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traceroute: Lint manuals
Fix a number of warning mandoc -Tlint and igor turned up. No changes intended. Reviewed by: imp Pull Request: https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd-src/pull/901
This commit is contained in:
Jose Luis Duran
Warner Losh
parent
ba09352b73
commit
5eb1aebf8d
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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
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.\"
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.\" $Id: traceroute.8,v 1.19 2000/09/21 08:44:19 leres Exp $
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.\"
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.Dd October 25, 2023
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.Dd November 17, 2023
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.Dt TRACEROUTE 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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@ -42,39 +42,34 @@
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.Op Ar packetlen
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.Ek
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The Internet is a large and complex aggregation of
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network hardware, connected together by gateways.
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Tracking the route one's packets follow (or finding the miscreant
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gateway that's discarding your packets) can be difficult.
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The Internet is a large and complex aggregation of network hardware, connected
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together by gateways.
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Tracking the route one's packets follow (or finding the miscreant gateway
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that's discarding your packets) can be difficult.
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.Nm
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utilizes the IP protocol `time to live' field and attempts to elicit an
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ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED response from each gateway along the path to some
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host.
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utilizes the IP protocol `time to live' field and attempts to elicit an ICMP
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TIME_EXCEEDED response from each gateway along the path to some host.
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.Pp
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The only mandatory parameter is the destination host name or IP number.
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The default probe datagram length is 40 bytes, but this may be increased
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by specifying a packet length (in bytes) after the destination host
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name.
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The default probe datagram length is 40 bytes, but this may be increased by
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specifying a packet length (in bytes) after the destination host name.
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.Pp
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Other options are:
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Fl a
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Turn on AS# lookups for each hop encountered.
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.It Fl A Ar as_server
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Turn on AS# lookups and use the given server instead of the
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default.
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Turn on AS# lookups and use the given server instead of the default.
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.It Fl d
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Enable socket level debugging.
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.It Fl D
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When an ICMP response to our probe datagram is received,
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print the differences between the transmitted packet and
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the packet quoted by the ICMP response.
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When an ICMP response to our probe datagram is received, print the differences
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between the transmitted packet and the packet quoted by the ICMP response.
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A key showing the location of fields within the transmitted packet is printed,
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followed by the original packet in hex,
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followed by the quoted packet in hex.
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followed by the original packet in hex, followed by the quoted packet in hex.
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Bytes that are unchanged in the quoted packet are shown as underscores.
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Note,
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the IP checksum and the TTL of the quoted packet are not expected to match.
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Note, the IP checksum and the TTL of the quoted packet are not expected to
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match.
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By default, only one probe per hop is sent with this option.
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.It Fl e
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Firewall evasion mode.
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@ -103,30 +98,30 @@ Set the "don't fragment" bit.
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.It Fl g Ar gateway
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Specify a loose source route gateway (8 maximum).
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.It Fl i Ar iface
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Specify a network interface to obtain the source IP address for
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outgoing probe packets. This is normally only useful on a multi-homed
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host. (See the
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Specify a network interface to obtain the source IP address for outgoing probe
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packets.
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This is normally only useful on a multi-homed host.
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(See the
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.Fl s
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flag for another way to do this.)
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flag for another way to do this).
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.It Fl I
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Use ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams. (A synonym for "-P icmp").
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Use ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams.
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(A synonym for "-P icmp").
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.It Fl m Ar max_ttl
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Set the max time-to-live (max number of hops) used in outgoing probe
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packets. The default is the value of the
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Set the max time-to-live (max number of hops) used in outgoing probe packets.
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The default is the value of the
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.Va net.inet.ip.ttl
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.Xr sysctl 8
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(the same default used for TCP
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connections).
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(the same default used for TCP connections).
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.It Fl M Ar first_ttl
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Set the initial time-to-live value used in outgoing probe packets.
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The default is 1, i.e., start with the first hop.
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.It Fl n
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Print hop addresses numerically rather than symbolically and numerically
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(saves a nameserver address-to-name lookup for each gateway found on the
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path).
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(saves a nameserver address-to-name lookup for each gateway found on the path).
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.It Fl p Ar port
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Protocol specific. For UDP, UDP-Lite, TCP and SCTP, sets
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the base
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Protocol specific.
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For UDP, UDP-Lite, TCP and SCTP, sets the base
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.Ar port
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number used in probes (default is 33434).
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Traceroute hopes that nothing is listening on UDP ports (or UDP-Lite ports
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@ -136,106 +131,106 @@ and supported by the peer)
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.Em port + 1
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to
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.Em port + (max_ttl - first_ttl + 1) * nprobes
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at the destination host (so an ICMP PORT_UNREACHABLE message will
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be returned to terminate the route tracing). If something is
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listening on a port in the default range, this option can be used
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to pick an unused port range.
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at the destination host (so an ICMP PORT_UNREACHABLE message will be returned
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to terminate the route tracing).
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If something is listening on a port in the default range, this option can be
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used to pick an unused port range.
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.It Fl P Ar proto
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Send packets of specified IP protocol. The currently supported protocols
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are: UDP, UDP-Lite, TCP, SCTP, GRE and ICMP. Other protocols may also be
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specified (either by name or by number), though
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Send packets of specified IP protocol.
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The currently supported protocols
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are: UDP, UDP-Lite, TCP, SCTP, GRE and ICMP.
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Other protocols may also be specified (either by name or by number), though
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.Nm
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does not implement any special knowledge of their packet formats. This
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option is useful for determining which router along a path may be
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blocking packets based on IP protocol number. But see BUGS below.
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does not implement any special knowledge of their packet formats.
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This option is useful for determining which router along a path may be blocking
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packets based on IP protocol number.
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But see BUGS below.
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.It Fl q Ar nprobes
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Set the number of probes per hop (default is 3,
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unless
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Set the number of probes per hop (default is 3, unless
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.Fl D
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is specified,
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when it is 1).
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.It Fl r
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Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on an attached
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network.
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If the host is not on a directly-attached network,
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an error is returned.
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This option can be used to ping a local host through an interface
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that has no route through it (e.g., after the interface was dropped by
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If the host is not on a directly-attached network, an error is returned.
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This option can be used to ping a local host through an interface that has no
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route through it (e.g., after the interface was dropped by
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.Xr routed 8 .
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.It Fl s Ar src_addr
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Use the following IP address (which usually is given as an IP number, not
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a hostname) as the source address in outgoing probe packets. On
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multi-homed hosts (those with more than one IP
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address), this option can be used to
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force the source address to be something other than the IP address
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of the interface the probe packet is sent on. If the IP address
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is not one of this machine's interface addresses, an error is
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returned and nothing is sent. (See the
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Use the following IP address (which usually is given as an IP number, not a
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hostname) as the source address in outgoing probe packets.
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On multi-homed hosts (those with more than one IP address), this option can be
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used to force the source address to be something other than the IP address of
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the interface the probe packet is sent on.
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If the IP address is not one of this machine's interface addresses, an error is
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returned and nothing is sent.
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(See the
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.Fl i
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flag for another way to do this.)
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flag for another way to do this).
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.It Fl S
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Print a summary of how many probes were not answered for each hop.
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.It Fl t Ar tos
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Set the
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.Em type-of-service
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in probe packets to the following value (default zero). The value must be
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a decimal integer in the range 0 to 255. This option can be used to
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see if different types-of-service result in different paths. The upper six
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bits are the Differentiated Services Codepoint (RFC4594). The lower two
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bits are the Explicit Congestion Notification field (RFC3168).
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in probe packets to the following value (default zero).
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The value must be a decimal integer in the range 0 to 255.
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This option can be used to see if different types-of-service result in
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different paths.
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The upper six bits are the Differentiated Services Codepoint (RFC4594).
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The lower two bits are the Explicit Congestion Notification field (RFC3168).
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.It Fl v
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Verbose output. Received ICMP packets other than
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Verbose output.
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Received ICMP packets other than
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.Dv TIME_EXCEEDED
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and
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.Dv UNREACHABLE Ns s
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are listed.
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.It Fl w Ar waittime
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Set the time (in seconds) to wait for a response to a probe (default 5
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sec.).
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Set the time (in seconds) to wait for a response to a probe (default 5 sec.).
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.It Fl x
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Toggle ip checksums. Normally, this prevents traceroute from calculating
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ip checksums. In some cases, the operating system can overwrite parts of
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the outgoing packet but not recalculate the checksum (so in some cases
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the default is to not calculate checksums and using
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Toggle ip checksums.
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Normally, this prevents traceroute from calculating ip checksums.
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In some cases, the operating system can overwrite parts of the outgoing packet
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but not recalculate the checksum (so in some cases the default is to not
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calculate checksums and using
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.Fl x
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causes them to be calculated). Note that checksums are usually required
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for the last hop when using ICMP ECHO probes
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causes them to be calculated).
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Note that checksums are usually required for the last hop when using ICMP ECHO
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probes
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.Pq Fl I .
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So they are always calculated when using ICMP.
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.It Fl z Ar pausemsecs
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Set the time (in milliseconds) to pause between probes (default 0).
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Some systems such as Solaris and routers such as Ciscos rate limit
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icmp messages. A good value to use with this this is 500 (e.g. 1/2 second).
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Some systems such as Solaris and routers such as Ciscos rate limit ICMP
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messages.
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A good value to use with this is 500 (e.g., 1/2 second).
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.El
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.Pp
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This program attempts to trace the route an IP packet would follow to some
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internet host by launching UDP probe
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packets with a small ttl (time to live) then listening for an
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ICMP "time exceeded" reply from a gateway. We start our probes
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with a ttl of one and increase by one until we get an ICMP "port
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unreachable" (which means we got to "host") or hit a max (which
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defaults to the amount of hops specified by the
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internet host by launching UDP probe packets with a small TTL (time to live)
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then listening for an ICMP "time exceeded" reply from a gateway.
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We start our probes with a TTL of one and increase by one until we get an ICMP
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"port unreachable" (which means we got to "host") or hit a max (which defaults
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to the amount of hops specified by the
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.Va net.inet.ip.ttl
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.Xr sysctl 8
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and can be changed with the
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.Fl m
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flag). Three
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probes (change with
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flag).
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Three probes (change with
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.Fl q
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flag) are sent at each ttl setting and a
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line is printed showing the ttl, address of the gateway and
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round trip time of each probe. If the probe answers come from
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different gateways, the address of each responding system will
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be printed. If there is no response within a 5 sec. timeout
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interval (changed with the
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flag) are sent at each TTL setting and a line is printed showing the TTL,
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address of the gateway and round trip time of each probe.
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If the probe answers come from different gateways, the address of each
|
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responding system will be printed.
|
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If there is no response within a 5 sec. timeout interval (changed with the
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.Fl w
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flag), a "*" is printed for that
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probe.
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flag), a "*" is printed for that probe.
|
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.Pp
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We don't want the destination
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host to process the UDP probe packets so the destination port is set to an
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unlikely value (if some clod on the destination is using that
|
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value, it can be changed with the
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We don't want the destination host to process the UDP probe packets so the
|
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destination port is set to an unlikely value (if some clod on the destination
|
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is using that value, it can be changed with the
|
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.Fl p
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flag).
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.Pp
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|
@ -256,12 +251,13 @@ traceroute to nis.nsf.net (35.1.1.48), 64 hops max, 40 byte packets
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11 nic.merit.edu (35.1.1.48) 239 ms 239 ms 239 ms
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.Ed
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.Pp
|
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Note that lines 2 & 3 are the same. This is due to a buggy
|
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kernel on the 2nd hop system \- lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU \- that forwards
|
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packets with a zero ttl (a bug in the distributed version
|
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of 4.3BSD). Note that you have to guess what path
|
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the packets are taking cross-country since the NSFNet (129.140)
|
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doesn't supply address-to-name translations for its NSSes.
|
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Note that lines 2 & 3 are the same.
|
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This is due to a buggy kernel on the 2nd hop system \- lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU \-
|
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that forwards packets with a zero TTL (a bug in the distributed version of
|
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4.3BSD).
|
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Note that you have to guess what path the packets are taking cross-country
|
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since the NSFNet (129.140) doesn't supply address-to-name translations for its
|
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NSSes.
|
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.Pp
|
||||
A more interesting example is:
|
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.Bd -literal -offset 4n
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|
@ -287,19 +283,18 @@ traceroute to allspice.lcs.mit.edu (18.26.0.115), 64 hops max, 40 byte packets
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18 ALLSPICE.LCS.MIT.EDU (18.26.0.115) 339 ms 279 ms 279 ms
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.Ed
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.Pp
|
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Note that the gateways 12, 14, 15, 16 & 17 hops away
|
||||
either don't send ICMP "time exceeded" messages or send them
|
||||
with a ttl too small to reach us. 14 \- 17 are running the
|
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MIT C Gateway code that doesn't send "time exceeded"s. God
|
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only knows what's going on with 12.
|
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Note that the gateways 12, 14, 15, 16 & 17 hops away either don't send ICMP
|
||||
"time exceeded" messages or send them with a TTL too small to reach us.
|
||||
14 \- 17 are running the MIT C Gateway code that doesn't send "time exceeded"s.
|
||||
God only knows what's going on with 12.
|
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.Pp
|
||||
The silent gateway 12 in the above may be the result of a bug in
|
||||
the 4.[23]BSD network code (and its derivatives): 4.x (x <= 3)
|
||||
sends an unreachable message using whatever ttl remains in the
|
||||
original datagram. Since, for gateways, the remaining ttl is
|
||||
zero, the ICMP "time exceeded" is guaranteed to not make it back
|
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to us. The behavior of this bug is slightly more interesting
|
||||
when it appears on the destination system:
|
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The silent gateway 12 in the above may be the result of a bug in the 4.[23]BSD
|
||||
network code (and its derivatives): 4.x (x <= 3) sends an unreachable message
|
||||
using whatever TTL remains in the original datagram.
|
||||
Since, for gateways, the remaining TTL is zero, the ICMP "time exceeded" is
|
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guaranteed to not make it back to us.
|
||||
The behavior of this bug is slightly more interesting when it appears on the
|
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destination system:
|
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.Bd -literal -offset 4n
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1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms
|
||||
2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 39 ms
|
||||
|
|
@ -316,24 +311,24 @@ when it appears on the destination system:
|
|||
13 rip.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.131.22) 59 ms ! 39 ms ! 39 ms !
|
||||
.Ed
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Notice that there are 12 "gateways" (13 is the final
|
||||
destination) and exactly the last half of them are "missing".
|
||||
What's really happening is that rip (a Sun-3 running Sun OS3.5)
|
||||
is using the ttl from our arriving datagram as the ttl in its
|
||||
ICMP reply. So, the reply will time out on the return path
|
||||
(with no notice sent to anyone since ICMP's aren't sent for
|
||||
ICMP's) until we probe with a ttl that's at least twice the path
|
||||
length. I.e., rip is really only 7 hops away. A reply that
|
||||
returns with a ttl of 1 is a clue this problem exists.
|
||||
Traceroute prints a "!" after the time if the ttl is <= 1.
|
||||
Notice that there are 12 "gateways" (13 is the final destination) and exactly
|
||||
the last half of them are "missing".
|
||||
What's really happening is that rip (a Sun-3 running Sun OS3.5) is using the
|
||||
TTL from our arriving datagram as the TTL in its ICMP reply.
|
||||
So, the reply will time out on the return path (with no notice sent to anyone
|
||||
since ICMP's aren't sent for ICMP's) until we probe with a TTL that's at least
|
||||
twice the path length.
|
||||
I.e., rip is really only 7 hops away.
|
||||
A reply that returns with a TTL of 1 is a clue this problem exists.
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
prints a "!" after the time if the TTL is <= 1.
|
||||
Since vendors ship a lot of obsolete
|
||||
.Pf ( Tn DEC Ns \'s
|
||||
.Pf ( DEC Ns \'s
|
||||
Ultrix, Sun 3.x) or
|
||||
non-standard
|
||||
.Pq Tn HP-UX
|
||||
software, expect to see this problem
|
||||
frequently and/or take care picking the target host of your
|
||||
probes.
|
||||
.Pq HP-UX
|
||||
software, expect to see this problem frequently and/or take care picking the
|
||||
target host of your probes.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Other possible annotations after the time are:
|
||||
.Bl -hang -offset indent -width 12n
|
||||
|
|
@ -377,8 +372,8 @@ If almost all the probes result in some kind of unreachable,
|
|||
.Nm
|
||||
will give up and exit.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
This program is intended for use in network testing, measurement
|
||||
and management.
|
||||
This program is intended for use in network testing, measurement and
|
||||
management.
|
||||
It should be used primarily for manual fault isolation.
|
||||
Because of the load it could impose on the network, it is unwise to use
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
|
|
@ -386,21 +381,23 @@ during normal operations or from automated scripts.
|
|||
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
||||
.Xr netstat 1 ,
|
||||
.Xr ping 8 ,
|
||||
.Xr traceroute6 8 .
|
||||
.Xr traceroute6 8
|
||||
.Sh AUTHORS
|
||||
Implemented by Van Jacobson from a suggestion by Steve Deering. Debugged
|
||||
by a cast of thousands with particularly cogent suggestions or fixes from
|
||||
C. Philip Wood, Tim Seaver and Ken Adelman.
|
||||
Implemented by
|
||||
.An Van Jacobson
|
||||
from a suggestion by Steve Deering.
|
||||
Debugged by a cast of thousands with particularly cogent suggestions or fixes
|
||||
from C. Philip Wood, Tim Seaver and Ken Adelman.
|
||||
.Sh BUGS
|
||||
When using protocols other than UDP, functionality is reduced.
|
||||
In particular, the last packet will often appear to be lost, because
|
||||
even though it reaches the destination host, there's no way to know
|
||||
that because no ICMP message is sent back.
|
||||
In particular, the last packet will often appear to be lost, because even
|
||||
though it reaches the destination host, there's no way to know that because no
|
||||
ICMP message is sent back.
|
||||
In the TCP case,
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
should listen for a RST from the destination host (or an intermediate
|
||||
router that's filtering packets), but this is not implemented yet.
|
||||
should listen for a RST from the destination host (or an intermediate router
|
||||
that's filtering packets), but this is not implemented yet.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
The AS number capability reports information that may sometimes be
|
||||
inaccurate due to discrepancies between the contents of the
|
||||
routing database server and the current state of the Internet.
|
||||
The AS number capability reports information that may sometimes be inaccurate
|
||||
due to discrepancies between the contents of the routing database server and
|
||||
the current state of the Internet.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -75,16 +75,14 @@
|
|||
.Sh DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
utility
|
||||
uses the IPv6 protocol hop limit field to elicit an ICMPv6 TIME_EXCEEDED
|
||||
response from each gateway along the path to some host.
|
||||
utility uses the IPv6 protocol hop limit field to elicit an ICMPv6
|
||||
TIME_EXCEEDED response from each gateway along the path to some host.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
The only mandatory parameter is the destination host name or IPv6 address.
|
||||
The default probe datagram carries 20 bytes of payload,
|
||||
in addition to the IPv6 header.
|
||||
The size of the payload can be specified by giving a length
|
||||
(in bytes)
|
||||
after the destination host name.
|
||||
The default probe datagram carries 20 bytes of payload, in addition to the IPv6
|
||||
header.
|
||||
The size of the payload can be specified by giving a length (in bytes) after
|
||||
the destination host name.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Other options are:
|
||||
.Bl -tag -width Ds
|
||||
|
|
@ -130,8 +128,8 @@ The default is the value of the
|
|||
.It Fl n
|
||||
Do not resolve numeric address to hostname.
|
||||
.It Fl N
|
||||
Use a packet with no upper layer header for the probes,
|
||||
instead of UDP datagrams.
|
||||
Use a packet with no upper layer header for the probes, instead of UDP
|
||||
datagrams.
|
||||
.It Fl p Ar port
|
||||
Set SCTP/TCP/UDP port number to
|
||||
.Ar port .
|
||||
|
|
@ -139,16 +137,15 @@ Set SCTP/TCP/UDP port number to
|
|||
Set the number of probe per hop count to
|
||||
.Ar probes .
|
||||
.It Fl r
|
||||
Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host
|
||||
on an attached network.
|
||||
Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on an attached
|
||||
network.
|
||||
If the host is not on a directly-connected network,
|
||||
an error is returned.
|
||||
This option corresponds to the
|
||||
.Dv SO_DONTROUTE
|
||||
socket option;
|
||||
it can be used to ping a local host through an interface
|
||||
that has no route through it
|
||||
(e.g., after the interface was dropped by a routing daemon).
|
||||
socket option; it can be used to ping a local host through an interface that
|
||||
has no route through it (e.g., after the interface was dropped by a routing
|
||||
daemon).
|
||||
.It Fl s Ar src
|
||||
.Ar Src
|
||||
specifies the source IPv6 address to be used.
|
||||
|
|
@ -178,10 +175,11 @@ Be verbose.
|
|||
Specify the delay time between probes.
|
||||
.El
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
This program prints the route to the given destination and the round-trip
|
||||
time to each gateway, in the same manner as traceroute.
|
||||
This program prints the route to the given destination and the round-trip time
|
||||
to each gateway, in the same manner as traceroute.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Here is a list of possible annotations after the round-trip time for each gateway:
|
||||
Here is a list of possible annotations after the round-trip time for each
|
||||
gateway:
|
||||
.Bl -hang -offset indent
|
||||
.It !N
|
||||
Destination Unreachable - No Route to Host.
|
||||
|
|
@ -195,11 +193,11 @@ Destination Unreachable - Address Unreachable.
|
|||
Parameter Problem - Unrecognized Next Header Type.
|
||||
.It !\&
|
||||
This is printed if the hop limit is <= 1 on a port unreachable message.
|
||||
This means that the packet got to the destination,
|
||||
but that the reply had a hop limit that was just large enough to
|
||||
allow it to get back to the source of the traceroute6.
|
||||
This was more interesting in the IPv4 case,
|
||||
where some IP stack bugs could be identified by this behaviour.
|
||||
This means that the packet got to the destination, but that the reply had a hop
|
||||
limit that was just large enough to allow it to get back to the source of the
|
||||
traceroute6.
|
||||
This was more interesting in the IPv4 case, where some IP stack bugs could be
|
||||
identified by this behaviour.
|
||||
.El
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
.Sh EXIT STATUS
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue