partition table can be written using values
from a
.Ar configfile .
The syntax of this file is very simple. Each line is either a comment or
The syntax of this file is very simple.
Each line is either a comment or
a specification, and whitespace (except for newlines) are ignored:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.It Xo
@ -317,7 +334,8 @@ Lines beginning with a "#" are comments and are ignored.
.Ar spec2
.Ar spec3
.Xc
Set the BIOS geometry used in partition calculations. There must be
Set the BIOS geometry used in partition calculations.
There must be
three values specified, with a letter preceding each number:
.Bl -tag -width Ds
.Sm off
@ -351,7 +369,8 @@ It is an error if the following is not true:
.Ed
.Pp
The number of cylinders should be less than or equal to 1024, but this
is not enforced, although a warning will be output. Note that bootable
is not enforced, although a warning will be output.
Note that bootable
.Fx
partitions (the "/" file system) must lie completely within the
first 1024 cylinders; if this is not true, booting may fail.
@ -387,7 +406,8 @@ However, if an invalid partition table is present, or the
.Fl i
option is specified, all existing partition entries will be cleared
(marked as unused), and these "p" lines will have to be used to
explicitly set partition information. If multiple partitions need to be
explicitly set partition information.
If multiple partitions need to be
set, multiple "p" lines must be specified; one for each partition.
.Pp
These partition lines must occur after any geometry specification lines,
@ -397,7 +417,8 @@ The
.Ar type
is 165 for
.Fx
partitions. Specifying a partition type of zero is
partitions.
Specifying a partition type of zero is
the same as clearing the partition and marking it as unused; however,
dummy values (such as "0") must still be specified for
.Ar start
@ -427,7 +448,8 @@ p 1 165 1 2503871
.Xc
Make
.Ar partition
the active partition. Can occur anywhere in the config file, but only
the active partition.
Can occur anywhere in the config file, but only
one must be present.
.Pp
Example: to make partition 1 the active partition:

7
sbin/fsck/fsck.8
View file

@ -112,7 +112,9 @@ to be the partition and slice designators.
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl d
Debugging mode. Just print the commands without executing them. Available
Debugging mode.
Just print the commands without executing them.
Available
only if
.Nm
is compiled to support it.
@ -164,7 +166,8 @@ only one file system at a time will be checked.
.It Fl t Ar fstype
Invoke
.Nm
only for the comma separated list of file system types. If the
only for the comma separated list of file system types.
If the
list starts with
.Dq no
then invoke

6
sbin/fsck_ffs/fsck_ffs.8
View file

@ -83,7 +83,8 @@ option will correct; if it encounters other inconsistencies, it exits
with an abnormal return status and an automatic reboot will then fail.
For each corrected inconsistency one or more lines will be printed
identifying the file system on which the correction will take place,
and the nature of the correction. After successfully correcting a file system,
and the nature of the correction.
After successfully correcting a file system,
.Nm
will print the number of files on that file system,
the number of used and free blocks,
@ -171,7 +172,8 @@ the file system is marked as needing a foreground check and
exits without attempting any further cleaning.
.It Fl b
Use the block specified immediately after the flag as
the super block for the file system. Block 32 is usually
the super block for the file system.
Block 32 is usually
an alternate super block.
.It Fl c
Convert the file system to the specified level.

27
sbin/fsdb/fsdb.8
View file

@ -46,12 +46,14 @@ The
utility opens
.Ar fsname
(usually a raw disk partition) and runs a command loop
allowing manipulation of the file system's inode data. You are prompted
allowing manipulation of the file system's inode data.
You are prompted
to enter a command with
.Ic "fsdb (inum X)>"
where
.Va X
is the currently selected i-number. The initial selected inode is the
is the currently selected i-number.
The initial selected inode is the
root of the file system (i-number 2).
The command processor uses the
.Xr editline 3
@ -101,7 +103,8 @@ Find
in the current directory and make its inode the current inode.
.Ar Name
may be a multi-component name or may begin with slash to indicate that
the root inode should be used to start the lookup. If some component
the root inode should be used to start the lookup.
If some component
along the pathname is not found, the last valid directory encountered is
left as the active inode.
This command is valid only if the starting inode is a directory.
@ -125,14 +128,16 @@ Set the active inode's link count to
.Ar number .
.Pp
.It Cm ls
List the current inode's directory entries. This command is valid only
List the current inode's directory entries.
This command is valid only
if the current inode is a directory.
.Pp
.It Cm rm Ar name
.It Cm del Ar name
Remove the entry
.Ar name
from the current directory inode. This command is valid only
from the current directory inode.
This command is valid only
if the current inode is a directory.
.Pp
.It Cm ln Ar ino Ar name
@ -140,7 +145,8 @@ Create a link to inode
.Ar ino
under the name
.Ar name
in the current directory inode. This command is valid only
in the current directory inode.
This command is valid only
if the current inode is a directory.
.Pp
.It Cm chinum Ar dirslot Ar inum
@ -154,7 +160,8 @@ Change the name in directory entry
.Ar dirslot
to
.Ar name .
This command cannot expand a directory entry. You can only rename an
This command cannot expand a directory entry.
You can only rename an
entry if the name will fit into the existing directory slot.
.Pp
.It Cm chtype Ar type
@ -202,7 +209,8 @@ should be in the format
.Em YYYYMMDDHHMMSS[.nsec]
where
.Em nsec
is an optional nanosecond specification. If no nanoseconds are specified, the
is an optional nanosecond specification.
If no nanoseconds are specified, the
.Va mtimensec ,
.Va ctimensec ,
or
@ -231,7 +239,8 @@ The
.Nm
utility uses the source code for
.Xr fsck 8
to implement most of the file system manipulation code. The remainder of
to implement most of the file system manipulation code.
The remainder of
.Nm
first appeared in
.Nx ,

3
sbin/fsirand/fsirand.8
View file

@ -58,7 +58,8 @@ now does the equivalent of
itself so it is no longer necessary to
run
.Nm
by hand on a new file system. It is only used to
by hand on a new file system.
It is only used to
re-randomize or report on an existing file system.
.Pp
The

2
sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig.8
View file

@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ The link-level
address
is specified as a series of colon-separated hex digits.
This can be used to
e.g. set a new MAC address on an ethernet interface, though the
e.g.\& set a new MAC address on an ethernet interface, though the
mechanism used is not ethernet-specific.
If the interface is already
up when this option is used, it will be briefly brought down and

11
sbin/init/init.8
View file

@ -121,7 +121,8 @@ but also inhibits running
while the system is multi-user.
.Pp
In addition, kernel time changes are restricted to less than or equal to one
second. Attempts to change the time by more than this will log the message
second.
Attempts to change the time by more than this will log the message
.Dq Time adjustment clamped to +1 second .
.It Ic 3
Network secure mode \- same as highly secure mode, plus
@ -189,7 +190,8 @@ program.
The
.Nm login
program, when a valid user logs in,
executes a shell for that user. When this shell
executes a shell for that user.
When this shell
dies, either because the user logged out
or an abnormal termination occurred (a signal),
the
@ -330,7 +332,7 @@ If run as a user process as shown in the second synopsis line,
.Nm
will emulate
.At V
behavior, i.e. super-user can specify the desired
behavior, i.e., super-user can specify the desired
.Em run-level
on a command line, and
.Nm
@ -413,7 +415,8 @@ behave as though they have security level \-1.
Setting the security level above 1 too early in the boot sequence can
prevent
.Xr fsck 8
from repairing inconsistent file systems. The
from repairing inconsistent file systems.
The
preferred location to set the security level is at the end of
.Pa /etc/rc
after all multi-user startup actions are complete.

29
sbin/ip6fw/ip6fw.8
View file

@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ name search is performed.
Care should be taken with this in environments where not all
file systems are mounted (yet) by the time
.Nm
is being run (e.g. when they are mounted over NFS).
is being run (e.g.\& when they are mounted over NFS).
Once
.Fl p
has been specified, optional
@ -175,7 +175,8 @@ needs.
The following options are available:
.Bl -tag -width flag
.It Fl a
While listing, show counter values. See also
While listing, show counter values.
See also
.Dq show
command.
.It Fl f
@ -189,11 +190,14 @@ without actually passing them into the kernel.
.It Fl q
While adding, zeroing or flushing, be quiet about actions (implies '-f').
This is useful for adjusting rules by executing multiple ip6fw commands in a
script (e.g. sh /etc/rc.firewall), or by processing a file of many ip6fw rules,
across a remote login session. If a flush is performed in normal
(verbose) mode, it prints a message. Because all rules are flushed, the
script (e.g.\& sh /etc/rc.firewall), or by processing a file of many ip6fw rules,
across a remote login session.
If a flush is performed in normal
(verbose) mode, it prints a message.
Because all rules are flushed, the
message cannot be delivered to the login session, the login session is
closed and the remainder of the ruleset is not processed. Access to the
closed and the remainder of the ruleset is not processed.
Access to the
console is required to recover.
.It Fl t
While listing, show last match timestamp.
@ -257,7 +261,8 @@ then when a packet matches a rule with the
.Dq log
keyword or a clear/resetlog is performed, a message will be logged to
.Xr syslogd 8 ,
or, if that fails, to the console. If the kernel was compiled with the
or, if that fails, to the console.
If the kernel was compiled with the
.Dv IPV6FIREWALL_VERBOSE_LIMIT
option, then logging will cease after the number of packets
specified by the option are received for that particular
@ -335,9 +340,10 @@ and the length of the port list is limited to
.In netinet6/ip6_fw.h )
ports.
.Pp
Fragmented packets which have a non-zero offset (i.e. not the first
Fragmented packets which have a non-zero offset (i.e., not the first
fragment) will never match a rule which has one or more port
specifications. See the
specifications.
See the
.Ar frag
option for details on matching fragmented packets.
.Pp
@ -405,7 +411,7 @@ or
is invalid.
.Pp
A packet may not have a receive or transmit interface: packets originating
from the local host have no receive interface. while packets destined for
from the local host have no receive interface, while packets destined for
the local host have no transmit interface.
.Pp
Additional
@ -469,7 +475,8 @@ with a
A rule which contains a
.Ar tcpflags
specification can never match a fragmented packet which has
a non-zero offset. See the
a non-zero offset.
See the
.Ar frag
option for details on matching fragmented packets.
.It icmptypes Ar types

94
sbin/ipfw/ipfw.8
View file

@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ option, then
.Nm
assumes a
.Em stateful
behaviour, i.e. upon a match it will create dynamic rules matching
behaviour, i.e., upon a match it will create dynamic rules matching
the exact parameters (addresses and ports) of the matching packet.
.Pp
These dynamic rules, which have a limited lifetime, are checked
@ -200,7 +200,8 @@ Also, each rule belongs to one of 32 different
.Nm
commands to atomically manipulate sets, such as enable,
disable, swap sets, move all rules in a set to another
one, delete all rules in a set. These can be useful to
one, delete all rules in a set.
These can be useful to
install temporary configurations, or to test them.
See Section
.Sx SETS OF RULES
@ -220,7 +221,7 @@ Implies
.Fl c .
.It Fl c
When entering or showing rules, print them in compact form,
i.e. without the optional "ip from any to any" string
i.e., without the optional "ip from any to any" string
when this does not carry any additional information.
.It Fl d
While listing, show dynamic rules in addition to static ones.
@ -310,7 +311,7 @@ name search is performed.
Care should be taken with this in environments where not all
file systems are mounted (yet) by the time
.Nm
is being run (e.g. when they are mounted over NFS).
is being run (e.g.\& when they are mounted over NFS).
Once
.Fl p
has been specified, any additional arguments as passed on to the preprocessor
@ -330,8 +331,10 @@ Section below.
.Pp
If the world and the kernel get out of sync the
.Nm
ABI may break, preventing you from being able to add any rules. This can
adversely effect the booting process. You can use
ABI may break, preventing you from being able to add any rules.
This can
adversely effect the booting process.
You can use
.Nm
.Cm disable
.Cm firewall
@ -377,7 +380,7 @@ is invoked from
Also note that each packet is always checked against the complete ruleset,
irrespective of the place where the check occurs, or the source of the packet.
If a rule contains some match patterns or actions which are not valid
for the place of invocation (e.g. trying to match a MAC header within
for the place of invocation (e.g.\& trying to match a MAC header within
.Cm ip_input()
), the match pattern will not match, but a
.Cm not
@ -407,16 +410,18 @@ ether_demux and bdg_forward).
.Sh SYNTAX
In general, each keyword or argument must be provided as
a separate command line argument, with no leading or trailing
spaces. Keywords are case-sensitive, whereas arguments may
spaces.
Keywords are case-sensitive, whereas arguments may
or may not be case-sensitive depending on their nature
(e.g. uid's are, hostnames are not).
(e.g.\& uid's are, hostnames are not).
.Pp
In
.Nm ipfw2
you can introduce spaces after commas ',' to make
the line more readable. You can also put the entire
the line more readable.
You can also put the entire
command (including flags) into a single argument.
E.g. the following forms are equivalent:
E.g., the following forms are equivalent:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
ipfw -q add deny src-ip 10.0.0.0/24,127.0.0.1/8
ipfw -q add deny src-ip 10.0.0.0/24, 127.0.0.1/8
@ -466,7 +471,7 @@ for ICMP packets
When the packet can be associated with a local socket.
.El
.Pp
Note that some of the above information, e.g. source MAC or IP addresses and
Note that some of the above information, e.g.\& source MAC or IP addresses and
TCP/UDP ports, could easily be spoofed, so filtering on those fields
alone might not guarantee the desired results.
.Bl -tag -width indent
@ -489,7 +494,7 @@ Automatic rule numbers are assigned by incrementing the last
non-default rule number by the value of the sysctl variable
.Ar net.inet.ip.fw.autoinc_step
which defaults to 100.
If this is not possible (e.g. because we would go beyond the
If this is not possible (e.g.\& because we would go beyond the
maximum allowed rule number), the number of the last
non-default value is used instead.
.It Cm set Ar set_number
@ -693,7 +698,7 @@ protocol options, incoming or outgoing interfaces, etc.)
that the packet must match in order to be recognised.
In general, the patterns are connected by (implicit)
.Cm and
operators -- i.e. all must match in order for the
operators -- i.e., all must match in order for the
rule to match.
Individual patterns can be prefixed by the
.Cm not
@ -813,7 +818,8 @@ specified as a dotted quad.
As an example, 1.2.3.4:255.0.255.0 will match
1.*.3.*.
This form is advised only for non-contiguous
masks. It is better to resort to the
masks.
It is better to resort to the
.Ar addr Ns / Ns Ar masklen
format for contiguous masks, which is more compact and less
error-prone.
@ -831,11 +837,13 @@ or ranges.
The
.Ar masklen
field is used to limit the size of the set of addresses,
and can have any value between 24 and 32. If not specified,
and can have any value between 24 and 32.
If not specified,
it will be assumed as 24.
.br
This format is particularly useful to handle sparse address sets
within a single rule. Because the matching occurs using a
within a single rule.
Because the matching occurs using a
bitmask, it takes constant time and dramatically reduces
the complexity of rulesets.
.br
@ -874,7 +882,7 @@ character).
.Pp
.Dl "ipfw add count tcp from any ftp\e\e-data-ftp to any"
.Pp
Fragmented packets which have a non-zero offset (i.e. not the first
Fragmented packets which have a non-zero offset (i.e., not the first
fragment) will never match a rule which has one or more port
specifications.
See the
@ -883,7 +891,8 @@ option for details on matching fragmented packets.
.El
.Ss RULE OPTIONS (MATCH PATTERNS)
Additional match patterns can be used within
rules. Zero or more of these so-called
rules.
Zero or more of these so-called
.Em options
can be present in a rule, optionally prefixed by the
.Cm not
@ -910,8 +919,9 @@ specified as argument.
Matches TCP packets that have the RST or ACK bits set.
.It Cm frag
Matches packets that are fragments and not the first
fragment of an IP datagram. Note that these packets will not have
the next protocol header (e.g. TCP, UDP) so options that look into
fragment of an IP datagram.
Note that these packets will not have
the next protocol header (e.g.\& TCP, UDP) so options that look into
these headers cannot match.
.It Cm gid Ar group
Matches all TCP or UDP packets sent by or received for a
@ -978,7 +988,7 @@ specified in the same way as
Matches IP packets whose total length, including header and data, is
in the set
.Ar len-list ,
which is either a single value or a list of values or ranges
which is either a single value or a list of values or ranges
specified in the same way as
.Ar ports .
.It Cm ipoptions Ar spec
@ -1003,7 +1013,7 @@ Matches IP packets whose precedence field is equal to
.Ar precedence .
.It Cm ipsec
Matches packets that have IPSEC history associated with them
(i.e. the packet comes encapsulated in IPSEC, the kernel
(i.e., the packet comes encapsulated in IPSEC, the kernel
has IPSEC support and IPSEC_FILTERGIF option, and can correctly
decapsulate it).
.Pp
@ -1059,7 +1069,7 @@ The rule has a limited lifetime (controlled by a set of
variables), and the lifetime is refreshed every time a matching
packet is found.
.It Cm layer2
Matches only layer2 packets, i.e. those passed to
Matches only layer2 packets, i.e., those passed to
.Nm
from ether_demux() and ether_output_frame().
.It Cm limit Bro Cm src-addr | src-port | dst-addr | dst-port Brc Ar N
@ -1114,7 +1124,7 @@ corresponds to one of those specified as argument.
.Ar mac-type
is specified in the same way as
.Cm port numbers
(i.e. one or more comma-separated single values or ranges).
(i.e., one or more comma-separated single values or ranges).
You can use symbolic names for known values such as
.Em vlan , ipv4, ipv6 .
Values can be entered as decimal or hexadecimal (if prefixed by 0x),
@ -1337,7 +1347,8 @@ When you disable a set, its rules behave as if they do not exist
in the firewall configuration, with only one exception:
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
dynamic rules created from a rule before it had been disabled
will still be active until they expire. In order to delete
will still be active until they expire.
In order to delete
dynamic rules you have to explicitly delete the parent rule
which generated them.
.Ed
@ -1362,7 +1373,8 @@ Section on some possible uses of sets of rules.
.Sh STATEFUL FIREWALL
Stateful operation is a way for the firewall to dynamically
create rules for specific flows when packets that
match a given pattern are detected. Support for stateful
match a given pattern are detected.
Support for stateful
operation comes through the
.Cm check-state , keep-state
and
@ -1589,7 +1601,8 @@ where the latter means all bits in all fields are significant.
.It Cm noerror
When a packet is dropped by a dummynet queue or pipe, the error
is normally reported to the caller routine in the kernel, in the
same way as it happens when a device queue fills up. Setting this
same way as it happens when a device queue fills up.
Setting this
option reports the packet as successfully delivered, which can be
needed for some experimental setups where you want to simulate
loss or congestion at a remote router.
@ -1615,7 +1628,7 @@ queueing delay.
E.g., 50 max-sized ethernet packets (1500 bytes) mean 600Kbit
or 20s of queue on a 30Kbit/s pipe.
Even worse effects can result if you get packets from an
interface with a much larger MTU, e.g. the loopback interface
interface with a much larger MTU, e.g.\& the loopback interface
with its 16KB packets.
.Pp
.It Cm red | gred Ar w_q Ns / Ns Ar min_th Ns / Ns Ar max_th Ns / Ns Ar max_p
@ -1783,7 +1796,8 @@ Current number of dynamic rules
.It Em net.inet.ip.fw.dyn_keepalive : No 1
Enables generation of keepalive packets for
.Cm keep-state
rules on TCP sessions. A keepalive is generated to both
rules on TCP sessions.
A keepalive is generated to both
sides of the connection every 5 seconds for the last 20
seconds of the lifetime of the rule.
.It Em net.inet.ip.fw.dyn_max : No 8192
@ -1806,7 +1820,8 @@ Both
and
.Em dyn_rst_lifetime
must be strictly lower than 5 seconds, the period of
repetition of keepalives. The firewall enforces that.
repetition of keepalives.
The firewall enforces that.
.It Em net.inet.ip.fw.enable : No 1
Enables the firewall.
Setting this variable to 0 lets you run your machine without
@ -1911,7 +1926,8 @@ you can only specify ports when the rule is requesting
.Cm tcp
or
.Cm udp
packets. With
packets.
With
.Nm ipfw2
you can put port specifications in rules matching all packets,
and the match will be attempted only on those packets carrying
@ -2035,7 +2051,8 @@ following to the top of a ruleset:
.Dl "ipfw add deny ip from any to any not verrevpath in"
.Pp
This rule drops all incoming packets that appear to be coming to the
system on the wrong interface. For example, a packet with a source
system on the wrong interface.
For example, a packet with a source
address belonging to a host on a protected internal network would be
dropped if it tried to enter the system from an external interface.
.Ss DYNAMIC RULES
@ -2115,7 +2132,7 @@ A similar effect can be achieved making use of dummynet pipes:
.Dl "ipfw add pipe 10 ip from any to any"
.Dl "ipfw pipe 10 config plr 0.05"
.Pp
We can use pipes to artificially limit bandwidth, e.g. on a
We can use pipes to artificially limit bandwidth, e.g.\& on a
machine acting as a router, if we want to limit traffic from
local clients on 192.168.2.0/24 we do:
.Pp
@ -2137,11 +2154,11 @@ limitations, the correct way is the following:
.Dl "ipfw pipe 1 config bw 64Kbit/s queue 10Kbytes"
.Dl "ipfw pipe 2 config bw 64Kbit/s queue 10Kbytes"
.Pp
The above can be very useful, e.g. if you want to see how
The above can be very useful, e.g.\& if you want to see how
your fancy Web page will look for a residential user who
is connected only through a slow link.
You should not use only one pipe for both directions, unless
you want to simulate a half-duplex medium (e.g. AppleTalk,
you want to simulate a half-duplex medium (e.g.\& AppleTalk,
Ethernet, IRDA).
It is not necessary that both pipes have the same configuration,
so we can also simulate asymmetric links.
@ -2191,7 +2208,7 @@ on a net with per-host limits, rather than per-network limits:
.Dl "ipfw pipe 1 config mask src-ip 0x000000ff bw 200Kbit/s queue 20Kbytes"
.Dl "ipfw pipe 2 config mask dst-ip 0x000000ff bw 200Kbit/s queue 20Kbytes"
.Ss SETS OF RULES
To add a set of rules atomically, e.g. set 18:
To add a set of rules atomically, e.g.\& set 18:
.Pp
.Dl "ipfw set disable 18"
.Dl "ipfw add NN set 18 ... # repeat as needed"
@ -2208,7 +2225,8 @@ To test a ruleset and disable it and regain control if something goes wrong:
.Dl "ipfw set enable 18; echo done; sleep 30 && ipfw set disable 18"
.Pp
Here if everything goes well, you press control-C before the "sleep"
terminates, and your ruleset will be left active. Otherwise, e.g. if
terminates, and your ruleset will be left active.
Otherwise, e.g.\& if
you cannot access your box, the ruleset will be disabled after
the sleep terminates thus restoring the previous situation.
.Sh SEE ALSO

27
sbin/ldconfig/ldconfig.8
View file

@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ utility is used to prepare a set of
.Dq hints
for use by the dynamic linker
to facilitate quick lookup of shared libraries available in multiple
directories. It scans a set of built-in system directories and any
directories.
It scans a set of built-in system directories and any
.Ar directories
specified on the command line (in the given order) looking for
shared libraries and stores the results in a system file to forestall
@ -57,8 +58,10 @@ operations the dynamic linker would have to perform to load the
required shared libraries.
.Pp
Files named on the command line are expected to contain directories
to scan for shared libraries. Each directory's pathname must start on a new
line. Blank lines and lines starting with the comment character
to scan for shared libraries.
Each directory's pathname must start on a new
line.
Blank lines and lines starting with the comment character
.Ql \&#
are ignored.
Filenames must conform to the
@ -105,15 +108,18 @@ Generate the hints for a.out format shared libraries.
.It Fl elf
Generate the hints for ELF format shared libraries.
.It Fl R
Rescan the previously configured directories. This opens the previous hints
file and fetches the directory list from the header. Any additional pathnames
Rescan the previously configured directories.
This opens the previous hints
file and fetches the directory list from the header.
Any additional pathnames
on the command line are also processed.
This is the default action when no parameters are given.
.It Fl f Ar hints_file
Read and/or update the specified hints file, instead of the standard file.
This option is provided primarily for testing.
.It Fl i
Run in insecure mode. The security checks will not be performed.
Run in insecure mode.
The security checks will not be performed.
.It Fl m
Instead of replacing the contents of the hints file
with those found in the directories specified,
@ -125,7 +131,8 @@ are also rescanned for new shared libraries.
.It Fl r
List the current contents of the hints file
on the standard output.
The hints file is not modified. The list of
The hints file is not modified.
The list of
directories stored in the hints file is included.
.It Fl s
Do not scan the built-in system directory
@ -160,7 +167,8 @@ Overrides
.Fl aout
or
.Fl elf
is the default. If set, its value should be either
is the default.
If set, its value should be either
.Ql aout
or
.Ql elf .
@ -184,7 +192,8 @@ Determines whether
.Fl aout
or
.Fl elf
is the default. If present, it must consist of a single line
is the default.
If present, it must consist of a single line
containing either
.Ql OBJFORMAT=aout
or

3
sbin/mdconfig/mdconfig.8
View file

@ -105,7 +105,8 @@ Filename to use for the vnode type memory disk.
.It Fl l
List information about configured
.Xr md 4
devices. If the
devices.
If the
.Fl u
option is used in conjuction with this, the output is limited to
information on the specified device.

3
sbin/mknod/mknod.8
View file

@ -65,7 +65,8 @@ and pseudo devices, and are type
.Cm c .
.It Ar major
The major device number is an integer number which tells the kernel
which device driver entry point to use. To learn what
which device driver entry point to use.
To learn what
major device number to use for a particular device, check
.Pa /usr/src/sys/conf/majors .
.It Ar minor

9
sbin/mount_cd9660/mount_cd9660.8
View file

@ -105,12 +105,15 @@ Start the file system at
Normally, if the underlying device is a CD-ROM drive,
.Nm
will try to figure out the last track from the CD-ROM containing
data, and start the file system there. If the device is not a CD-ROM,
data, and start the file system there.
If the device is not a CD-ROM,
or the table of contents cannot be examined, the file system will be
started at sector 0. This option can be used to override the behaviour.
started at sector 0.
This option can be used to override the behaviour.
Note that
.Ar startsector
is measured in CD-ROM blocks, with 2048 bytes each. This is the same
is measured in CD-ROM blocks, with 2048 bytes each.
This is the same
as for example the
.Cm info
command of

2
sbin/mount_nfs/mount_nfs.8
View file

@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ tune the timeout
interval.)
.It Fl w
Set the write data size to the specified value.
Ditto the comments w.r.t. the
Ditto the comments w.r.t.\& the
.Fl r
option, but using the
.Dq "fragments dropped due to timeout"

40
sbin/mount_nullfs/mount_nullfs.8
View file

@ -103,7 +103,8 @@ The
.Nm
utility takes two arguments, the pathname
of the lower vfs (target-pn) and the pathname where the null
layer will appear in the namespace (mount-point-pn). After
layer will appear in the namespace (mount-point-pn).
After
the null layer is put into place, the contents
of target-pn subtree will be aliased under mount-point-pn.
.\"
@ -111,15 +112,19 @@ of target-pn subtree will be aliased under mount-point-pn.
.Sh OPERATION OF A NULL LAYER
The null layer is the minimum file system layer,
simply bypassing all possible operations to the lower layer
for processing there. The majority of its activity centers
for processing there.
The majority of its activity centers
on the bypass routine, through which nearly all vnode operations
pass.
.Pp
The bypass routine accepts arbitrary vnode operations for
handling by the lower layer. It begins by examining vnode
handling by the lower layer.
It begins by examining vnode
operation arguments and replacing any null-nodes by their
lower-layer equivalents. It then invokes the operation
on the lower layer. Finally, it replaces the null-nodes
lower-layer equivalents.
It then invokes the operation
on the lower layer.
Finally, it replaces the null-nodes
in the arguments and, if a vnode is returned by the operation,
stacks a null-node on top of the returned vnode.
.Pp
@ -144,11 +149,13 @@ information.
.\"
.Sh INSTANTIATING VNODE STACKS
Mounting associates the null layer with a lower layer,
in effect stacking two VFSes. Vnode stacks are instead
in effect stacking two VFSes.
Vnode stacks are instead
created on demand as files are accessed.
.Pp
The initial mount creates a single vnode stack for the
root of the new null layer. All other vnode stacks
root of the new null layer.
All other vnode stacks
are created as a result of vnode operations on
this or other null vnode stacks.
.Pp
@ -168,7 +175,8 @@ the root null-node (which was created when the null layer was mounted).
Now consider opening
.Pa sys .
A vop_lookup would be
done on the root null-node. This operation would bypass through
done on the root null-node.
This operation would bypass through
to the lower layer which would return a vnode representing
the UFS
.Pa sys .
@ -197,8 +205,10 @@ null layer.
.\"
.Sh INVOKING OPERATIONS ON LOWER LAYERS
There are two techniques to invoke operations on a lower layer
when the operation cannot be completely bypassed. Each method
is appropriate in different situations. In both cases,
when the operation cannot be completely bypassed.
Each method
is appropriate in different situations.
In both cases,
it is the responsibility of the aliasing layer to make
the operation arguments "correct" for the lower layer
by mapping a vnode argument to the lower layer.
@ -217,7 +227,8 @@ the lower layer with the
.Em VOP_OPERATIONNAME
interface.
The advantage of this method is that it is easy to invoke
arbitrary operations on the lower layer. The disadvantage
arbitrary operations on the lower layer.
The disadvantage
is that vnode arguments must be manually mapped.
.\"
.\"
@ -228,8 +239,11 @@ UCLA Technical Report CSD-910056,
.Em "Stackable Layers: an Architecture for File System Development" .
.Sh BUGS
THIS FILE SYSTEM TYPE IS NOT YET FULLY SUPPORTED (READ: IT DOESN'T WORK)
AND USING IT MAY, IN FACT, DESTROY DATA ON YOUR SYSTEM. USE AT YOUR
OWN RISK. BEWARE OF DOG. SLIPPERY WHEN WET.
AND USING IT MAY, IN FACT, DESTROY DATA ON YOUR SYSTEM.
USE AT YOUR
OWN RISK.
BEWARE OF DOG.
SLIPPERY WHEN WET.
.Pp
This code also needs an owner in order to be less dangerous - serious
hackers can apply by sending mail to

6
sbin/mount_std/mount_std.8
View file

@ -53,7 +53,8 @@ file systems
The
.Nm
utility is a generic mechanism for attaching ``standard'' file systems to
the file system. The
the file system.
The
.Nm
utility currently supports the following file systems:
.Nm devfs ,
@ -96,7 +97,8 @@ man page for possible options and their meanings.
The
.Nm
utility examines its zeroth command-line argument (the name by which
it was called) to determine the type of file system to be mounted. If
it was called) to determine the type of file system to be mounted.
If
it is called by a name which does not end in
.Dq Li _ Ns Ar fsname ,
.Nm

25
sbin/mount_umapfs/mount_umapfs.8
View file

@ -58,9 +58,11 @@ The
.Nm
utility uses a set of files provided by the user to make correspondences
between uids and gids in the sub-tree's original environment and
some other set of ids in the local environment. For instance, user
some other set of ids in the local environment.
For instance, user
smith might have uid 1000 in the original environment, while having
uid 2000 in the local environment. The
uid 2000 in the local environment.
The
.Nm
utility allows the subtree from smith's original environment to be
mapped in such a way that all files with owning uid 1000 look like
@ -86,7 +88,8 @@ where the mapped subtree is to be placed.
Describe the mappings to be made between identifiers.
Briefly, the format of these files is a count of the number of
mappings on the first line, with each subsequent line containing
a single mapping. Each of these mappings consists of an id in
a single mapping.
Each of these mappings consists of an id in
the local environment and the corresponding id from the original environment,
separated by white space.
.Ar Uid-mapfile
@ -100,7 +103,8 @@ will be treated as user NOBODY,
and any gids not mapped in
.Ar gid-mapfile
will be treated as group
NULLGROUP. At most 64 uids can be mapped for a given subtree, and
NULLGROUP.
At most 64 uids can be mapped for a given subtree, and
at most 16 groups can be mapped by a given subtree.
.El
.Pp
@ -109,21 +113,26 @@ must be owned by root, and they must be writable only by root.
The
.Nm
utility will refuse to map the sub-tree if the ownership or permissions on
these files are improper. It will also balk if the count of mappings
these files are improper.
It will also balk if the count of mappings
in the first line of the map files is not correct.
.Pp
The layer created by the
.Nm
utility is meant to serve as a simple example of file system layering.
It is not meant for production use. The implementation is not very
It is not meant for production use.
The implementation is not very
sophisticated.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr mount 8 ,
.Xr mount_nullfs 8
.Sh BUGS
THIS FILE SYSTEM TYPE IS NOT YET FULLY SUPPORTED (READ: IT DOESN'T WORK)
AND USING IT MAY, IN FACT, DESTROY DATA ON YOUR SYSTEM. USE AT YOUR
OWN RISK. BEWARE OF DOG. SLIPPERY WHEN WET.
AND USING IT MAY, IN FACT, DESTROY DATA ON YOUR SYSTEM.
USE AT YOUR
OWN RISK.
BEWARE OF DOG.
SLIPPERY WHEN WET.
.Pp
This code also needs an owner in order to be less dangerous - serious
hackers can apply by sending mail to

7
sbin/mount_unionfs/mount_unionfs.8
View file

@ -179,8 +179,11 @@ accessible via
.Xr mount_nullfs 8
.Sh BUGS
THIS FILE SYSTEM TYPE IS NOT YET FULLY SUPPORTED (READ: IT DOESN'T WORK)
AND USING IT MAY, IN FACT, DESTROY DATA ON YOUR SYSTEM. USE AT YOUR
OWN RISK. BEWARE OF DOG. SLIPPERY WHEN WET.
AND USING IT MAY, IN FACT, DESTROY DATA ON YOUR SYSTEM.
USE AT YOUR
OWN RISK.
BEWARE OF DOG.
SLIPPERY WHEN WET.
.Pp
This code also needs an owner in order to be less dangerous - serious
hackers can apply by sending mail to

27
sbin/newfs_msdos/newfs_msdos.8
View file

@ -78,26 +78,32 @@ FAT type (one of 12, 16, or 32).
.It Fl I Ar volid
Volume ID.
.It Fl L Ar label
Volume label (up to 11 characters). The label should consist of
Volume label (up to 11 characters).
The label should consist of
only those characters permitted in regular DOS (8+3) filenames.
.It Fl O Ar OEM
OEM string (up to 8 characters). The default is
OEM string (up to 8 characters).
The default is
.Qq Li "BSD 4.4" .
.It Fl S Ar sector-size
Number of bytes per sector. Acceptable values are powers of 2
Number of bytes per sector.
Acceptable values are powers of 2
in the range 128 through 32768.
.It Fl a Ar FAT-size
Number of sectors per FAT.
.It Fl b Ar block-size
File system block size (bytes per cluster). This should resolve to an
File system block size (bytes per cluster).
This should resolve to an
acceptable number of sectors per cluster (see below).
.It Fl c Ar cluster-size
Sectors per cluster. Acceptable values are powers of 2 in the range
Sectors per cluster.
Acceptable values are powers of 2 in the range
1 through 128.
.It Fl e Ar dirents
Number of root directory entries (FAT12 and FAT16 only).
.It Fl f Ar format
Specify a standard (floppy disk) format. The standard formats
Specify a standard (floppy disk) format.
The standard formats
are (capacities in kilobytes): 160, 180, 320, 360, 640, 720, 1200,
1232, 1440, 2880.
.It Fl h Ar heads
@ -106,12 +112,14 @@ Number of drive heads.
Location of the file system info sector (FAT32 only).
A value of 0xffff signifies no info sector.
.It Fl k Ar backup
Location of the backup boot sector (FAT32 only). A value
Location of the backup boot sector (FAT32 only).
A value
of 0xffff signifies no backup sector.
.It Fl m Ar media
Media descriptor (acceptable range 0xf0 to 0xff).
.It Fl n Ar FATs
Number of FATs. Acceptable values are 1 to 16 inclusive.
Number of FATs.
Acceptable values are 1 to 16 inclusive.
The default
is 2.
.It Fl o Ar hidden
@ -126,7 +134,8 @@ Number of sectors per track.
.Sh NOTES
FAT file system parameters occupy a "Boot Sector BPB (BIOS Parameter
Block)" in the first of the "reserved" sectors which precede the actual
file system. For reference purposes, this structure is presented
file system.
For reference purposes, this structure is presented
below.
.Bd -literal
struct bsbpb {

3
sbin/nos-tun/nos-tun.8
View file

@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ and
are the addresses used on the tunnel device.
If you configure the tunnel against a cisco router, use a netmask of
.Dq 255.255.255.252
on the cisco. This is because the tunnel is a point-to-point interface
on the cisco.
This is because the tunnel is a point-to-point interface
in the
.Fx
end, a concept cisco doesn't really implement.

66
sbin/reboot/boot_i386.8
View file

@ -51,7 +51,8 @@ and unless this fails, the system will resume multi-user operations.
.Sy Cold starts .
Most i386 PCs attempt to boot first from floppy disk drive 0 (sometimes
known as drive A:) and, failing that, from hard disk drive 0 (sometimes
known as drive C:, or as drive 0x80 to the BIOS). Some BIOSes allow
known as drive C:, or as drive 0x80 to the BIOS).
Some BIOSes allow
you to change this default sequence, and may also include a CD-ROM
drive as a boot device.
.Pp
@ -77,10 +78,12 @@ or
.Sy /
is displayed) before
.Xr loader 8
is invoked. Booting will also be attempted at stage two, if the
is invoked.
Booting will also be attempted at stage two, if the
third stage cannot be loaded.
.Pp
The remainder of this subsection deals only with the boot blocks. The
The remainder of this subsection deals only with the boot blocks.
The
.Xr loader 8
program is documented separately.
.Pp
@ -100,11 +103,13 @@ of either the floppy or the hard disk.
This boot may be aborted by typing any character on the keyboard
at the
.Ql boot:
prompt. At this time, the following input will be accepted:
prompt.
At this time, the following input will be accepted:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Ic \&?
Give a short listing of the files in the root directory of the default
boot device, as a hint about available boot files. (A
boot device, as a hint about available boot files.
(A
.Ic ?\&
may also be specified as the last segment of a path, in which case
the listing will be of the relevant subdirectory.)
@ -122,7 +127,8 @@ Specify boot file and flags.
The drive number as recognized by the BIOS.
0 for the first drive, 1 for the second drive, etc.
.It Ar interface
The type of controller to boot from. Note that the controller is required
The type of controller to boot from.
Note that the controller is required
to have BIOS support since the BIOS services are used to load the
boot file image.
.Pp
@ -145,11 +151,13 @@ The unit number of the drive on the interface being used.
.It Oo Ar slice , Oc Ns Ar part
The partition letter inside the
.Bx
portion of the disk. See
portion of the disk.
See
.Xr disklabel 8 .
By convention, only partition
.Ql a
contains a bootable image. If sliced disks are used
contains a bootable image.
If sliced disks are used
.Pq Dq fdisk partitions ,
any
.Ar slice
@ -167,7 +175,8 @@ slice (also known as
slice) is booted from.
.It Ar filename
The pathname of the file to boot (relative to the root directory
on the specified partition). Defaults to
on the specified partition).
Defaults to
.Pa /kernel .
Symbolic links are not supported (hard links are).
.It Fl aCcDdghmnPprsv
@ -181,23 +190,28 @@ ask for the device to mount as the root file system.
boot from CDROM.
.It Fl c
run UserConfig to modify hardware parameters for the loaded
kernel. If the kernel was built with one of
kernel.
If the kernel was built with one of
.Dv USERCONFIG , INTRO_USERCONFIG , VISUAL_USERCONFIG
options,
remain in UserConfig regardless of any
.Ic quit
commands present in the script.
.It Fl D
toggle single and dual console configurations. In the single
toggle single and dual console configurations.
In the single
configuration the console will be either the internal display
or the serial port, depending on the state of the
.Fl h
option below. In the dual console configuration,
option below.
In the dual console configuration,
both the internal display and the serial port will become the console
at the same time, regardless of the state of the
.Fl h
option. However, the dual console configuration takes effect only during
the boot prompt. Once the kernel is loaded, the console specified
option.
However, the dual console configuration takes effect only during
the boot prompt.
Once the kernel is loaded, the console specified
by the
.Fl h
option becomes the only console.
@ -209,12 +223,15 @@ as early as possible in kernel initialization.
.It Fl g
use the GDB remote debugging protocol.
.It Fl h
toggle internal and serial consoles. You can use this to switch
console devices. For instance, if you boot from the internal console,
toggle internal and serial consoles.
You can use this to switch
console devices.
For instance, if you boot from the internal console,
you can use the
.Fl h
option to force the kernel to use the serial port as its
console device. Alternatively, if you boot from the serial port,
console device.
Alternatively, if you boot from the serial port,
you can use this option to force the kernel to use the internal display
as the console instead.
The serial port driver
@ -223,7 +240,8 @@ has a flag to override this option.
If that flag is set, the serial port will always be used as the console,
regardless of the
.Fl h
option described here. See the man page for
option described here.
See the man page for
.Xr sio 4
for more details.
.It Fl m
@ -233,7 +251,8 @@ ignore key press to interrupt boot before
.Xr loader 8
is invoked.
.It Fl P
probe the keyboard. If no keyboard is found, the
probe the keyboard.
If no keyboard is found, the
.Fl D
and
.Fl h
@ -262,7 +281,8 @@ be verbose during device probing (and later).
You may put a BIOS drive number, a controller type, a unit number,
a partition, a kernel file name, and any valid option in
.Pa /boot.config
to set defaults. Enter them in one line just as you type at the
to set defaults.
Enter them in one line just as you type at the
.Ql boot:
prompt.
.Sh FILES
@ -325,7 +345,8 @@ On older machines, or otherwise where EDD support (disk packet
interface support) is not available, all boot-related files and
structures (including the kernel) that need to be accessed during the
boot phase must reside on the disk at or below cylinder 1023 (as the
BIOS understands the geometry). When a
BIOS understands the geometry).
When a
.Dq Disk error 0x1
is reported by the second-stage bootstrap, it generally means that this
requirement has not been adhered to.
@ -341,7 +362,8 @@ Due to space constraints, the keyboard probe initiated by the
.Fl P
option is simply a test that the BIOS has detected an
.Dq extended
keyboard. If an
keyboard.
If an
.Dq XT/AT
keyboard (with no F11 and F12 keys, etc.) is attached, the probe will
fail.

12
sbin/restore/restore.8
View file

@ -205,7 +205,8 @@ The
.Fl r
flag precludes an interactive file extraction and can be
detrimental to one's health if not used carefully (not to mention
the disk). An example:
the disk).
An example:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
newfs /dev/da0s1a
mount /dev/da0s1a /mnt
@ -279,7 +280,8 @@ tries to determine the media block size dynamically.
Normally,
.Nm
will try to determine dynamically whether the dump was made from an
old (pre-4.4) or new format file system. The
old (pre-4.4) or new format file system.
The
.Fl c
flag disables this check, and only allows reading a dump in the old
format.
@ -472,8 +474,10 @@ thus a full dump must be done to get a new set of directories
reflecting the new inode numbering,
even though the contents of the files is unchanged.
.Pp
To do a network restore, you have to run restore as root. This is due
to the previous security history of dump and restore. (restore is
To do a network restore, you have to run restore as root.
This is due
to the previous security history of dump and restore.
(restore is
written to be setuid root, but we are not certain all bugs are gone
from the restore code - run setuid at your own risk.)
.Pp

9
sbin/route/route.8
View file

@ -46,7 +46,8 @@
The
.Nm
utility is used to manually manipulate the network
routing tables. It normally is not needed, as a
routing tables.
It normally is not needed, as a
system routing table management daemon, such as
.Xr routed 8 ,
should tend to this task.
@ -65,7 +66,8 @@ The following options are available:
Run in debug-only mode, i.e., do not actually modify the routing table.
.It Fl n
Bypass attempts to print host and network names symbolically
when reporting actions. (The process of translating between symbolic
when reporting actions.
(The process of translating between symbolic
names and numerical equivalents can be quite time consuming, and
may require correct operation of the network; thus it may be expedient
to forget this, especially when attempting to repair networking operations).
@ -356,7 +358,8 @@ the routing tables.
.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
.Bl -diag
.It "add [host \&| network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x"
The specified route is being added to the tables. The
The specified route is being added to the tables.
The
values printed are from the routing table entry supplied
in the
.Xr ioctl 2

16
sbin/routed/routed.8
View file

@ -211,9 +211,11 @@ It continues listening to RIP while using Router Discovery
if multi-homed to ensure all interfaces are used.
.Pp
The Router Discovery standard requires that advertisements
have a default "lifetime" of 30 minutes. That means should
have a default "lifetime" of 30 minutes.
That means should
something happen, a client can be without a good route for
30 minutes. It is a good idea to reduce the default to 45
30 minutes.
It is a good idea to reduce the default to 45
seconds using
.Fl P Cm rdisc_interval=45
on the command line or
@ -240,7 +242,7 @@ facility described below to support "legacy" systems
that can handle neither RIPv2 nor Router Discovery.
.Pp
By default, neither Router Discovery advertisements nor solicitations
are sent over point to point links (e.g. PPP).
are sent over point to point links (e.g.\& PPP).
The netmask associated with point-to-point links (such as SLIP
or PPP, with the IFF_POINTOPOINT flag) is used by
.Nm
@ -286,7 +288,8 @@ This is typically used on a gateway to the Internet,
or on a gateway that uses another routing protocol whose routes
are not reported to other local routers.
Notice that because a metric of 1 is used, this feature is
dangerous. It is more commonly accidentally used to create chaos with a
dangerous.
It is more commonly accidentally used to create chaos with a
routing loop than to solve problems.
.It Fl h
cause host or point-to-point routes to not be advertised,
@ -514,7 +517,7 @@ To set parameters for remote or external interfaces,
a line starting with
.Cm if=alias(Hname) ,
.Cm if=remote(Hname) ,
etc. should be used.
etc.\& should be used.
.Ss Parameters
Lines that start with neither "net" nor "host" must consist of one
or more of the following parameter settings, separated by commas or
@ -535,7 +538,8 @@ This parameter must appear by itself on a line.
The network number must specify a full, 32-bit value, as in 192.0.2.0
instead of 192.0.2.
.Pp
Do not use this feature unless necessary. It is dangerous.
Do not use this feature unless necessary.
It is dangerous.
.It Cm ripv1_mask Ns = Ns Ar nname Ns / Ns Ar mask1 , Ns Ar mask2
specifies that netmask of the network of which
.Ar nname Ns / Ns Ar mask1

12
sbin/shutdown/shutdown.8
View file

@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ specify a future time in one of two formats:
or
.Ar yymmddhhmm ,
where the year, month, and day may be defaulted
to the current system values. The first form brings the system down in
to the current system values.
The first form brings the system down in
.Ar number
minutes and the second at the absolute time specified.
.It Ar warning-message
@ -127,15 +128,18 @@ input.
.Pp
At intervals, becoming more frequent as apocalypse approaches
and starting at ten hours before shutdown, warning messages are displayed
on the terminals of all users logged in. Five minutes before
on the terminals of all users logged in.
Five minutes before
shutdown, or immediately if shutdown is in less than 5 minutes,
logins are disabled by creating
.Pa /var/run/nologin
and copying the
warning message there. If this file exists when a user attempts to
warning message there.
If this file exists when a user attempts to
log in,
.Xr login 1
prints its contents and exits. The file is
prints its contents and exits.
The file is
removed just before
.Nm
exits.

27
sbin/slattach/slattach.8
View file

@ -66,7 +66,8 @@ Autoenable the VJ header compression option, if the other end of the link
is capable of VJ header compression then it will be used otherwise normal
headers will be used.
.It Fl c
Enable the VJ header compression option. Note that both ends of the link
Enable the VJ header compression option.
Note that both ends of the link
must be able to use VJ header compression for this to work.
.It Fl e Ar exit-command
Specify a command to be invoked within a shell
@ -83,7 +84,8 @@ Turn on cts/rts style flow control on the slip port, by default no flow
control is done.
.It Fl l
Disable modem control (CLOCAL) and ignore carrier detect on the slip
port. By default the
port.
By default the
.Ar redial-command
is invoked upon carrier drop and
.Nm
@ -91,7 +93,8 @@ aborts if no
.Ar redial-command
is specified.
.It Fl n
Throw away ICMP packets. The slip interface will ignore ICMP packets
Throw away ICMP packets.
The slip interface will ignore ICMP packets
to prevent slow lines being saturated by ICMP responses.
.It Fl r Ar redial-command
Specify a command to be invoked within a shell
@ -116,7 +119,8 @@ and
.Ar new
are the slip unit numbers when the line was
last opened and the unit number of the current slip connection
respectively. The unit number can change after redialing if you are
respectively.
The unit number can change after redialing if you are
using more than one slip line.
When
.Nm
@ -150,7 +154,8 @@ If FRAME_END is not received in
this amount of time, re-connect occurs.
The default value is no timeout.
.It Fl O Ar outfill
Set SLIP "out fill" timeout in seconds. It forces at least one FRAME_END
Set SLIP "out fill" timeout in seconds.
It forces at least one FRAME_END
to be sent during this time period, which is necessary for the "keep alive"
timeout on the remote side.
The default value is no timeout.
@ -185,7 +190,8 @@ To setup
to redial the phone when carrier is lost, use the
.Fl r Ar redial-command
option to specify a script or executable that will reconnect the
serial line to the slip server. For example, the script could redial
serial line to the slip server.
For example, the script could redial
the server and log in, etc.
.Pp
To reconfigure the network interface in case the slip unit number
@ -198,8 +204,10 @@ where
and
.Ar new
are the slip unit numbers before and after
reconnecting the line. The unit number can change if you have more
than one line disconnect at the same time. The first to succeed in
reconnecting the line.
The unit number can change if you have more
than one line disconnect at the same time.
The first to succeed in
reconnecting will get the lowest unit number.
.Pp
To kill
@ -240,7 +248,8 @@ The
.Nm
utility
also logs failure to set the controlling terminal or failure to install
signal handlers. Upon connection and redial the ttyname and baud rate
signal handlers.
Upon connection and redial the ttyname and baud rate
are logged and on shutdown the ttyname is logged.
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/examples/slattach/* -compact

6
sbin/spppcontrol/spppcontrol.8
View file

@ -117,11 +117,11 @@ In the latter case, the use of an authentication protocol will be
turned off for the named interface.
This has the side-effect of
clearing the other authentication-related parameters for this
interface as well (i.e. system name and authentication secret will
interface as well (i.e., system name and authentication secret will
be forgotten).
.It Va myauthproto Ns Li = Ns Ar protoname
Same as above, but only for my end of the link.
I.e. this is the
I.e., this is the
protocol when remote is authenticator, and I am the peer required to
authenticate.
.It Va hisauthproto Ns Li = Ns Ar protoname
@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ Display the settings for
.Li bppp0 .
The interface is currently in
.Em dead
phase, i.e. the LCP layer is down, and no traffic is possible.
phase, i.e., the LCP layer is down, and no traffic is possible.
Both
ends of the connection use the CHAP protocol, my end tells remote the
system name

15
sbin/startslip/startslip.1
View file

@ -121,7 +121,8 @@ the string is used to specify a dial sequence.
No string written by default.
You can specify several
.Fl s Ar stringN
arguments to use with each try, f.e. several host phone numbers.
arguments to use with each try, f.e.
several host phone numbers.
.It Fl A Ar annexname
The
.Nm
@ -144,11 +145,13 @@ Disable modem control (waiting for carrier and carrier drop sense) for
.Ar device .
Modem control is enabled by default.
.It Fl U Ar upscript
Specify a script to run when a SLIP interface becomes connected. This may
Specify a script to run when a SLIP interface becomes connected.
This may
contain
.Xr ifconfig 8 ,
.Xr route 8 ,
and other appropriate commands. The arguments that
and other appropriate commands.
The arguments that
are passed to the script are "slX up".
Default value is
.Pa /sbin/ifconfig .
@ -158,8 +161,10 @@ passed via
.Ev LINE
environment variable.
.It Fl D Ar downscript
Specify a script to run when a SLIP connection goes away. The arguments that
are passed to the script are "slX down". Default value is
Specify a script to run when a SLIP connection goes away.
The arguments that
are passed to the script are "slX down".
Default value is
.Pa /sbin/ifconfig .
Dial sequence number (see
.Fl s )

790
sbin/vinum/vinum.8
View file

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