Retire old diskless setup scripts

These scripts predate /etc/rc.diskless* and use a different scheme.  A
comment was added to them back in 2002 noting they were 3 years old at
that point.

Reviewed by:	emaste
Differential Revision:	https://reviews.freebsd.org/D41951
This commit is contained in:
John Baldwin 2023-09-25 07:46:21 -07:00
parent 97232e04ca
commit 7736786b08
6 changed files with 6 additions and 670 deletions

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@ -51,6 +51,12 @@
# xargs -n1 | sort | uniq -d;
# done
# 2023xxxx
OLD_FILES+=usr/share/examples/diskless/ME
OLD_FILES+=usr/share/examples/diskless/README.BOOTP
OLD_FILES+=usr/share/examples/diskless/README.TEMPLATING
OLD_FILES+=usr/share/examples/diskless/clone_root
# 20230905
OLD_FILES+=usr/share/doc/legal/realtek_rtw88_firmware.LICENCE

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@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ LDIRS= BSD_daemon \
IPv6 \
bootforth \
csh \
diskless \
drivers \
etc \
find_interface \
@ -74,13 +73,6 @@ SE_BOOTFORTH= \
SE_DIRS+= csh
SE_CSH= dot.cshrc
SE_DIRS+= diskless
SE_DISKLESS= \
ME \
README.BOOTP \
README.TEMPLATING \
clone_root
SE_DIRS+= drivers
SE_DRIVERS= \
README \

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@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
IMPORTANT NOTE:
As of Feb. 11, 2002 (and indeed, for quite some time before that),
the /etc/rc.diskless{1,2} scripts support a slightly different
diskless boot process than the one documented in the rest of
this file (which is 3 years old).
I am not deleting the information below because it contains some
useful background information on diskless operation, but for the
actual details you should look at /etc/rc.diskless1, /etc/rc.diskless2,
and the /usr/share/examples/diskless/clone_root script which can
be useful to set up clients and server for diskless boot.
--- $FreeBSD$ ---
------------------------------------------------------------------------
When templating, /conf/ME is typically a softlink to
/conf/<appropriate-machine>. When doing a diskless boot, /conf/ME is
retargeted by /etc/rc.diskless1 from pointing to the server to pointing
to the client's directory, /conf/<ip-address-of-client>. The retargeting
is accomplished through an MFS -o union mount.
When templating, this softlink should be different for each machine.
When doing a diskless boot, this softlink is typically part of the / NFS
mount from the server and points to the server's conf directory, but gets
retargeted during the /etc/rc.diskless1 phase.
System-wide configuration files must generally be targeted through /conf/ME.
For example, your /etc/rc.conf.local should become a softlink to
/conf/ME/rc.conf.local and your real rc.conf.local should go into the
appropriate /conf/<appropriate-machine> directory. This is also true of
/etc/rc.local, /etc/fstab, /etc/syslog.conf, /etc/ccd.conf, /etc/ipfw.conf,
/etc/motd, /etc/resolv.conf, and possibly even /etc/ttys ( if you want
to start an X session up on boot on certain of your machines ).
When templating, you duplicate your / and /usr partitions on each machine's
local disk from a single master ( assuming /var and /home reside elsewhere ),
EXCEPT for the /conf/ME softlink. The /conf/ME softlink is the only thing
on / that should be different for each machine.
There are often categories of configuration files. For example, all of your
shell machines may use one resolv.conf while all of your mail proxies may
use another. Configuration files can be categorized fairly easily through
/conf/HT.<category> directories. You put the actual configuration file in
/conf/HT.<category> and make a softlink from
/conf/ME/<appropriate-machines>/config-file to "../HT.<category/config-file".
This means that access to these files tends to run through more then one
softlink. The advantage is that for all the complexity of your /conf
directory hierarchy, most of your common config files exist in only one place
in reality.

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@ -1,172 +0,0 @@
IMPORTANT NOTE:
As of Feb. 11, 2002 (and indeed, for quite some time before that),
the /etc/rc.diskless{1,2} scripts support a slightly different
diskless boot process than the one documented in the rest of
this file (which is 3 years old).
I am not deleting the information below because it contains some
useful background information on diskless operation, but for the
actual details you should look at /etc/rc.diskless1, /etc/rc.diskless2,
and the /usr/share/examples/diskless/clone_root script which can
be useful to set up clients and server for diskless boot.
--- $FreeBSD$ ---
------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOOTP configuration mechanism
Matthew Dillon
dillon@backplane.com
BOOTP kernels automatically configure the machine's IP address, netmask,
optional NFS based swap, and NFS based root mount. The NFS server will
typically export a shared read-only /, /usr, and /var to any number of
workstations. The shared read-only root is typically either the server's
own root or, if you are more security conscious, a contrived root.
The key issue with starting up a BOOTP kernel is that you typically want
to export read-only NFS partitions from the server, yet still be able to
customize each workstation ( or not ).
/etc/rc.diskless1 is responsible for doing core mounts and for retargeting
/conf/ME ( part of the read-only root NFS mount ) to /conf/$IP_OF_CLIENT.
/etc/rc.conf.local and /etc/rc.local, along with other machine-specific
configuration files, are typically softlinks to /conf/ME/<filename>.
In the BOOTP workstation /conf/$IP/rc.conf.local, you must typically
turn *OFF* most of the system option defaults in /etc/rc.conf as well
as do additional custom configuration of your environment
The /usr/src/share/examples/diskless directory contains a typical
X session / sshd based workstation configuration. The directories
involved are HT.DISKLESS/ and 192.157.86.12/.
Essentially, the $IP/ directory ( which rc.diskless looks for in
/conf/$IP/ ) contains all the junk. The HT.DISKLESS directory exists
to hold common elements of your custom configuration so you do not have
to repeat those elements for each workstation. The example /conf
structure included here shows how to create a working sshd setup ( so
you can sshd into the diskless workstation ), retarget xdm's pid and error
files to R+W directories if /usr is mounted read-only, and retarget
syslogd and other programs. This example is not designed to run out of
the box and some modifications are required.
>> NOTE << HT.DISKLESS/ttys contains the typical configuration required
to bring X up at boot time. Essentially, it runs xdm in the foreground
with the appropriate arguments rather then a getty on ttyv0. You must
run xdm on ttyv0 in order to prevent xdm racing with getty on a virtual
terminal. Such a race can cause your keyboard to be directed away from
the X session, essentially making the session unusable.
Typically you should start with a clean slate by tar-copying this example
directory to /conf and then hack on it in /conf rather then in
/usr/share/examples/diskless.
BOOTP CLIENT SETUP
Here is a typical kernel configuration. If you have only one ethernet
interface you do not need to wire BOOTP to a specific interface name.
BOOTP requires NFS and NFS_ROOT, and our boot scripts require MFS. If
your /tmp is *not* a softlink to /var/tmp, the scripts also require NULLFS
# BootP
#
options BOOTP # Use BOOTP to obtain IP address/hostname
options BOOTP_NFSROOT # NFS mount root filesystem using BOOTP info
options "BOOTP_NFSV3" # Use NFS v3 to NFS mount rootoptions
options BOOTP_COMPAT # Workaround for broken bootp daemons.
#options "BOOTP_WIRED_TO=de0"
options MFS # Memory File System
options NFS # Network Filesystem
options NFS_ROOT # Nfs can be root
options NULLFS # nullfs to map /var/tmp to /tmp
BOOTP SERVER SETUP
The BOOTP server must be running on the same logical LAN as the
BOOTP client(s). You need to setup two things:
(1) You need to NFS-export /, /usr, and /var.
(2) You need to run a BOOTP server. DHCPD can do this.
NFS Export:
Here is an example "/etc/exports" file.
/ -ro -maproot=root: -network 192.157.86.0 -mask 255.255.255.192
/usr -ro -maproot=root: -network 192.157.86.0 -mask 255.255.255.192
/var -ro -maproot=root: -network 192.157.86.0 -mask 255.255.255.192
In order to be an NFS server, the server must run portmap, mountd,
nfsd, and rpc.statd. The standard NFS server options in /etc/rc.conf
will work ( you should put your overrides in /etc/rc.conf.local on the
server and not edit the distribution /etc/rc.conf, though ).
BOOTP Server:
This configuration file "/etc/dhcpd.conf" example is for
the '/usr/ports/net/isc-dhcp' dhcpd port.
subnet 192.157.86.0 netmask 255.255.255.192 {
# range if you want to run the core dhcpd service of
# dynamic IP assignment, but it is not used with BOOTP
# workstations
range 192.157.86.32 192.157.86.62;
# misc configuration.
#
option routers 192.157.86.2;
option domain-name-servers 192.157.86.2;
server-name "apollo.fubar.com";
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.192;
option domain-name-servers 192.157.86.2;
option domain-name "fubar.com";
option broadcast-address 192.157.86.63;
option routers 192.157.86.2;
}
host test1 {
hardware ethernet 00:a0:c9:d3:38:25;
fixed-address 192.157.86.11;
option root-path "192.157.86.2:/";
option option-128 "192.157.86.2:/images/swap";
}
host test2 {
# hardware ethernet 00:e0:29:1d:16:09;
hardware ethernet 00:10:5a:a8:94:0e;
fixed-address 192.157.86.12;
option root-path "192.157.86.2:/";
option option-128 "192.157.86.2:/images/swap";
}
SWAP. This example includes options to automatically BOOTP configure
NFS swap on each workstation. In order to use this capabilities you
need to NFS-export a swap directory READ+WRITE to the workstations.
You must then create a swap directory for each workstation you wish to
assign swap to. In this example I created a dummy user 'lander' and
did an NFS export of /images/swap enforcing a UID of 'lander' for
all accesses.
apollo:/usr/ports/net# ls -la /images/swap
total 491786
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Dec 28 07:00 .
drwxr-xr-x 8 root wheel 512 Jan 20 10:54 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 lander wheel 33554432 Dec 23 14:35 swap.192.157.86.11
-rw-r--r-- 1 lander wheel 335544320 Jan 24 16:55 swap.192.157.86.12
-rw-r--r-- 1 lander wheel 134217728 Jan 21 17:19 swap.192.157.86.6
A swap file is best created with dd:
# create a 32MB swap file for a BOOTP workstation
dd if=/dev/zero of=swap.IPADDRESS bs=1m count=32
It is generally a good idea to give your workstations some swap space,
but not a requirement if they have a lot of memory.

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@ -1,301 +0,0 @@
IMPORTANT NOTE:
As of Feb. 11, 2002 (and indeed, for quite some time before that),
the /etc/rc.diskless{1,2} scripts support a slightly different
diskless boot process than the one documented in the rest of
this file (which is 3 years old).
I am not deleting the information below because it contains some
useful background information on diskless operation, but for the
actual details you should look at /etc/rc.diskless1, /etc/rc.diskless2,
and the /usr/share/examples/diskless/clone_root script which can
be useful to set up clients and server for diskless boot.
--- $FreeBSD$ ---
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TEMPLATING machine configurations
Matthew Dillon
dillon@backplane.com
This document describes a general mechanism by which you can template
/ and /usr. That is, to keep a 'master template' of / and /usr on a
separate machine which is then used to update the rest of your machines.
Generally speaking, you can't simply mirror /. You might be able to
get away with mirroring /usr. There are two main problems involved with
templating:
(1) Avoiding overwriting run-time generated files
By default, the system maintains a number of files in the root
partition. For example, sendmail will dbm /etc/aliases into
/etc/aliases.db. vipw or chpass or other password related routines
will regenerate the password dbm's /etc/spwd.db, /etc/pwd.db, and
passwd. /etc/namedb/s might contain generated secondaries. And
so forth.
The templating mechanism must avoid copying over such files.
(2) Customizing machines.
Customizing machines is actually considerably simpler. You create
a configuration hierarchy and convert the configuration files that
have to be customized into softlinks that run through a special
softlink in the configuration directory. This will work for every
configuration file except possibly /etc/master.passwd
For example, /etc/resolv.conf would be turned into a softlink to
/conf/ME/resolv.conf, and /conf/ME itself would be a softlink to
/conf/<HOSTNAME>. The actual resolv.conf configuration file
would reside in /conf/<HOSTNAME>.
If you have a lot of hosts, some configuration files may be commonly
classified. For example, all your shell machines might have the
same /etc/resolv.conf. The solution is to make
/conf/<HOSTNAME>/resolv.conf a softlink to a common directory, say
/conf/HT.SHELL/resolv.conf. It may sound a little messy, but this
sort of categorization actually makes the sysadmins job much, much
easier.
The /conf/ directory hierarchy is stored on the template and
distributed to all the machines along with the rest of the root
partition.
This type of customization is taken from my direct experience
instituting such a system at BEST. At the time, BEST had over 45
machines managed from a single template.
RUN-TIME GENERATED OR MODIFIED FILES IN / or /USR
/etc/aliases.db
/etc/master.passwd
/etc/spwd.db
/etc/pwd.db
/etc/passwd
/etc/namedb/s
/root/.history
/root/.ssh/identity
/root/.ssh/identity.pub
/root/.ssh/random_seed
/root/.ssh/known_hosts
/conf/ME
/kernel* ( note 2 )
/dev ( note 3 )
/var ( note 4 )
/home ( note 4 )
/lost+found
/usr/lost+found
/usr/home ( note 4 )
/usr/crash ( note 5 )
/usr/obj ( note 5 )
/usr/ports ( note 5 )
/usr/src ( note 5 )
/usr/local/crack ( note 5 )
/usr/local/lib/X11/xdm/xdm-errors ( note 6 )
/usr/local/lib/X11/xdm/xdm-pid ( note 6 )
/usr/local/etc/ssh_host_key ( note 6 )
/usr/local/etc/ssh_host_key.pub ( note 6 )
/usr/local/etc/ssh_random_seed ( note 6 )
/conf/ME ( note 7 )
note 2: You typically want to update kernels manually and *NOT*
template them as a safety measure. This also allows you to run
different kernels on different machines or.
note 3: /dev must be updated manually. Some devices, such as tty's and
pty's, use the access and/or modify time and/or user/group
operationally and regenerating the devices on the fly would be
bad.
note 4: /var and /home are usually separately mounted partitions and
thus would not fall under the template, but as a safety measure
the template copier refuse to copy directories named 'home'.
note 5: These are directories that are as often created directly on
/usr as they are separately-mounted partitions. You typically
do not want to template such directories.
note 6: Note that you can solve the problem of xdm and sshd creating
files in /usr. With xdm, edit /usr/local/lib/xdm/xdm-config
and change the errorLogFile and pidFile config lines.
With sshd, add 'HostKey' and 'RandomSeed' directives to specify
/var/db for the location of the host key and run-time sshd
random seed:
HostKey /var/db/ssh_host_key
RandomSeed /var/db/ssh_random_seed
note 7: In this example, /conf/ME is the machine customizer and must
be pointed to the /conf/<full-host-name>/ directory, which is
different for each machine. Thus, the /conf/ME softlink
should never be overwritten by the templating copy.
TYPICAL CUSTOMIZED CONFIGURATION SOFTLINKS
The following files typically need to be turned into softlinks
to /conf/ME/<filename>:
/etc/ccd.conf -> /conf/ME/ccd.conf
/etc/ipfw.conf ...
/etc/fstab
/etc/motd
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/aliases
/etc/sendmail.cw
/etc/organization
/etc/named.conf
/etc/rc.conf.local
/etc/printcap
/etc/inetd.conf
/etc/login.conf
/etc/gettytab
/etc/ntp.conf
/etc/exports
/root/.k5login -> /conf/ME/root/.k5login
And, of course, /conf/ME is usually a softlink to the appropriate
/conf/<full-host-name>/. Depending on your system configuration,
there may be other files not listed above that you have to worry about.
In many cases, /conf/ME/filename is itself a softlink to
"../HT.xxxx/filename", where HT.xxxx is something like HT.STD ... this
added complexity actually makes it easier to manage multiple
classifications of machines.
DELETION OF FILES
Any file found on the template destination that does not exist in the
source and is not listed as an exception by the source should be deleted.
However, deletion can be dangerous and cpdup will ask for confirmation
by default. Once you know you aren't going to blow things up, you can
turn this feature off and update your systems automatically from cron.
By formalizing the delete operation, you can be 100% sure that it is
possible to recreate / and /usr on any machine with only the original
template and a backup of the ( relatively few ) explicitly-excepted
files. The most common mistake a sysop makes is to make a change to a
file in / or /usr on a target machine instead of the template machine.
If the target machine is updated once a night from cron, the sysop
quickly learns not to do this ( because his changes get overwritten
overnight ). With a manual update, these sorts of mistakes can propagate
for weeks or months before they are caught.
TEMPLATE COPYING AND SAFETY
THE CPDUP PROGRAM
The 'cpdup' program is a program which efficiently duplicates a directory
tree. The program copies source to destination, duplicating devices,
softlinks, hardlinks, files, modification times, uid, gid, flags, perms,
and so forth. The program incorporates several major features:
* The program refuses, absolutely, to cross partition boundaries.
i.e. if you were copying the template /usr from an NFS mount to
your /usr, and you had a mount point called /usr/home, the
template copying program would *NOT* descend into /usr/home on
the destination.
This is a safety.
* The program accesses a file called .cpignore in each directory
it descends into on the source to obtain a list of exceptions
for that directory -- that is, files not to copy or mess with.
This is a templating function.
* The program refuses to delete a directory on the destination
being replaced by a softlink or file on the source.
This is a safety mechanism
* The program is capable of maintaining MD5 check cache files and
doing an MD5 check between source and destination during the
scan.
* The program is capable of deleting files/directories on the
destination that do not exist on the source, but asks for
confirmation by default.
This is a templating and a safety mechanism.
* The program uses a copy-to-tmp-and-rename methodology allowing
it to be used to update live filesystems.
This is a templating mechanism.
* The program, by default, tries to determine if a copy is required
by checking modify times, file size, perms, and other stat
elements. If the elements match, it does not bother to copy
( unless an MD5 check is being made, in which case it must read
the destination file ).
You typically run cpdup on the target machine. The target machine
temporarily mounts the template machine's / and /usr via NFS, read-only,
and runs cpdup to update / and /usr. If you use this methodology note
that THERE ARE SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS! See 'SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS WITH
NFS' below.
Whatever script you use that does the NFS mounts should ensure that the
mount succeeded before continuing with the cpdup.
You should create .cpignore files in the appropriate directories on the
template machine's / and /usr partitions so as not to overwrite active
files on the target. The most critical .cpignore files should be
protected with 'chflags schg .cpignore'. Specifically, the ones in /
and /etc, but possibly others as well. For example, the .cpignore
hierarchy for protect /root is:
# /root/.cpignore contains
.history
# /root/.ssh/.cpignore contains
random_seed
known_hosts
authorized_keys
identity
identity.pub
WHEN INITIALLY CONVERTING A TARGET MACHINE TO USE TEMPLATING, ALWAYS
MAKE A FULL BACKUP OF THE TARGET MACHINE FIRST! You may accidentally
delete files on the target during the conversion due to forgetting to
enter items into appropriate .cpignore files on the source.
SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS WITH NFS ROOT EXPORT FROM TEMPLATE MACHINE
SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS WITH NFS USR EXPORT FROM TEMPLATE MACHINE
There are some serious security considerations that must be taken into
account when exporting / and /usr on the template machine.
* only export read-only
* the password file ( aka vipw ) may not contain any crypted passwords
at all. You MUST use ssh or kerberos to access the template machine.
You can get away with giving only root a crypted password, but only
if you disallow network root logins and only allow direct root
logins on the console.
* The machine's private ssh_host_key usually resides in /usr/local/etc.
You must move this key to /var/db. You can softlink link so no
modification of sshd_config is required.
* The machine's private ~root/.ssh/identity file is also exposed by
the NFS export, you should move this file to /var/db as well and
put a softlink in ~root/.ssh.
* DON'T EXPORT /var ! Either that, or don't put the private keys
in /var/db ... put them somewhere else.
* You may want to redirect the location of the random_seed file, which
can be done by editing ~root/.ssh/sshd_config and
/usr/local/etc/sshd_config so it is not exposed either.
-Matt
Matthew Dillon
dillon@backplane.com

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@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
#!/bin/sh
#
# (C) 2001 Luigi Rizzo, Gabriele Cecchetti
# <Standard BSD copyright>
# Revised 2001.04.16
#
#
# clone root filesystem for diskless root stuff
#
# usage
# clone_root all to do a full copy (e.g. bin, sbin...)
# clone_root update to recreate /var (including devices)
# clone_root to copy /conf and password-related files
#
# This script assumes that you use a shared readonly root and /usr
# partition. The script creates a partial clone of the root partition,
# and puts it into ${DEST} (defaults to /diskless_root ) on the server,
# where it is read.
#
# To run a diskless install you need to do the following:
#
# create /conf/default/etc/fstab
# this will replace the standard /etc/fstab and should contain
# as a minimum the following lines
# ${SERVER}:${DEST} / nfs ro 0 0
# ${SERVER}:/usr /usr nfs ro 0 0
# proc /proc procfs rw 0 0
#
# create /conf/default/etc/rc.conf
# this will replace the standard rc.conf and should contain
# the startup options for the diskless client. Most likely
# you will not need to set hostname and ifconfig_* because these
# will be already set by the startup code. You will also
# probably need to set local_startup="" so that the server's
# local startup files will not be used.
#
# create a kernel config file in /sys/i386/conf/DISKLESS with
# options MD_ROOT
# options BOOTP
# options BOOTP_NFSROOT
# options BOOTP_COMPAT
# and do a full build of the kernel.
# If you use the firewall, remember to default to open or your kernel
# will not be able to send/receive the bootp packets.
#
# On the server:
# enable NFS server and set /etc/exports as
# ${DEST} -maproot=0 -alldirs <list of diskless clients>
# /usr -alldirs
#
# enable bootpd by uncommenting the bootps line in /etc/inetd.conf
# and putting at least the following entries in /etc/bootptab:
# .default:\
# hn:ht=1:vm=rfc1048:\
# :sm=255.255.255.0:\
# :sa=${SERVER}:\
# :gw=${GATEWAY}:\
# :rp="${SERVER}:${DEST}":
#
# client1:ha=0123456789ab:tc=.default
#
# and make sure that client1 is listed in /etc/hosts
# VARIABLES:
# some manual init is needed here.
# DEST the diskless_root dir (goes into /etc/bootptab and /etc/exports
# on the server)
DEST=/diskless_root
# you should not touch these vars:
# SYSDIRS system directories and mountpoints
# DIRS mountpoints (empty dirs)
# PWFILES files related to passwords
# TOCOPY files and dirs to copy from root partition
SYSDIRS="dev proc root usr var"
DIRS="cdrom home mnt"
PWFILES="master.passwd passwd spwd.db pwd.db"
TOCOPY="bin boot compat etc modules sbin stand sys"
init_diskless_root() {
echo "Cleaning old diskless root ($DEST)"
cd /
rm -rf ${DEST} && echo "Old diskless root removed."
echo "Creating $DEST..."
mkdir -p $DEST && echo "New diskless root created."
echo "+++ Now copy original tree from / ..."
ex=""
(cd / ; tar -clf - ${TOCOPY} ) | (cd $DEST; tar xvf - )
#(cd / ; find -x dev | cpio -o -H newc ) | \
# (cd $DEST; cpio -i -H newc -d )
echo "+++ Fixing permissions on some objects"
chmod 555 $DEST/sbin/init
}
update_conf_and_pw() {
echo "+++ Copying files in /conf and password files"
(cd ${DEST} ; rm -rf conf )
(cd / ; tar clf - conf ) | (cd ${DEST}; tar xvf - )
mkdir -p ${DEST}/conf/etc # used to mount things
(cd /etc ; tar cvf - ${PWFILES} ) | (cd ${DEST}/etc ; tar xf - )
}
update() {
echo "+++ update: create mountpoints and device entries, kernel"
for i in ${SYSDIRS} ${DIRS}
do
rm -r -f ${DEST}/$i
mkdir -p ${DEST}/$i && chown root:wheel ${DEST}/$i && echo -n "$i "
done
echo "."
ln -s /var/tmp ${DEST}/tmp
echo "+++ Copying kernel from /sys/compile/DISKLESS"
cp /sys/compile/DISKLESS/kernel $DEST/kernel
echo "."
}
# Main entry point
case $1 in
all) # clean and reinstall the whole diskless_root
init_diskless_root
update
update_conf_and_pw
;;
update) # clean and rebuild mountpoints and device entries
update
update_conf_and_pw
;;
*) # copy /conf and password files
update_conf_and_pw
;;
esac
exit 0
### end of file ###