doas

A port of OpenBSD's doas which runs on FreeBSD, Linux, NetBSD, illumos and macOS.

The doas utility is a program originally written for OpenBSD which allows a user to run a command as though they were another user. Typically doas is used to allow non-privleged users to run commands as though they were the root user. The doas program acts as an alternative to sudo, which is a popular method in the Linux community for granting admin access to specific users.

The doas program offers two benefits over sudo: its configuration file has a simple syntax and it is smaller, requiring less effort to audit the code. This makes it harder for both admins and coders to make mistakes that potentially open security holes in the system.

This port of doas has been made to work on FreeBSD 11.x and newer, most distributions of Linux, NetBSD 8.x and newer, and most illumos distributions (tested on OmniOS and SmartOS). It also works on macOS Catalina.

Installing doas is accomplished in three steps:

1. Installing build tools.
2. Compiling and installing the doas utility.
3. Creating a configuration file for doas.

Installing build tools

1 - The doas program has virtually no dependencies. So long as you have a compiler (such as the GNU Compiler or Clang) installed and GNU make (gmake on NetBSD, FreeBSD, and illumos). On illumos, the build-essential package will install all the necessary build tools. Linux may need libpam headers to compile which can be added with the libpam0g-dev package on Debian/Ubuntu. On macOS an installation of XCode is necessary, due to the missing cli development tools in the default installation.

Compiling and installing

2 - To install doas, download the source code and, in the source code's directory, run the command

Linux

 make

FreeBSD, NetBSD and macOS

 gmake

illumos

 PREFIX=/opt/local gmake

Alternatively, bison can be used if yacc is not installed.

 YACC="bison -y" PREFIX=/opt/local gmake

This builds the source code. Then, as the root user, run

Linux

 make install

Note to Linux users: Some Linux distributions, such as CentOS, will block doas from using PAM authentication by default. If this happens, it is usually possible to work around the issue by running the following command as the administrator:

  cp /etc/pam.d/sudo /etc/pam.d/doas

FreeBSD and NetBSD

 gmake install

macOS

 gmake install
 cp /etc/pam.d/sudo /etc/pam.d/doas

Note: By default macOS blocks doas from using PAM modules, causing doas authentication to fail. The cp command above copies the sudo PAM configuration into place for doas to use.

illumos

 PREFIX=/opt/local gmake install

Note: The doas command is in FreeBSD's ports collection and may be installed by simply running the following command as the root user:

  pkg install doas

Creating a configuration file

3 - The doas configuration file is located at /usr/local/etc/doas.conf or /opt/local/etc/doas.conf for illumos. To create a rule allowing a user to perform admin actions, add a line to the configuration file. Details on how to do this are covered in the doas.conf manual page. However, most of the time a rule is as simple as

  permit <user> as root

Where is the username of the person who is being granted root access. For instance:

  permit jesse as root

Additional users can be added to the file, one per line.

To make use of doas, run it in front of any command. Here are some examples:

Confirm doas is working by printing our effective user ID:

 doas id

Create a new file in the root user's home:

 doas touch /root/new-file

On Linux commands with arguments should be prefixed by a double-dash (--). Here we remove a directory owned by root:

 doas -- rm -rf old-directory