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5576 lines
187 KiB
XML
5576 lines
187 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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<book>
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<title>PostGIS Manual</title>
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<bookinfo>
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<editor>
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<firstname>Paul</firstname>
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<surname>Ramsey</surname>
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<affiliation>
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<orgname><ulink url="http://www.refractions.net">Refractions Research
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Inc</ulink></orgname>
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<address>
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<street>Suite 400, 1207 Douglas Street</street>
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<city>Victoria</city>
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<state>British Columbia</state>
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<country>Canada</country>
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<email>pramsey@refractions.net</email>
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</address>
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</affiliation>
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</editor>
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<abstract>
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<para>PostGIS is an extension to the PostgreSQL object-relational
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database system which allows GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
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objects to be stored in the database. PostGIS includes support for
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GiST-based R-Tree spatial indexes, and functions for analysis and
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processing of GIS objects.</para>
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</abstract>
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</bookinfo>
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<chapter>
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<title>Introduction</title>
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<para>PostGIS is developed by Refractions Research Inc, as a spatial
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database technology research project. Refractions is a GIS and database
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consulting company in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, specializing in
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data integration and custom software development. We plan on supporting
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and developing PostGIS to support a range of important GIS functionality,
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including full OpenGIS support, advanced topological constructs
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(coverages, surfaces, networks), desktop user interface tools for viewing
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and editing GIS data, and web-based access tools.</para>
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<sect1>
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<title>Credits</title>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>Sandro Santilli <strk@refractions.net></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Coordinates all bug fixing and maintainance effort,
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integration of new GEOS functionality, and new function
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enhancements.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>Chris Hodgson <chodgson@refractions.net></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Maintains new functions and the 7.2 index bindings.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>Paul Ramsey <pramsey@refractions.net></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Maintains the JDBC objects and keeps track of the
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documentation and packaging.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>Jeff Lounsbury <jeffloun@refractions.net></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Original development of the Shape file loader/dumper.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>Dave Blasby <dblasby@gmail.com></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>The original developer of PostGIS. Dave wrote the server
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side objects, index bindings, and many of the server side
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analytical functions.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>Other contributors</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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In alphabetical order:
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Alex Bodnaru, Bernhard Reiter, Bruno Wolff III,
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Carl Anderson, David Skea, David Techer,
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IIDA Tetsushi, Geographic Data BC, Gerald Fenoy,
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Gino Lucrezi, Klaus Foerster, Kris Jurka, Mark Cave-Ayland,
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Mark Sondheim, Markus Schaber, Michael Fuhr, Nikita Shulga,
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Norman Vine, Olivier Courtin, Ralph Mason, Steffen Macke.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</sect1>
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<sect1>
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<title>More Information</title>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>The latest software, documentation and news items are
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available at the PostGIS web site, <ulink
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url="http://postgis.refractions.net">http://postgis.refractions.net</ulink>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>More information about the GEOS geometry operations library is
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available at<ulink url="http://geos.refractions.net">
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http://geos.refractions.net</ulink>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>More information about the Proj4 reprojection library is
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available at <ulink
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url="http://www.remotesensing.org/proj">http://www.remotesensing.org/proj</ulink>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>More information about the PostgreSQL database server is
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available at the PostgreSQL main site <ulink
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url="http://www.postgresql.org">http://www.postgresql.org</ulink>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>More information about GiST indexing is available at the
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PostgreSQL GiST development site, <ulink
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url="http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/gist">http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/gist</ulink>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>More information about Mapserver internet map server is
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available at <ulink
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url="http://mapserver.gis.umn.edu/">http://mapserver.gis.umn.edu</ulink>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The "<ulink
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url="http://www.opengis.org/docs/99-049.pdf">Simple Features
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for Specification for SQL</ulink>" is available at the OpenGIS
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Consortium web site: <ulink
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url="http://www.opengis.org">http://www.opengis.org</ulink>.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect1>
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</chapter>
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<chapter>
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<title>Installation</title>
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<sect1>
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<title>Requirements</title>
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<para>PostGIS has the following requirements for building and
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usage:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>A complete configured and built PostgreSQL source code tree.
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PostGIS uses definitions from the PostgreSQL configure/build process
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to conform to the particular platform you are building on.
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PostgreSQL is available from <ulink
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url="http://www.postgresql.org">http://www.postgresql.org</ulink>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>GNU C compiler (<filename>gcc</filename>). Some other ANSI C
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compilers can be used to compile PostGIS, but we find far fewer
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problems when compiling with <filename>gcc</filename>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>GNU Make (<filename>gmake</filename> or
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<filename>make</filename>). For many systems, GNU
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<filename>make</filename> is the default version of make. Check the
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version by invoking <filename>make -v</filename>. Other versions of
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<filename>make</filename> may not process the PostGIS
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<filename>Makefile</filename> properly.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>(Recommended) Proj4 reprojection library. The Proj4 library is
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used to provide coordinate reprojection support within PostGIS.
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Proj4 is available for download from <ulink
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url="http://www.remotesensing.org/proj">http://www.remotesensing.org/proj</ulink>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>(Recommended) GEOS geometry library. The GEOS library is used
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to provide geometry tests (Touches(), Contains(), Intersects()) and
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operations (Buffer(), GeomUnion(), Difference()) within PostGIS.
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GEOS is available for download from <ulink
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url="http://geos.refractions.net">http://geos.refractions.net</ulink>.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="PGInstall">
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<title>PostGIS</title>
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<para>The PostGIS module is a extension to the PostgreSQL backend
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server. As such, PostGIS @@LAST_RELEASE_VERSION@@
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<emphasis>requires</emphasis> a full copy of the PostgreSQL source tree
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in order to compile. The PostgreSQL source code is available at <ulink
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url="http://www.postgresql.org">http://www.postgresql.org</ulink>.</para>
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<para>PostGIS @@LAST_RELEASE_VERSION@@ can be built against PostgreSQL
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versions 7.2.0 to 7.4.x. Earlier versions of PostgreSQL are
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<emphasis>not</emphasis> supported.</para>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Before you can compile the PostGIS server modules, you must
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compile and install the PostgreSQL package.</para>
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<note>
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<para>If you plan to use GEOS functionality you might need to
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explicitly link PostgreSQL against the standard C++
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library:</para>
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<programlisting>LDFLAGS=-lstdc++ ./configure [YOUR OPTIONS HERE]</programlisting>
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<para>This is a workaround for bogus C++ exceptions interaction
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with older development tools. If you experience weird problems
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(backend unexpectedly closed or similar things) try this trick.
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This will require recompiling your PostgreSQL from scratch, of
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course.</para>
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</note>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Retrieve the PostGIS source archive from <ulink
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url="http://postgis.refractions.net/postgis-@@LAST_RELEASE_VERSION@@.tar.gz">http://postgis.refractions.net/postgis-@@LAST_RELEASE_VERSION@@.tar.gz</ulink>.
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Uncompress and untar the archive in the "contrib" directory of the
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PostgreSQL source tree.</para>
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<programlisting># cd [postgresql source tree]/contrib
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# gzip -d -c postgis-@@LAST_RELEASE_VERSION@@.tar.gz | tar xvf -</programlisting>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Once your PostgreSQL installation is up-to-date, enter the
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"postgis" directory, and edit the
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<filename>Makefile.config</filename> file.</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>If want support for coordinate reprojection you must have
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the Proj4 library installed, set the <varname>USE_PROJ</varname>
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variable to <emphasis>1</emphasis>, and adjust the
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<varname>PROJ_DIR</varname> variable to point to your Proj4
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installation directory.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>If want to use GEOS functionality you must have the GEOS
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library installed, set the <varname>USE_GEOS</varname> variable
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to <emphasis>1</emphasis>, and adjust the
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<varname>GEOS_DIR</varname> variable to point to your GEOS
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installation directory.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Run the compile and install commands.</para>
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<programlisting># make
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# make install</programlisting>
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<para>All files are installed relative to the PostgreSQL install
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directory, <filename>[prefix]</filename>.</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Libraries are installed
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<filename>[prefix]/lib/contrib</filename>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Important support files such as
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<filename>lwpostgis.sql</filename> are installed in
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<filename>[prefix]/share/contrib</filename>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Loader and dumber binaries are installed in
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<filename>[prefix]/bin</filename>.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>PostGIS requires the PL/pgSQL procedural language extension.
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Before loading the <filename>lwpostgis.sql</filename> file, you must
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first enable PL/pgSQL. You should use the
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<filename>createlang</filename> command. The PostgreSQL
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Programmer's Guide has the details if you want to this manually for
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some reason.</para>
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<programlisting># createlang plpgsql [yourdatabase]</programlisting>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Now load the PostGIS object and function definitions into your
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database by loading the <filename>lwpostgis.sql</filename> definitions
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file.</para>
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<programlisting># psql -d [yourdatabase] -f lwpostgis.sql</programlisting>
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<para>The PostGIS server extensions are now loaded and ready to
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use.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>For a complete set of EPSG coordinate system definition
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identifiers, you can also load the
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<filename>spatial_ref_sys.sql</filename> definitions file and
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populate the <varname>SPATIAL_REF_SYS</varname> table.</para>
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<programlisting># psql -d [yourdatabase] -f spatial_ref_sys.sql</programlisting>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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<sect2 id="upgrading">
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<title>Upgrading</title>
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<para>
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Upgrading PostGIS can be tricky, because it is composed by both a shared
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library and a set of definitions that are stored in the host database.
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</para>
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<para>
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When the set of definitions changes (new objects, or procedural language
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functions modifications) it is not always easy to have them replace the
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old ones. Having a mismatch between definitions and implementations can
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bring to an unstable or unsable system.
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</para>
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<para>
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Since postgis version 0.9.0 You can check your installation state
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using <link linkend="postgis_full_version">postgis_full_version()</link>.
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The function will warn you with a "need proc upgrade" message if a mismatch
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is found.
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</para>
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<para>
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Before attempting to upgrade postgis, it is always worth to backup
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your data. If you use the -Fc flag to pg_dump you will always be able
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to restore the dump with an HARD UPGRADE.
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</para>
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<sect3 id="hard_upgrade">
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<title>Hard upgrade</title>
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<para>
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By HARD UPGRADE we intend full dump/reload of postgis-enabled databases.
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You need an HARD UPGRADE when postgis objects' internal storage
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changes or when SOFT UPGRADE is not possible.
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The <link linkend="release_notes">Release Notes</link> appendix reports for each version wheter you need a
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dump/reload (HARD UPGRADE) to upgrade.
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</para>
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<para>
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PostGIS provides an utility script to restore a dump
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produced with the pg_dump -Fc command. It is experimental so redirecting
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its output to a file will help in case of problems. The procedure is
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as follow:
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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# Create a "custom-format" dump of the database you want
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# to upgrade (let's call it "olddb")
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$ pg_dump -Fc olddb > olddb.dump
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# Restore the dump contextually upgrading postgis into
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# a new database. The new database doesn't have to exist.
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# Let's call it "newdb"
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$ sh utils/postgis_restore.pl lwpostgis.sql newdb olddb.dump > restore.log
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# Check that all restored dump objects really had to be restored from dump
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# and do not conflict with the ones defined in lwpostgis.sql
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$ grep ^KEEPING restore.log | less
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# If upgrading from PostgreSQL < 7.5 to >= 7.5 you might want to
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# drop the attrelid, varattnum and stats columns in the geometry_columns
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# table, which are no-more needed. Keeping them won't hurt.
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# !!! DROPPING THEM WHEN REALLY NEEDED WILL DO HURT !!!!
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$ psql newdb -c "ALTER TABLE geometry_columns DROP attrelid"
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$ psql newdb -c "ALTER TABLE geometry_columns DROP varattnum"
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$ psql newdb -c "ALTER TABLE geometry_columns DROP stats"
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# spatial_ref_sys table is restore from the dump, to ensure your custom
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# additions are kept, but the distributed one might contain modification
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# so you should backup your entries, drop the table and source the new one.
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# If you did make additions we assume you know how to backup them before
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# upgrading the table. Replace of it with the new one is done like this:
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$ psql newdb
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newdb=> delete from spatial_ref_sys;
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DROP
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newdb=> \i spatial_ref_sys.sql
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</programlisting>
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</sect3>
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|
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<sect3 id="soft_upgrade">
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<title>Soft upgrade</title>
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|
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<para>
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By SOFT UPGRADE we intend a live replacement of objects definitions.
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This is only possible in certain circumstances as not all objects
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are replaceable in a live system.
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|
</para>
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<para>
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To know wheter a SOFT UPGRADE should work for you refer to your new
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version section in the <link linkend="release_notes">Release Notes</link>
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appendix of this manual.
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</para>
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<para>
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The <link linkend="postgis_full_version">postgis_full_version()</link>
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function will also show you current state
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|
and by that you should be able to find out wheter or not SOFT UPGRADE
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will be possible. You should look at the DBPROC and RELPROC values.
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|
DBPROC are the procedures stored in the database, RELPROC are the
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|
procedures expected by the shared library (RELeased PROCedures).
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|
Their values represent SCRIPTS versions. If they don't match the
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function will warn you with a message: "needs proc upgrade".
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|
</para>
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<para>
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|
Soft (proc) upgrade will only be possible when the DBPROC and RELPROC
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|
versions share MAJOR and MINOR numbers. If this is the case you can
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|
try to use the utils/postgis_proc_upgrade.pl script. Note that the
|
|
script will check for this itself so you should be safe attempting
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|
w/out checking it manually. Here is how you do:
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|
</para>
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|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
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|
$ make install # DON'T DO IT IF WITHOUT BACKING UP YOUR DATA !
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$ utils/postgis_proc_upgrade.pl lwpostgis.sql | psql <db>
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|
</programlisting>
|
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|
|
</sect3>
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
<sect3 id="hack_upgrade">
|
|
<title>Old method</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
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|
Following is the "old" procedure description. IT SHOULD BE AVOIDED if possible,
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|
as it will leave in the database many spurious functions. It is kept in this document
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|
as a "backup" in case HARD UPGRADE or SOFT UPGRADE won't work for you:
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|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
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|
pg_dump -t "*" -f dumpfile.sql yourdatabase
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|
dropdb yourdatabase
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|
createdb yourdatabase
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|
createlang plpgsql yourdatabase
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psql -f lwpostgis.sql -d yourdatabase
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|
psql -f dumpfile.sql -d yourdatabase
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|
vacuumdb -z yourdatabase
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|
</programlisting>
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|
|
</sect3>
|
|
|
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|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Common Problems</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>There are several things to check when your installation or
|
|
upgrade doesn't go as you expected.</para>
|
|
|
|
<orderedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>It is easiest if you untar the PostGIS distribution into the
|
|
contrib directory under the PostgreSQL source tree. However, if
|
|
this is not possible for some reason, you can set the
|
|
<varname>PGSQL_SRC</varname> environment variable to the path to
|
|
the PostgreSQL source directory. This will allow you to compile
|
|
PostGIS, but the <command>make install</command> may not work, so
|
|
be prepared to copy the PostGIS library and executable files to
|
|
the appropriate locations yourself.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Check that you you have installed PostgreSQL 7.2 or newer,
|
|
and that you are compiling against the same version of the
|
|
PostgreSQL source as the version of PostgreSQL that is running.
|
|
Mix-ups can occur when your (Linux) distrubution has already
|
|
installed PostgreSQL, or you have otherwise installed PostgreSQL
|
|
before and forgotten about it. PostGIS will only work with
|
|
PostgreSQL 7.2 or newer, and strange, unexpected error messages
|
|
will result if you use an older version. To check the version of
|
|
PostgreSQL which is running, connect to the database using psql
|
|
and run this query:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>SELECT version();</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you are running an RPM based distribution, you can check
|
|
for the existence of pre-installed packages using the
|
|
<command>rpm</command> command as follows: <command>rpm -qa | grep
|
|
postgresql</command></para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</orderedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>Also check that you have made any necessary changes to the top
|
|
of the Makefile.config. This includes:</para>
|
|
|
|
<orderedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>If you want to be able to do coordinate reprojections, you
|
|
must install the Proj4 library on your system, set the
|
|
<varname>USE_PROJ</varname> variable to 1 and the
|
|
<varname>PROJ_DIR</varname> to your installation prefix in the
|
|
Makefile.config.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>If you want to be able to use GEOS functions you must
|
|
install the GEOS library on your system, and set the
|
|
<varname>USE_GEOS</varname> to 1 and the
|
|
<varname>GEOS_DIR</varname> to your installation prefix in the
|
|
Makefile.config</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</orderedlist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>JDBC</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The JDBC extensions provide Java objects corresponding to the
|
|
internal PostGIS types. These objects can be used to write Java clients
|
|
which query the PostGIS database and draw or do calculations on the GIS
|
|
data in PostGIS.</para>
|
|
|
|
<orderedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Enter the <filename>jdbc</filename> sub-directory of the
|
|
PostGIS distribution.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Edit the <filename>Makefile</filename> to provide the correct
|
|
paths of your java compiler (<varname>JAVAC</varname>) and
|
|
interpreter (<varname>JAVA</varname>).</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Run the <filename>make</filename> command. Copy the
|
|
<filename>postgis.jar</filename> file to wherever you keep your java
|
|
libraries.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</orderedlist>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Loader/Dumper</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The data loader and dumper are built and installed automatically
|
|
as part of the PostGIS build. To build and install them manually:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting># cd postgis-@@LAST_RELEASE_VERSION@@/loader
|
|
# make
|
|
# make install</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The loader is called <filename>shp2pgsql</filename> and converts
|
|
ESRI Shape files into SQL suitable for loading in PostGIS/PostgreSQL.
|
|
The dumper is called <filename>pgsql2shp</filename> and converts PostGIS
|
|
tables (or queries) into ESRI Shape files.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<chapter>
|
|
<title>Frequently Asked Questions</title>
|
|
|
|
<qandaset>
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>What kind of geometric objects can I store?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>You can store point, line, polygon, multipoint, multiline,
|
|
multipolygon, and geometrycollections. These are specified in the
|
|
Open GIS Well Known Text Format (with XYZ,XYM,XYZM extentions).</para>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>How do I insert a GIS object into the database?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>First, you need to create a table with a column of type
|
|
"geometry" to hold your GIS data. Connect to your database with
|
|
<filename>psql</filename> and try the following SQL:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>CREATE TABLE gtest ( ID int4, NAME varchar(20) );
|
|
SELECT AddGeometryColumn('', 'gtest','geom',-1,'LINESTRING',2);</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>If the geometry column addition fails, you probably have not
|
|
loaded the PostGIS functions and objects into this database. See the
|
|
<link linkend="PGInstall">installation instructions</link>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Then, you can insert a geometry into the table using a SQL
|
|
insert statement. The GIS object itself is formatted using the
|
|
OpenGIS Consortium "well-known text" format:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>INSERT INTO gtest (ID, NAME, GEOM) VALUES (1, 'First Geometry', GeomFromText('LINESTRING(2 3,4 5,6 5,7 8)', -1));</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>For more information about other GIS objects, see the <link
|
|
linkend="RefObject">object reference</link>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>To view your GIS data in the table:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>SELECT id, name, AsText(geom) AS geom FROM gtest;</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The return value should look something like this:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting> id | name | geom
|
|
----+----------------+-----------------------------
|
|
1 | First Geometry | LINESTRING(2 3,4 5,6 5,7 8)
|
|
(1 row)</programlisting>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>How do I construct a spatial query?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>The same way you construct any other database query, as an SQL
|
|
combination of return values, functions, and boolean tests.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For spatial queries, there are two issues that are important
|
|
to keep in mind while constructing your query: is there a spatial
|
|
index you can make use of; and, are you doing expensive calculations
|
|
on a large number of geometries.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>In general, you will want to use the "intersects operator"
|
|
(&&) which tests whether the bounding boxes of features
|
|
intersect. The reason the && operator is useful is because
|
|
if a spatial index is available to speed up the test, the &&
|
|
operator will make use of this. This can make queries much much
|
|
faster.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You will also make use of spatial functions, such as
|
|
Distance(), Intersects(), Contains() and Within(), among others, to
|
|
narrow down the results of your search. Most spatial queries include
|
|
both an indexed test and a spatial function test. The index test
|
|
serves to limit the number of return tuples to only tuples that
|
|
<emphasis>might</emphasis> meet the condition of interest. The
|
|
spatial functions are then use to test the condition exactly.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>SELECT id, the_geom FROM thetable
|
|
WHERE
|
|
the_geom && 'POLYGON((0 0, 0 10, 10 10, 10 0, 0 0))'
|
|
AND
|
|
Contains(the_geom,'POLYGON((0 0, 0 10, 10 10, 10 0, 0 0))';</programlisting>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>How do I speed up spatial queries on large tables?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>Fast queries on large tables is the <emphasis>raison
|
|
d'etre</emphasis> of spatial databases (along with transaction
|
|
support) so having a good index is important.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>To build a spatial index on a table with a
|
|
<varname>geometry</varname> column, use the "CREATE INDEX" function
|
|
as follows:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
|
|
USING GIST ( [geometrycolumn] );</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The "USING GIST" option tells the server to use a GiST
|
|
(Generalized Search Tree) index.</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
GiST indexes are assumed to be lossy.
|
|
Lossy indexes uses a proxy object (in the spatial case,
|
|
a bounding box) for building the index.</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<para>You should also ensure that the PostgreSQL query planner has
|
|
enough information about your index to make rational decisions about
|
|
when to use it. To do this, you have to "gather statistics" on your
|
|
geometry tables.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For PostgreSQL 8.0.x and greater, just run the <command>VACUUM
|
|
ANALYZE</command> command.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For PostgreSQL 7.4.x and below, run the <command>SELECT
|
|
UPDATE_GEOMETRY_STATS()</command> command.</para>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>Why aren't PostgreSQL R-Tree indexes supported?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>Early versions of PostGIS used the PostgreSQL R-Tree indexes.
|
|
However, PostgreSQL R-Trees have been completely discarded since
|
|
version 0.6, and spatial indexing is provided with an
|
|
R-Tree-over-GiST scheme.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Our tests have shown search speed for native R-Tree and GiST
|
|
to be comparable. Native PostgreSQL R-Trees have two limitations
|
|
which make them undesirable for use with GIS features (note that
|
|
these limitations are due to the current PostgreSQL native R-Tree
|
|
implementation, not the R-Tree concept in general):</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>R-Tree indexes in PostgreSQL cannot handle features which
|
|
are larger than 8K in size. GiST indexes can, using the "lossy"
|
|
trick of substituting the bounding box for the feature
|
|
itself.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>R-Tree indexes in PostgreSQL are not "null safe", so
|
|
building an index on a geometry column which contains null
|
|
geometries will fail.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>Why should I use the <varname>AddGeometryColumn()</varname>
|
|
function and all the other OpenGIS stuff?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>If you do not want to use the OpenGIS support functions, you
|
|
do not have to. Simply create tables as in older versions, defining
|
|
your geometry columns in the CREATE statement. All your geometries
|
|
will have SRIDs of -1, and the OpenGIS meta-data tables will
|
|
<emphasis>not</emphasis> be filled in properly. However, this will
|
|
cause most applications based on PostGIS to fail, and it is
|
|
generally suggested that you do use
|
|
<varname>AddGeometryColumn()</varname> to create geometry
|
|
tables.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Mapserver is one application which makes use of the
|
|
<varname>geometry_columns</varname> meta-data. Specifically,
|
|
Mapserver can use the SRID of the geometry column to do on-the-fly
|
|
reprojection of features into the correct map projection.</para>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>What is the best way to find all objects within a radius of
|
|
another object?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>To use the database most efficiently, it is best to do radius
|
|
queries which combine the radius test with a bounding box test: the
|
|
bounding box test uses the spatial index, giving fast access to a
|
|
subset of data which the radius test is then applied to.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <varname>Expand()</varname> function is a handy way of
|
|
enlarging a bounding box to allow an index search of a region of
|
|
interest. The combination of a fast access index clause and a slower
|
|
accurate distance test provides the best combination of speed and
|
|
precision for this query.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For example, to find all objects with 100 meters of POINT(1000
|
|
1000) the following query would work well:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>SELECT *
|
|
FROM GEOTABLE
|
|
WHERE
|
|
GEOCOLUMN && Expand(GeomFromText('POINT(1000 1000)',-1),100)
|
|
AND
|
|
Distance(GeomFromText('POINT(1000 1000)',-1),GEOCOLUMN) < 100;</programlisting>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>How do I perform a coordinate reprojection as part of a
|
|
query?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>To perform a reprojection, both the source and destination
|
|
coordinate systems must be defined in the SPATIAL_REF_SYS table, and
|
|
the geometries being reprojected must already have an SRID set on
|
|
them. Once that is done, a reprojection is as simple as referring to
|
|
the desired destination SRID.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>SELECT Transform(GEOM,4269) FROM GEOTABLE;</programlisting>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
</qandaset>
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<chapter>
|
|
<title>Using PostGIS</title>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="RefObject">
|
|
<title>GIS Objects</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The GIS objects supported by PostGIS are a superset of
|
|
the "Simple Features" defined by the OpenGIS Consortium (OGC).
|
|
As of version 0.9, PostGIS supports all the objects and functions
|
|
specified in the OGC "Simple Features for SQL" specification.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>PostGIS extends the standard with support for 3DZ,3DM and 4D
|
|
coordinates.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>OpenGIS WKB and WKT</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The OpenGIS specification defines two standard ways of
|
|
expressing spatial objects: the Well-Known Text (WKT) form and
|
|
the Well-Known Binary (WKB) form. Both WKT and WKB include
|
|
information about the type of the object and the
|
|
coordinates which form the object.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Examples of the text representations (WKT) of the spatial
|
|
objects of the features are as follows:</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>POINT(0 0)</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,1 2)</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>POLYGON((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0),(1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 1 2,1 1))</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>MULTIPOINT(0 0,1 2)</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>MULTILINESTRING((0 0,1 1,1 2),(2 3,3 2,5 4))</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0,4 0,4 4,0 4,0 0),(1 1,2 1,2 2,1 2,1 1)),
|
|
((-1 -1,-1 -2,-2 -2,-2 -1,-1 -1)))</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(2 3),LINESTRING((2 3,3 4)))</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>The OpenGIS specification also requires that the
|
|
internal storage format of spatial objects include a spatial
|
|
referencing system identifier (SRID). The SRID is required when
|
|
creating spatial objects for insertion into the database.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Input/Output of these formats are available using the following
|
|
interfaces:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
bytea WKB = asBinary(geometry);
|
|
text WKT = asText(geometry);
|
|
geometry = GeomFromWKB(bytea WKB, SRID);
|
|
geometry = GeometryFromText(text WKT, SRID);
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para> For example, a valid insert statement to create and insert an OGC spatial object would be:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
INSERT INTO SPATIALTABLE (
|
|
THE_GEOM,
|
|
THE_NAME
|
|
)
|
|
VALUES (
|
|
GeomFromText('POINT(-126.4 45.32)', 312),
|
|
'A Place'
|
|
)</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>PostGIS EWKB, EWKT and Canonical Forms</title>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
OGC formats only support 2d geometries, and the associated SRID
|
|
is *never* embedded in the input/output representations.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Postgis extended formats are currently superset of OGC one (every
|
|
valid WKB/WKT is a valid EWKB/EWKT) but this might vary in the
|
|
future, specifically if OGC comes out with a new format conflicting
|
|
with our extensions. Thus you SHOULD NOT rely on this feature!
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Postgis EWKB/EWKT add 3dm,3dz,4d coordinates support and embedded
|
|
SRID information.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Examples of the text representations (EWKT) of the
|
|
extended spatial objects of the features are as follows:</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>POINT(0 0 0) -- XYZ</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>SRID=32632;POINT(0 0) -- XY with SRID</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>POINTM(0 0 0) -- XYM</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>POINT(0 0 0 0) -- XYZM</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>SRID=4326;MULTIPOINTM(0 0 0,1 2 1) -- XYM with SRID</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>MULTILINESTRING((0 0 0,1 1 0,1 2 1),(2 3 1,3 2 1,5 4
|
|
1))</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>POLYGON((0 0 0,4 0 0,4 4 0,0 4 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,2 1 0,2 2 0,1 2
|
|
0,1 1 0))</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0 0,4 0 0,4 4 0,0 4 0,0 0 0),(1 1 0,2 1 0,2 2
|
|
0,1 2 0,1 1 0)),((-1 -1 0,-1 -2 0,-2 -2 0,-2 -1 0,-1 -1 0)))</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONM(POINTM(2 3 9),LINESTRINGM((2 3 4,3 4
|
|
5)))</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Input/Output of these formats are available using the following
|
|
interfaces:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
bytea EWKB = asEWKB(geometry);
|
|
text EWKT = asEWKT(geometry);
|
|
geometry = GeomFromEWKB(bytea EWKB);
|
|
geometry = GeomFromEWKT(text EWKT);
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
For example, a valid insert statement to create and insert a PostGIS spatial object would be:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
INSERT INTO SPATIALTABLE (
|
|
THE_GEOM,
|
|
THE_NAME
|
|
)
|
|
VALUES (
|
|
GeomFromEWKT('SRID=312;POINTM(-126.4 45.32 15)'),
|
|
'A Place'
|
|
)</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The "canonical forms" of a PostgreSQL type are the representations
|
|
you get with a simple query (without any function call) and the one
|
|
which is guaranteed to be accepted with a simple insert, update or
|
|
copy. For the postgis 'geometry' type these are:
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
- Output -
|
|
binary: EWKB
|
|
ascii: HEXEWKB (EWKB in hex form)
|
|
|
|
- Input -
|
|
binary: EWKB
|
|
ascii: HEXEWKB|EWKT
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
For example this statement reads EWKT and returns HEXEWKB in the
|
|
process of canonical ascii input/output:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
=# SELECT 'SRID=4;POINT(0 0)'::geometry;
|
|
geometry
|
|
----------------------------------------------------
|
|
01010000200400000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
|
(1 row)
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Using OpenGIS Standards</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The OpenGIS "Simple Features Specification for SQL" defines
|
|
standard GIS object types, the functions required to manipulate them,
|
|
and a set of meta-data tables. In order to ensure that meta-data remain
|
|
consistent, operations such as creating and removing a spatial column
|
|
are carried out through special procedures defined by OpenGIS.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>There are two OpenGIS meta-data tables:
|
|
<varname>SPATIAL_REF_SYS</varname> and
|
|
<varname>GEOMETRY_COLUMNS</varname>. The
|
|
<varname>SPATIAL_REF_SYS</varname> table holds the numeric IDs and
|
|
textual descriptions of coordinate systems used in the spatial
|
|
database.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>The SPATIAL_REF_SYS Table</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <varname>SPATIAL_REF_SYS</varname> table definition is as
|
|
follows:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>CREATE TABLE SPATIAL_REF_SYS (
|
|
SRID INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
|
|
AUTH_NAME VARCHAR(256),
|
|
AUTH_SRID INTEGER,
|
|
SRTEXT VARCHAR(2048),
|
|
PROJ4TEXT VARCHAR(2048)
|
|
)</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <varname>SPATIAL_REF_SYS</varname> columns are as
|
|
follows:</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>SRID</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>An integer value that uniquely identifies the Spatial
|
|
Referencing System (SRS) within the database.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>AUTH_NAME</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The name of the standard or standards body that is being
|
|
cited for this reference system. For example, "EPSG" would be a
|
|
valid <varname>AUTH_NAME</varname>.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>AUTH_SRID</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The ID of the Spatial Reference System as defined by the
|
|
Authority cited in the <varname>AUTH_NAME</varname>. In the case
|
|
of EPSG, this is where the EPSG projection code would go.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>SRTEXT</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The Well-Known Text representation of the Spatial
|
|
Reference System. An example of a WKT SRS representation
|
|
is:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>PROJCS["NAD83 / UTM Zone 10N",
|
|
GEOGCS["NAD83",
|
|
DATUM["North_American_Datum_1983",
|
|
SPHEROID["GRS 1980",6378137,298.257222101]
|
|
],
|
|
PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],
|
|
UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]
|
|
],
|
|
PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],
|
|
PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],
|
|
PARAMETER["central_meridian",-123],
|
|
PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],
|
|
PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],
|
|
PARAMETER["false_northing",0],
|
|
UNIT["metre",1]
|
|
]</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>For a listing of EPSG projection codes and their
|
|
corresponding WKT representations, see <ulink
|
|
url="http://www.opengis.org/techno/interop/EPSG2WKT.TXT">http://www.opengis.org/techno/interop/EPSG2WKT.TXT</ulink>.
|
|
For a discussion of WKT in general, see the OpenGIS "Coordinate
|
|
Transformation Services Implementation Specification" at <ulink
|
|
url="http://www.opengis.org/techno/specs.htm">http://www.opengis.org/techno/specs.htm</ulink>.
|
|
For information on the European Petroleum Survey Group (EPSG)
|
|
and their database of spatial reference systems, see <ulink
|
|
url="http://epsg.org">http://epsg.org</ulink>.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>PROJ4TEXT</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>PostGIS uses the Proj4 library to provide coordinate
|
|
transformation capabilities. The <varname>PROJ4TEXT</varname>
|
|
column contains the Proj4 coordinate definition string for a
|
|
particular SRID. For example:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>+proj=utm +zone=10 +ellps=clrk66 +datum=NAD27 +units=m</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>For more information about, see the Proj4 web site at
|
|
<ulink
|
|
url="http://www.remotesensing.org/proj">http://www.remotesensing.org/proj</ulink>.
|
|
The <filename>spatial_ref_sys.sql</filename> file contains both
|
|
<varname>SRTEXT</varname> and <varname>PROJ4TEXT</varname>
|
|
definitions for all EPSG projections.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>The GEOMETRY_COLUMNS Table</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <varname>GEOMETRY_COLUMNS</varname> table definition is as
|
|
follows:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>CREATE TABLE GEOMETRY_COLUMNS (
|
|
F_TABLE_CATALOG VARCHAR(256) NOT NULL,
|
|
F_TABLE_SCHEMA VARCHAR(256) NOT NULL,
|
|
F_TABLE_NAME VARCHAR(256) NOT NULL,
|
|
F_GEOMETRY_COLUMN VARCHAR(256) NOT NULL,
|
|
COORD_DIMENSION INTEGER NOT NULL,
|
|
SRID INTEGER NOT NULL,
|
|
TYPE VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL
|
|
)</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The columns are as follows:</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>F_TABLE_CATALOG, F_TABLE_SCHEMA, F_TABLE_NAME</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The fully qualified name of the feature table containing
|
|
the geometry column. Note that the terms "catalog" and "schema"
|
|
are Oracle-ish. There is not PostgreSQL analogue of "catalog" so
|
|
that column is left blank -- for "schema" the PostgreSQL schema
|
|
name is used (<varname>public</varname> is the default).</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>F_GEOMETRY_COLUMN</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The name of the geometry column in the feature
|
|
table.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>COORD_DIMENSION</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The spatial dimension (2, 3 or 4 dimensional) of the
|
|
column.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>SRID</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The ID of the spatial reference system used for the
|
|
coordinate geometry in this table. It is a foreign key reference
|
|
to the <varname>SPATIAL_REF_SYS</varname>.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>TYPE</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The type of the spatial object. To restrict the spatial
|
|
column to a single type, use one of: POINT, LINESTRING, POLYGON,
|
|
MULTIPOINT, MULTILINESTRING, MULTIPOLYGON, GEOMETRYCOLLECTION or
|
|
corresponding XYM versions POINTM, LINESTRINGM, POLYGONM,
|
|
MULTIPOINTM, MULTILINESTRINGM, MULTIPOLYGONM, GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONM.
|
|
For heterogeneous (mixed-type) collections, you can use
|
|
"GEOMETRY" as the type.</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>This attribute is (probably) not part of the OpenGIS
|
|
specification, but is required for ensuring type
|
|
homogeneity.</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Creating a Spatial Table</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Creating a table with spatial data is done in two stages:</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Create a normal non-spatial table.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For example: <command>CREATE TABLE ROADS_GEOM ( ID int4,
|
|
NAME varchar(25) )</command></para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Add a spatial column to the table using the OpenGIS
|
|
"AddGeometryColumn" function.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The syntax is:
|
|
<programlisting>AddGeometryColumn(<schema_name>, <table_name>,
|
|
<column_name>, <srid>, <type>,
|
|
<dimension>)</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
Or, using current schema:
|
|
<programlisting>AddGeometryColumn(<table_name>,
|
|
<column_name>, <srid>, <type>,
|
|
<dimension>)</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Example1: <command>SELECT AddGeometryColumn('public',
|
|
'roads_geom', 'geom', 423, 'LINESTRING', 2)</command></para>
|
|
<para>Example2: <command>SELECT AddGeometryColumn(
|
|
'roads_geom', 'geom', 423, 'LINESTRING', 2)</command></para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>Here is an example of SQL used to create a table and add a
|
|
spatial column (assuming that an SRID of 128
|
|
exists already):</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>CREATE TABLE parks ( PARK_ID int4, PARK_NAME varchar(128), PARK_DATE date, PARK_TYPE varchar(2) );
|
|
SELECT AddGeometryColumn('parks', 'park_geom', 128, 'MULTIPOLYGON', 2 );</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>Here is another example, using the generic "geometry" type and
|
|
the undefined SRID value of -1:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>CREATE TABLE roads ( ROAD_ID int4, ROAD_NAME varchar(128) );
|
|
SELECT AddGeometryColumn( 'roads', 'roads_geom', -1, 'GEOMETRY', 3 );</programlisting>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Ensuring OpenGIS compliancy of geometries</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Most of the functions implemented by the GEOS library
|
|
rely on the assumption that your geometries are valid
|
|
as specified by the OpenGIS Simple Feature Specification.
|
|
To check validity of geometries you can use the
|
|
<link linkend="IsValid">IsValid()</link> function:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>gisdb=# select isvalid('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)'), isvalid('LINESTRING(0 0,0 0)');
|
|
isvalid | isvalid
|
|
---------+---------
|
|
t | f</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<para>By default, PostGIS does not apply this validity check on geometry input, because
|
|
testing for validity needs lots of CPU time for complex geometries, especially polygons.
|
|
If you do not trust your data sources, you can manually enforce such a check to your tables
|
|
by adding a check constraint:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>ALTER TABLE mytable ADD CONSTRAINT geometry_valid_check CHECK (isvalid(the_geom));</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you encounter any strange error messages such as "GEOS Intersection() threw an
|
|
error!" or "JTS Intersection() threw an error!" when calling PostGIS functions with valid
|
|
input geometries, you likely found an error in either PostGIS or one of the libraries it
|
|
uses, and you should contact the PostGIS developers. The same is true if a PostGIS function returns
|
|
an invalid geometry for valid input.</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Strictly compliant OGC geometries cannot have Z or M values.
|
|
The <link linkend="IsValid">IsValid()</link> function won't
|
|
consider higher dimensioned geometries invalid! Invocations
|
|
of <link linkend="AddGeometryColumn">AddGeometryColumn()</link>
|
|
will add a constraint checking geometry dimensions, so it is
|
|
enough to specify 2 there.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Loading GIS Data</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Once you have created a spatial table, you are ready to upload GIS
|
|
data to the database. Currently, there are two ways to get data into a
|
|
PostGIS/PostgreSQL database: using formatted SQL statements or using the
|
|
Shape file loader/dumper.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Using SQL</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you can convert your data to a text representation, then
|
|
using formatted SQL might be the easiest way to get your data into
|
|
PostGIS. As with Oracle and other SQL databases, data can be bulk
|
|
loaded by piping a large text file full of SQL "INSERT" statements
|
|
into the SQL terminal monitor.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>A data upload file (<filename>roads.sql</filename> for example)
|
|
might look like this:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>BEGIN;
|
|
INSERT INTO ROADS_GEOM (ID,GEOM,NAME ) VALUES (1,GeomFromText('LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242)',-1),'Jeff Rd');
|
|
INSERT INTO ROADS_GEOM (ID,GEOM,NAME ) VALUES (2,GeomFromText('LINESTRING(189141 244158,189265 244817)',-1),'Geordie Rd');
|
|
INSERT INTO ROADS_GEOM (ID,GEOM,NAME ) VALUES (3,GeomFromText('LINESTRING(192783 228138,192612 229814)',-1),'Paul St');
|
|
INSERT INTO ROADS_GEOM (ID,GEOM,NAME ) VALUES (4,GeomFromText('LINESTRING(189412 252431,189631 259122)',-1),'Graeme Ave');
|
|
INSERT INTO ROADS_GEOM (ID,GEOM,NAME ) VALUES (5,GeomFromText('LINESTRING(190131 224148,190871 228134)',-1),'Phil Tce');
|
|
INSERT INTO ROADS_GEOM (ID,GEOM,NAME ) VALUES (6,GeomFromText('LINESTRING(198231 263418,198213 268322)',-1),'Dave Cres');
|
|
COMMIT;</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The data file can be piped into PostgreSQL very easily using the
|
|
"psql" SQL terminal monitor:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>psql -d [database] -f roads.sql</programlisting>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Using the Loader</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <filename>shp2pgsql</filename> data loader converts ESRI
|
|
Shape files into SQL suitable for insertion into a PostGIS/PostgreSQL
|
|
database. The loader has several operating modes distinguished by
|
|
command line flags:</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-d</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Drops the database table before creating a new table with
|
|
the data in the Shape file.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-a</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Appends data from the Shape file into the database table.
|
|
Note that to use this option to load multiple files, the files
|
|
must have the same attributes and same data types.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-c</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Creates a new table and populates it from the Shape file.
|
|
<emphasis>This is the default mode.</emphasis></para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-p</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Only produces the table creation SQL code, without adding
|
|
any actual data. This can be used if you need to completely
|
|
separate the table creation and data loading steps.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-D</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Use the PostgreSQL "dump" format for the output data. This
|
|
can be combined with -a, -c and -d. It is much faster to load
|
|
than the default "insert" SQL format. Use this for very large data
|
|
sets.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-s <SRID></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Creates and populates the geometry tables with the
|
|
specified SRID.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-k</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Keep idendifiers case (column, schema and attributes). Note that attributes in Shapefile are all UPPERCASE.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-i</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Coerce all integers to standard 32-bit integers, do not
|
|
create 64-bit bigints, even if the DBF header signature appears
|
|
to warrant it.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-I</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Create a GiST index on the geometry column.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-w</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Output WKT format, for use with older (0.x) versions of PostGIS.
|
|
Note that this will introduce coordinate drifts and will drop M
|
|
values from shapefiles.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-W <encoding></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Specify encoding of the input data (dbf file).
|
|
When used, all attributes of the dbf are converted from the specified
|
|
encoding to UTF8. The resulting SQL output will contain a <code>SET
|
|
CLIENT_ENCODING to UTF8</code> command, so that the backend will be able
|
|
to reconvert from UTF8 to whatever encoding the database is configured
|
|
to use internally.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that -a, -c, -d and -p are mutually exclusive.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>An example session using the loader to create an input file and
|
|
uploading it might look like this:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting># shp2pgsql shaperoads myschema.roadstable > roads.sql
|
|
# psql -d roadsdb -f roads.sql</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>A conversion and upload can be done all in one step using UNIX
|
|
pipes:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting># shp2pgsql shaperoads myschema.roadstable | psql -d roadsdb</programlisting>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Retrieving GIS Data</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Data can be extracted from the database using either SQL or the
|
|
Shape file loader/dumper. In the section on SQL we will discuss some of
|
|
the operators available to do comparisons and queries on spatial
|
|
tables.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Using SQL</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The most straightforward means of pulling data out of the
|
|
database is to use a SQL select query and dump the resulting columns
|
|
into a parsable text file:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>db=# SELECT id, AsText(geom) AS geom, name FROM ROADS_GEOM;
|
|
id | geom | name
|
|
---+-----------------------------------------+-----------
|
|
1 | LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242) | Jeff Rd
|
|
2 | LINESTRING(189141 244158,189265 244817) | Geordie Rd
|
|
3 | LINESTRING(192783 228138,192612 229814) | Paul St
|
|
4 | LINESTRING(189412 252431,189631 259122) | Graeme Ave
|
|
5 | LINESTRING(190131 224148,190871 228134) | Phil Tce
|
|
6 | LINESTRING(198231 263418,198213 268322) | Dave Cres
|
|
7 | LINESTRING(218421 284121,224123 241231) | Chris Way
|
|
(6 rows)</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>However, there will be times when some kind of restriction is
|
|
necessary to cut down the number of fields returned. In the case of
|
|
attribute-based restrictions, just use the same SQL syntax as normal
|
|
with a non-spatial table. In the case of spatial restrictions, the
|
|
following operators are available/useful:</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>&&</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>This operator tells whether the bounding box of one
|
|
geometry intersects the bounding box of another.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>~=</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>This operators tests whether two geometries are
|
|
geometrically identical. For example, if 'POLYGON((0 0,1 1,1 0,0
|
|
0))' is the same as 'POLYGON((0 0,1 1,1 0,0 0))' (it is).</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>=</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>This operator is a little more naive, it only tests
|
|
whether the bounding boxes of to geometries are the same.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<para>Next, you can use these operators in queries. Note that when
|
|
specifying geometries and boxes on the SQL command line, you must
|
|
explicitly turn the string representations into geometries by using
|
|
the "GeomFromText()" function. So, for example:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>SELECT
|
|
ID, NAME
|
|
FROM ROADS_GEOM
|
|
WHERE
|
|
GEOM ~= GeomFromText('LINESTRING(191232 243118,191108 243242)',-1);</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The above query would return the single record from the
|
|
"ROADS_GEOM" table in which the geometry was equal to that
|
|
value.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>When using the "&&" operator, you can specify either a
|
|
BOX3D as the comparison feature or a GEOMETRY. When you specify a
|
|
GEOMETRY, however, its bounding box will be used for the
|
|
comparison.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>SELECT
|
|
ID, NAME
|
|
FROM ROADS_GEOM
|
|
WHERE
|
|
GEOM && GeomFromText('POLYGON((191232 243117,191232 243119,191234 243117,191232 243117))',-1);</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The above query will use the bounding box of the polygon for
|
|
comparison purposes.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The most common spatial query will probably be a "frame-based"
|
|
query, used by client software, like data browsers and web mappers, to
|
|
grab a "map frame" worth of data for display. Using a "BOX3D" object
|
|
for the frame, such a query looks like this:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>SELECT
|
|
AsText(GEOM) AS GEOM
|
|
FROM ROADS_GEOM
|
|
WHERE
|
|
GEOM && SetSRID('BOX3D(191232 243117,191232 243119)'::box3d,-1);</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note the use of the SRID, to specify the projection of the
|
|
BOX3D. The value -1 is used to indicate no specified SRID.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Using the Dumper</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <filename>pgsql2shp</filename> table dumper connects
|
|
directly to the database and converts a table (possibly defined by
|
|
a query) into a shape file. The
|
|
basic syntax is:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>pgsql2shp [<options>] <database> [<schema>.]<table></programlisting>
|
|
<programlisting>pgsql2shp [<options>] <database> <query></programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The commandline options are:</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-f <filename></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Write the output to a particular filename.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-h <host></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The database host to connect to.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-p <port></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The port to connect to on the database host.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-P <password></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The password to use when connecting to the
|
|
database.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-u <user></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The username to use when connecting to the
|
|
database.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-g <geometry column></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>In the case of tables with multiple geometry columns, the
|
|
geometry column to use when writing the shape file.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-b</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Use a binary cursor. This will make the operation faster,
|
|
but will not work if any NON-geometry attribute in the table
|
|
lacks a cast to text.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-r</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Raw mode. Do not drop the <varname>gid</varname> field, or
|
|
escape column names.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>-d</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>For backward compatibility: write a 3-dimensional shape
|
|
file when dumping from old (pre-1.0.0) postgis databases (the
|
|
default is to write a 2-dimensional shape file in that case).
|
|
Starting from postgis-1.0.0+, dimensions are fully encoded.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Building Indexes</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Indexes are what make using a spatial database for large data sets
|
|
possible. Without indexing, any search for a feature would require a
|
|
"sequential scan" of every record in the database. Indexing speeds up
|
|
searching by organizing the data into a search tree which can be quickly
|
|
traversed to find a particular record. PostgreSQL supports three kinds
|
|
of indexes by default: B-Tree indexes, R-Tree indexes, and GiST
|
|
indexes.</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>B-Trees are used for data which can be sorted along one axis;
|
|
for example, numbers, letters, dates. GIS data cannot be rationally
|
|
sorted along one axis (which is greater, (0,0) or (0,1) or (1,0)?)
|
|
so B-Tree indexing is of no use for us.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>R-Trees break up data into rectangles, and sub-rectangles, and
|
|
sub-sub rectangles, etc. R-Trees are used by some spatial databases
|
|
to index GIS data, but the PostgreSQL R-Tree implementation is not
|
|
as robust as the GiST implementation.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>GiST (Generalized Search Trees) indexes break up data into
|
|
"things to one side", "things which overlap", "things which are
|
|
inside" and can be used on a wide range of data-types, including GIS
|
|
data. PostGIS uses an R-Tree index implemented on top of GiST to
|
|
index GIS data.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>GiST Indexes</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>GiST stands for "Generalized Search Tree" and is a generic form
|
|
of indexing. In addition to GIS indexing, GiST is used to speed up
|
|
searches on all kinds of irregular data structures (integer arrays,
|
|
spectral data, etc) which are not amenable to normal B-Tree
|
|
indexing.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Once a GIS data table exceeds a few thousand rows, you will want
|
|
to build an index to speed up spatial searches of the data (unless all
|
|
your searches are based on attributes, in which case you'll want to
|
|
build a normal index on the attribute fields).</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The syntax for building a GiST index on a "geometry" column is
|
|
as follows:</para>
|
|
|
|
<para><programlisting>CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]
|
|
USING GIST ( [geometryfield] GIST_GEOMETRY_OPS ); </programlisting></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Building a spatial index is a computationally intensive
|
|
exercise: on tables of around 1 million rows, on a 300MHz Solaris
|
|
machine, we have found building a GiST index takes about 1 hour. After
|
|
building an index, it is important to force PostgreSQL to collect
|
|
table statistics, which are used to optimize query plans:</para>
|
|
|
|
<para><programlisting>VACUUM ANALYZE [table_name] [column_name];
|
|
|
|
-- This is only needed for PostgreSQL 7.4 installations and below
|
|
SELECT UPDATE_GEOMETRY_STATS([table_name], [column_name]);</programlisting></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>GiST indexes have two advantages over R-Tree indexes in
|
|
PostgreSQL. Firstly, GiST indexes are "null safe", meaning they can
|
|
index columns which include null values. Secondly, GiST indexes
|
|
support the concept of "lossiness" which is important when dealing
|
|
with GIS objects larger than the PostgreSQL 8K page size. Lossiness
|
|
allows PostgreSQL to store only the "important" part of an object in
|
|
an index -- in the case of GIS objects, just the bounding box. GIS
|
|
objects larger than 8K will cause R-Tree indexes to fail in the
|
|
process of being built.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Using Indexes</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Ordinarily, indexes invisibly speed up data access: once the
|
|
index is built, the query planner transparently decides when to use
|
|
index information to speed up a query plan. Unfortunately, the
|
|
PostgreSQL query planner does not optimize the use of GiST indexes
|
|
well, so sometimes searches which should use a spatial index instead
|
|
default to a sequence scan of the whole table.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you find your spatial indexes are not being used (or your
|
|
attribute indexes, for that matter) there are a couple things you can
|
|
do:</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Firstly, make sure statistics are gathered about the number
|
|
and distributions of values in a table, to provide the query
|
|
planner with better information to make decisions around index
|
|
usage. For PostgreSQL 7.4 installations and below this is done by
|
|
running <command>update_geometry_stats([table_name,
|
|
column_name])</command> (compute distribution) and <command>VACUUM
|
|
ANALYZE [table_name] [column_name]</command> (compute number of
|
|
values). Starting with PostgreSQL 8.0 running <command>VACUUM
|
|
ANALYZE</command> will do both operations. You should regularly
|
|
vacuum your databases anyways -- many PostgreSQL DBAs have
|
|
<command>VACUUM</command> run as an off-peak cron job on a regular
|
|
basis.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>If vacuuming does not work, you can force the planner to use
|
|
the index information by using the <command>SET
|
|
ENABLE_SEQSCAN=OFF</command> command. You should only use this
|
|
command sparingly, and only on spatially indexed queries:
|
|
generally speaking, the planner knows better than you do about
|
|
when to use normal B-Tree indexes. Once you have run your query,
|
|
you should consider setting <varname>ENABLE_SEQSCAN</varname> back
|
|
on, so that other queries will utilize the planner as
|
|
normal.</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>As of version 0.6, it should not be necessary to force the
|
|
planner to use the index with
|
|
<varname>ENABLE_SEQSCAN</varname>.</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>If you find the planner wrong about the cost of sequencial
|
|
vs index scans try reducing the value of random_page_cost in
|
|
postgresql.conf or using SET random_page_cost=#. Default value for
|
|
the parameter is 4, try setting it to 1 or 2. Decrementing the
|
|
value makes the planner more inclined of using Index scans.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Complex Queries</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <emphasis>raison d'etre</emphasis> of spatial database
|
|
functionality is performing queries inside the database which would
|
|
ordinarily require desktop GIS functionality. Using PostGIS effectively
|
|
requires knowing what spatial functions are available, and ensuring that
|
|
appropriate indexes are in place to provide good performance.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Taking Advantage of Indexes</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>When constructing a query it is important to remember that only
|
|
the bounding-box-based operators such as && can take advatage
|
|
of the GiST spatial index. Functions such as
|
|
<varname>distance()</varname> cannot use the index to optimize their
|
|
operation. For example, the following query would be quite slow on a
|
|
large table:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>SELECT the_geom FROM geom_table
|
|
WHERE distance( the_geom, GeomFromText( 'POINT(100000 200000)', -1 ) ) < 100</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>This query is selecting all the geometries in geom_table which
|
|
are within 100 units of the point (100000, 200000). It will be slow
|
|
because it is calculating the distance between each point in the table
|
|
and our specified point, ie. one <varname>distance()</varname>
|
|
calculation for each row in the table. We can avoid this by using the
|
|
&& operator to reduce the number of distance calculations
|
|
required:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>SELECT the_geom FROM geom_table
|
|
WHERE the_geom && 'BOX3D(90900 190900, 100100 200100)'::box3d
|
|
AND distance( the_geom, GeomFromText( 'POINT(100000 200000)', -1 ) ) < 100</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>This query selects the same geometries, but it does it in a more
|
|
efficient way. Assuming there is a GiST index on the_geom, the query
|
|
planner will recognize that it can use the index to reduce the number
|
|
of rows before calculating the result of the
|
|
<varname>distance()</varname> function. Notice that the
|
|
<varname>BOX3D</varname> geometry which is used in the &&
|
|
operation is a 200 unit square box centered on the original point -
|
|
this is our "query box". The && operator uses the index to
|
|
quickly reduce the result set down to only those geometries which have
|
|
bounding boxes that overlap the "query box". Assuming that our query
|
|
box is much smaller than the extents of the entire geometry table,
|
|
this will drastically reduce the number of distance calculations that
|
|
need to be done.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Examples of Spatial SQL</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The examples in this section will make use of two tables, a
|
|
table of linear roads, and a table of polygonal municipality
|
|
boundaries. The table definitions for the <varname>bc_roads</varname>
|
|
table is:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting> Column | Type | Description
|
|
------------+-------------------+-------------------
|
|
gid | integer | Unique ID
|
|
name | character varying | Road Name
|
|
the_geom | geometry | Location Geometry (Linestring)</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The table definition for the <varname>bc_municipality</varname>
|
|
table is:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting> Column | Type | Description
|
|
-----------+-------------------+-------------------
|
|
gid | integer | Unique ID
|
|
code | integer | Unique ID
|
|
name | character varying | City / Town Name
|
|
the_geom | geometry | Location Geometry (Polygon)</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<qandaset>
|
|
<qandadiv>
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>What is the total length of all roads, expressed in
|
|
kilometers?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>You can answer this question with a very simple piece of
|
|
SQL:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>postgis=# SELECT sum(length(the_geom))/1000 AS km_roads FROM bc_roads;
|
|
km_roads
|
|
------------------
|
|
70842.1243039643
|
|
(1 row)</programlisting>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>How large is the city of Prince George, in
|
|
hectares?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>This query combines an attribute condition (on the
|
|
municipality name) with a spatial calculation (of the
|
|
area):</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>postgis=# SELECT area(the_geom)/10000 AS hectares FROM bc_municipality
|
|
WHERE name = 'PRINCE GEORGE';
|
|
hectares
|
|
------------------
|
|
32657.9103824927
|
|
(1 row) </programlisting>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>What is the largest municipality in the province, by
|
|
area?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>This query brings a spatial measurement into the query
|
|
condition. There are several ways of approaching this problem,
|
|
but the most efficient is below:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>postgis=# SELECT name, area(the_geom)/10000 AS hectares
|
|
FROM bc_municipality
|
|
ORDER BY hectares DESC
|
|
LIMIT 1;
|
|
name | hectares
|
|
---------------+-----------------
|
|
TUMBLER RIDGE | 155020.02556131
|
|
(1 row)</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that in order to answer this query we have to
|
|
calculate the area of every polygon. If we were doing this a
|
|
lot it would make sense to add an area column to the table
|
|
that we could separately index for performance. By ordering
|
|
the results in a descending direction, and them using the
|
|
PostgreSQL "LIMIT" command we can easily pick off the largest
|
|
value without using an aggregate function like max().</para>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>What is the length of roads fully contained within each
|
|
municipality?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>This is an example of a "spatial join", because we are
|
|
bringing together data from two tables (doing a join) but
|
|
using a spatial interaction condition ("contained") as the
|
|
join condition rather than the usual relational approach of
|
|
joining on a common key:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>postgis=# SELECT m.name, sum(length(r.the_geom))/1000 as roads_km
|
|
FROM bc_roads AS r,bc_municipality AS m
|
|
WHERE r.the_geom && m.the_geom
|
|
AND contains(m.the_geom,r.the_geom)
|
|
GROUP BY m.name
|
|
ORDER BY roads_km;
|
|
|
|
name | roads_km
|
|
----------------------------+------------------
|
|
SURREY | 1539.47553551242
|
|
VANCOUVER | 1450.33093486576
|
|
LANGLEY DISTRICT | 833.793392535662
|
|
BURNABY | 773.769091404338
|
|
PRINCE GEORGE | 694.37554369147
|
|
...</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>This query takes a while, because every road in the
|
|
table is summarized into the final result (about 250K roads
|
|
for our particular example table). For smaller overlays
|
|
(several thousand records on several hundred) the response can
|
|
be very fast.</para>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>Create a new table with all the roads within the city of
|
|
Prince George.</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>This is an example of an "overlay", which takes in two
|
|
tables and outputs a new table that consists of spatially
|
|
clipped or cut resultants. Unlike the "spatial join"
|
|
demonstrated above, this query actually creates new
|
|
geometries. An overlay is like a turbo-charged spatial join,
|
|
and is useful for more exact analysis work:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>postgis=# CREATE TABLE pg_roads as
|
|
SELECT intersection(r.the_geom, m.the_geom) AS intersection_geom,
|
|
length(r.the_geom) AS rd_orig_length,
|
|
r.*
|
|
FROM bc_roads AS r, bc_municipality AS m
|
|
WHERE r.the_geom && m.the_geom
|
|
AND intersects(r.the_geom, m.the_geom)
|
|
AND m.name = 'PRINCE GEORGE';</programlisting>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>What is the length in kilometers of "Douglas St" in
|
|
Victoria?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<programlisting>postgis=# SELECT sum(length(r.the_geom))/1000 AS kilometers
|
|
FROM bc_roads r, bc_municipality m
|
|
WHERE r.the_geom && m.the_geom
|
|
AND r.name = 'Douglas St'
|
|
AND m.name = 'VICTORIA';
|
|
kilometers
|
|
------------------
|
|
4.89151904172838
|
|
(1 row)</programlisting>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>What is the largest municipality polygon that has a
|
|
hole?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<programlisting>postgis=# SELECT gid, name, area(the_geom) AS area
|
|
FROM bc_municipality
|
|
WHERE nrings(the_geom) > 1
|
|
ORDER BY area DESC LIMIT 1;
|
|
gid | name | area
|
|
-----+--------------+------------------
|
|
12 | SPALLUMCHEEN | 257374619.430216
|
|
(1 row)</programlisting>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
</qandadiv>
|
|
</qandaset>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Using Mapserver</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The Minnesota Mapserver is an internet web-mapping server which
|
|
conforms to the OpenGIS Web Mapping Server specification.</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The Mapserver homepage is at <ulink
|
|
url="http://mapserver.gis.umn.edu">http://mapserver.gis.umn.edu</ulink>.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The OpenGIS Web Map Specification is at <ulink
|
|
url="http://www.opengis.org/techno/specs/01-047r2.pdf">http://www.opengis.org/techno/specs/01-047r2.pdf</ulink>.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Basic Usage</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>To use PostGIS with Mapserver, you will need to know about how
|
|
to configure Mapserver, which is beyond the scope of this
|
|
documentation. This section will cover specific PostGIS issues and
|
|
configuration details.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>To use PostGIS with Mapserver, you will need:</para>
|
|
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Version 0.6 or newer of PostGIS.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Version 3.5 or newer of Mapserver.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>Mapserver accesses PostGIS/PostgreSQL data like any other
|
|
PostgreSQL client -- using <filename>libpq</filename>. This means that
|
|
Mapserver can be installed on any machine with network access to the
|
|
PostGIS server, as long as the system has the
|
|
<filename>libpq</filename> PostgreSQL client libraries.</para>
|
|
|
|
<orderedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Compile and install Mapserver, with whatever options you
|
|
desire, including the "--with-postgis" configuration
|
|
option.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>In your Mapserver map file, add a PostGIS layer. For
|
|
example:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>LAYER
|
|
CONNECTIONTYPE postgis
|
|
NAME "widehighways"
|
|
# Connect to a remote spatial database
|
|
CONNECTION "user=dbuser dbname=gisdatabase host=bigserver"
|
|
# Get the lines from the 'geom' column of the 'roads' table
|
|
DATA "geom from roads"
|
|
STATUS ON
|
|
TYPE LINE
|
|
# Of the lines in the extents, only render the wide highways
|
|
FILTER "type = 'highway' and numlanes >= 4"
|
|
CLASS
|
|
# Make the superhighways brighter and 2 pixels wide
|
|
EXPRESSION ([numlanes] >= 6)
|
|
COLOR 255 22 22
|
|
SYMBOL "solid"
|
|
SIZE 2
|
|
END
|
|
CLASS
|
|
# All the rest are darker and only 1 pixel wide
|
|
EXPRESSION ([numlanes] < 6)
|
|
COLOR 205 92 82
|
|
END
|
|
END</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>In the example above, the PostGIS-specific directives are as
|
|
follows:</para>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>CONNECTIONTYPE</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>For PostGIS layers, this is always "postgis".</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>CONNECTION</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The database connection is governed by the a
|
|
'connection string' which is a standard set of keys and
|
|
values like this (with the default values in
|
|
<>):</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>user=<username> password=<password>
|
|
dbname=<username> hostname=<server>
|
|
port=<5432></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>An empty connection string is still valid, and any of
|
|
the key/value pairs can be omitted. At a minimum you will
|
|
generally supply the database name and username to connect
|
|
with.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>DATA</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The form of this parameter is "<column> from
|
|
<tablename>" where the column is the spatial column to
|
|
be rendered to the map.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>FILTER</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The filter must be a valid SQL string corresponding to
|
|
the logic normally following the "WHERE" keyword in a SQL
|
|
query. So, for example, to render only roads with 6 or more
|
|
lanes, use a filter of "num_lanes >= 6".</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>In your spatial database, ensure you have spatial (GiST)
|
|
indexes built for any the layers you will be drawing.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>CREATE INDEX [indexname]
|
|
ON [tablename]
|
|
USING GIST ( [geometrycolumn] GIST_GEOMETRY_OPS );</programlisting>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>If you will be querying your layers using Mapserver you will
|
|
also need an "oid index".</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Mapserver requires unique identifiers for each spatial
|
|
record when doing queries, and the PostGIS module of Mapserver
|
|
uses the PostgreSQL <varname>oid</varname> value to provide these
|
|
unique identifiers. A side-effect of this is that in order to do
|
|
fast random access of records during queries, an index on the
|
|
<varname>oid</varname> is needed.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>To build an "oid index", use the following SQL:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename] ( oid );</programlisting>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</orderedlist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Frequently Asked Questions</title>
|
|
|
|
<qandaset>
|
|
<qandadiv>
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>When I use an <varname>EXPRESSION</varname> in my map
|
|
file, the condition never returns as true, even though I know
|
|
the values exist in my table.</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>Unlike shape files, PostGIS field names have to be
|
|
referenced in EXPRESSIONS using <emphasis>lower
|
|
case</emphasis>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>EXPRESSION ([numlanes] >= 6)</programlisting>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>The FILTER I use for my Shape files is not working for
|
|
my PostGIS table of the same data.</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>Unlike shape files, filters for PostGIS layers use SQL
|
|
syntax (they are appended to the SQL statement the PostGIS
|
|
connector generates for drawing layers in Mapserver).</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>FILTER "type = 'highway' and numlanes >= 4"</programlisting>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>My PostGIS layer draws much slower than my Shape file
|
|
layer, is this normal?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>In general, expect PostGIS layers to be 10% slower than
|
|
equivalent Shape files layers, due to the extra overhead
|
|
involved in database connections, data transformations and
|
|
data transit between the database and Mapserver.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you are finding substantial draw performance
|
|
problems, it is likely that you have not build a spatial index
|
|
on your table.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>postgis# CREATE INDEX geotable_gix ON geotable USING GIST ( geocolumn );
|
|
postgis# SELECT update_geometry_stats(); -- For PGSQL < 8.0
|
|
postgis# VACUUM ANALYZE; -- For PGSQL >= 8.0</programlisting>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
|
|
<qandaentry>
|
|
<question>
|
|
<para>My PostGIS layer draws fine, but queries are really
|
|
slow. What is wrong?</para>
|
|
</question>
|
|
|
|
<answer>
|
|
<para>For queries to be fast, you must have a unique key for
|
|
your spatial table and you must have an index on that unique
|
|
key.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>You can specify what unique key for mapserver to use
|
|
with the <varname>USING UNIQUE</varname> clause in your
|
|
<varname>DATA</varname> line:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>DATA "the_geom FROM geotable USING UNIQUE gid"</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>If your table does not have an explicit unique column,
|
|
you can "fake" a unique column by using the PostgreSQL row
|
|
"oid" for your unique column. "oid" is the default unique
|
|
column if you do not declare one, so enhancing your query
|
|
speed is a matter of building an index on your spatial table
|
|
oid value.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>postgis# CREATE INDEX geotable_oid_idx ON geotable (oid);</programlisting>
|
|
</answer>
|
|
</qandaentry>
|
|
</qandadiv>
|
|
</qandaset>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Advanced Usage</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <varname>USING</varname> pseudo-SQL clause is used to add
|
|
some information to help mapserver understand the results of more
|
|
complex queries. More specifically, when either a view or a subselect
|
|
is used as the source table (the thing to the right of "FROM" in a
|
|
<varname>DATA</varname> definition) it is more difficult for mapserver
|
|
to automatically determine a unique identifier for each row and also
|
|
the SRID for the table. The <varname>USING</varname> clause can
|
|
provide mapserver with these two pieces of information as
|
|
follows:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>DATA "the_geom FROM (SELECT table1.the_geom AS the_geom, table1.oid AS oid, table2.data AS data
|
|
FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id) AS new_table USING UNIQUE oid USING SRID=-1"</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>USING UNIQUE <uniqueid></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Mapserver requires a unique id for each row in order to
|
|
identify the row when doing map queries. Normally, it would use
|
|
the oid as the unique identifier, but views and subselects don't
|
|
automatically have an oid column. If you want to use Mapserver's
|
|
query functionality, you need to add a unique column to your
|
|
view or subselect, and declare it with <varname>USING
|
|
UNIQUE</varname>. For example, you could explicitly select one
|
|
of the table's oid values for this purpose, or any other column
|
|
which is guaranteed to be unique for the result set.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <varname>USING</varname> statement can also be useful
|
|
even for simple <varname>DATA</varname> statements, if you are
|
|
doing map queries. It was previously recommended to add an index
|
|
on the oid column of tables used in query-able layers, in order
|
|
to speed up the performance of map queries. However, with the
|
|
<varname>USING</varname> clause, it is possible to tell
|
|
mapserver to use your table's primary key as the identifier for
|
|
map queries, and then it is no longer necessary to have an
|
|
additional index.</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>"Querying a Map" is the action of clicking on a map to
|
|
ask for information about the map features in that location.
|
|
Don't confuse "map queries" with the SQL query in a
|
|
<varname>DATA</varname> definition.</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>USING SRID=<srid></term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>PostGIS needs to know which spatial referencing system is
|
|
being used by the geometries in order to return the correct data
|
|
back to mapserver. Normally it is possible to find this
|
|
information in the "geometry_columns" table in the PostGIS
|
|
database, however, this is not possible for tables which are
|
|
created on the fly such as subselects and views. So the
|
|
<varname>USING SRID=</varname> option allows the correct SRID to
|
|
be specified in the <varname>DATA</varname> definition.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<warning>
|
|
<para>The parser for Mapserver PostGIS layers is fairly primitive,
|
|
and is case sensitive in a few areas. Be careful to ensure that all
|
|
SQL keywords and all your <varname>USING</varname> clauses are in
|
|
upper case, and that your <varname>USING UNIQUE</varname> clause
|
|
precedes your <varname>USING SRID</varname> clause.</para>
|
|
</warning>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Examples</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Lets start with a simple example and work our way up. Consider
|
|
the following Mapserver layer definition:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>LAYER
|
|
CONNECTIONTYPE postgis
|
|
NAME "roads"
|
|
CONNECTION "user=theuser password=thepass dbname=thedb host=theserver"
|
|
DATA "the_geom FROM roads"
|
|
STATUS ON
|
|
TYPE LINE
|
|
CLASS
|
|
COLOR 0 0 0
|
|
END
|
|
END</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>This layer will display all the road geometries in the roads
|
|
table as black lines.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Now lets say we want to show only the highways until we get
|
|
zoomed in to at least a 1:100000 scale - the next two layers will
|
|
acheive this effect:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>LAYER
|
|
CONNECTION "user=theuser password=thepass dbname=thedb host=theserver"
|
|
DATA "the_geom FROM roads"
|
|
MINSCALE 100000
|
|
STATUS ON
|
|
TYPE LINE
|
|
FILTER "road_type = 'highway'"
|
|
CLASS
|
|
COLOR 0 0 0
|
|
END
|
|
END
|
|
|
|
LAYER
|
|
CONNECTION "user=theuser password=thepass dbname=thedb host=theserver"
|
|
DATA "the_geom FROM roads"
|
|
MAXSCALE 100000
|
|
STATUS ON
|
|
TYPE LINE
|
|
CLASSITEM road_type
|
|
CLASS
|
|
EXPRESSION "highway"
|
|
SIZE 2
|
|
COLOR 255 0 0
|
|
END
|
|
CLASS
|
|
COLOR 0 0 0
|
|
END
|
|
END</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The first layer is used when the scale is greater than 1:100000,
|
|
and displays only the roads of type "highway" as black lines. The
|
|
<varname>FILTER</varname> option causes only roads of type "highway"
|
|
to be displayed.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The second layer is used when the scale is less than 1:100000,
|
|
and will display highways as double-thick red lines, and other roads
|
|
as regular black lines.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>So, we have done a couple of interesting things using only
|
|
mapserver functionality, but our <varname>DATA</varname> SQL statement
|
|
has remained simple. Suppose that the name of the road is stored in
|
|
another table (for whatever reason) and we need to do a join to get it
|
|
and label our roads.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>LAYER
|
|
CONNECTION "user=theuser password=thepass dbname=thedb host=theserver"
|
|
DATA "the_geom FROM (SELECT roads.oid AS oid, roads.the_geom AS the_geom, road_names.name as name
|
|
FROM roads LEFT JOIN road_names ON roads.road_name_id = road_names.road_name_id) AS named_roads
|
|
USING UNIQUE oid USING SRID=-1"
|
|
MAXSCALE 20000
|
|
STATUS ON
|
|
TYPE ANNOTATION
|
|
LABELITEM name
|
|
CLASS
|
|
LABEL
|
|
ANGLE auto
|
|
SIZE 8
|
|
COLOR 0 192 0
|
|
TYPE truetype
|
|
FONT arial
|
|
END
|
|
END
|
|
END</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>This annotation layer adds green labels to all the roads when
|
|
the scale gets down to 1:20000 or less. It also demonstrates how to
|
|
use an SQL join in a <varname>DATA</varname> definition.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Java Clients (JDBC)</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Java clients can access PostGIS "geometry" objects in the
|
|
PostgreSQL database either directly as text representations or using the
|
|
JDBC extension objects bundled with PostGIS. In order to use the
|
|
extension objects, the "postgis.jar" file must be in your CLASSPATH
|
|
along with the "postgresql.jar" JDBC driver package.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>import java.sql.*;
|
|
import java.util.*;
|
|
import java.lang.*;
|
|
import org.postgis.*;
|
|
|
|
public class JavaGIS {
|
|
public static void main(String[] args)
|
|
{
|
|
java.sql.Connection conn;
|
|
try
|
|
{
|
|
/*
|
|
* Load the JDBC driver and establish a connection.
|
|
*/
|
|
Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
|
|
String url = "jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/database";
|
|
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, "postgres", "");
|
|
|
|
/*
|
|
* Add the geometry types to the connection. Note that you
|
|
* must cast the connection to the pgsql-specific connection * implementation before calling the addDataType() method.
|
|
*/
|
|
((org.postgresql.Connection)conn).addDataType("geometry","org.postgis.PGgeometry");
|
|
((org.postgresql.Connection)conn).addDataType("box3d","org.postgis.PGbox3d");
|
|
|
|
/*
|
|
* Create a statement and execute a select query.
|
|
*/
|
|
Statement s = conn.createStatement();
|
|
ResultSet r = s.executeQuery("select AsText(geom) as geom,id from geomtable");
|
|
while( r.next() )
|
|
{
|
|
/*
|
|
* Retrieve the geometry as an object then cast it to the geometry type.
|
|
* Print things out.
|
|
*/
|
|
PGgeometry geom = (PGgeometry)r.getObject(1);
|
|
int id = r.getInt(2);
|
|
System.out.println("Row " + id + ":");
|
|
System.out.println(geom.toString());
|
|
}
|
|
s.close();
|
|
conn.close();
|
|
}
|
|
catch( Exception e )
|
|
{
|
|
e.printStackTrace();
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The "PGgeometry" object is a wrapper object which contains a
|
|
specific topological geometry object (subclasses of the abstract class
|
|
"Geometry") depending on the type: Point, LineString, Polygon,
|
|
MultiPoint, MultiLineString, MultiPolygon.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>PGgeometry geom = (PGgeometry)r.getObject(1);
|
|
if( geom.getType() = Geometry.POLYGON )
|
|
{
|
|
Polygon pl = (Polygon)geom.getGeometry();
|
|
for( int r = 0; r < pl.numRings(); r++ )
|
|
{
|
|
LinearRing rng = pl.getRing(r);
|
|
System.out.println("Ring: " + r);
|
|
for( int p = 0; p < rng.numPoints(); p++ )
|
|
{
|
|
Point pt = rng.getPoint(p);
|
|
System.out.println("Point: " + p);
|
|
System.out.println(pt.toString());
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
}</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The JavaDoc for the extension objects provides a reference for the
|
|
various data accessor functions in the geometric objects.</para>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>C Clients (libpq)</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>...</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Text Cursors</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>...</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Binary Cursors</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>...</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<chapter> <title>Performance tips</title>
|
|
|
|
<sect1> <title>Small tables of large geometries</title>
|
|
|
|
<sect2><title>Problem description</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Current PostgreSQL versions (including 8.0) suffer from a query
|
|
optimizer weakness regarding TOAST tables. TOAST tables are a kind of
|
|
"extension room" used to store large (in the sense of data size) values
|
|
that do not fit into normal data pages (like long texts, images or
|
|
complex geometries with lots of vertices), see
|
|
http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.0/static/storage-toast.html for more
|
|
information).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The problem appears if you happen to have a table with rather large
|
|
geometries, but not too much rows of them (like a table containing the
|
|
boundaries of all european countries in high resolution). Then the table
|
|
itsself is small, but it uses lots of TOAST space. In our example case,
|
|
the table itsself had about 80 rows and used only 3 data pages, but the
|
|
TOAST table used 8225 pages.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Now issue a query where you use the geometry operator && to search for a
|
|
bounding box that matches only very few of those rows. Now the query
|
|
optimizer sees that the table has only 3 pages and 80 rows. He estimates
|
|
that a sequential scan on such a small table is much faster than using
|
|
an index. And so he decides to ignore the GIST index. Usually, this
|
|
estimation is correct. But in our case, the && operator has to fetch
|
|
every geometry from disk to compare the bounding boxes, thus reading all
|
|
TOAST pages, too.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
To see whether your suffer from this bug, use the "EXPLAIN ANALYZE"
|
|
postgresql command. For more information and the technical details, you
|
|
can read the thread on the postgres performance mailing list:
|
|
http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-performance/2005-02/msg00030.php
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2><title>Workarounds</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The PostgreSQL people are trying to solve this issue by making the query
|
|
estimation TOAST-aware. For now, here are two workarounds:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The first workaround is to force the query planner to use the index.
|
|
Send "SET enable_seqscan TO off;" to the server before issuing the
|
|
query. This basically forces the query planner to avoid sequential scans
|
|
whenever possible. So it uses the GIST index as usual. But this flag has
|
|
to be set on every connection, and it causes the query planner to make
|
|
misestimations in other cases, so you should "SET enable_seqscan TO on;"
|
|
after the query.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The second workaround is to make the sequential scan as fast as the
|
|
query planner thinks. This can be achieved by creating an additional
|
|
column that "caches" the bbox, and matching against this. In our
|
|
example, the commands are like:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT addGeometryColumn('myschema','mytable','bbox','4326','GEOMETRY','2');
|
|
|
|
UPDATE mytable set bbox = Envelope(Force_2d(the_geom));
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Now change your query to use the && operator against bbox instead of
|
|
geom_column, like:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
SELECT geom_column FROM mytable WHERE bbox && SetSrid('BOX3D(0 0,1 1)'::box3d,4326);
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Of yourse, if you change or add rows to mytable, you have to keep the
|
|
bbox "in sync". The most transparent way to do this would be triggers,
|
|
but you also can modify your application to keep the bbox column current
|
|
or run the UPDATE query above after every modification.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1> <title>CLUSTERing on geometry indices</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
For tables that are mostly read-only, and where a single index is used for the
|
|
majority of queries, PostgreSQL offers the CLUSTER command. This command
|
|
physically reorders all the data rows in the same order as the index criteria,
|
|
yielding two performance advantages: First, for index range scans, the number of
|
|
seeks on the data table is drastically reduced. Second, if your working set
|
|
concentrates to some small intervals on the indices, you have a more efficient
|
|
caching because the data rows are spread along fewer data pages. (Feel invited
|
|
to read the CLUSTER command documentation from the PostgreSQL manual at this
|
|
point.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
However, currently PostgreSQL does not allow clustering on PostGIS GIST indices
|
|
because GIST indices simply ignores NULL values, you get an error message like:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
lwgeom=# CLUSTER my_geom_index ON my_table;
|
|
ERROR: cannot cluster when index access method does not handle null values
|
|
HINT: You may be able to work around this by marking column "the_geom" NOT NULL.
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
As the HINT message tells you, one can work around this deficiency by adding a
|
|
"not null" constraint to the table:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
lwgeom=# ALTER TABLE my_table ALTER COLUMN the_geom SET not null;
|
|
ALTER TABLE
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Of course, this will not work if you in fact need NULL values in your geometry
|
|
column. Additionally, you must use the above method to add the constraint, using
|
|
a CHECK constraint like "ALTER TABLE blubb ADD CHECK (geometry is not null);" will
|
|
not work.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1><title>Avoiding dimension conversion</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Sometimes, you happen to have 3D or 4D data in your table, but always access
|
|
it using OpenGIS compliant asText() or asBinary() functions that only output
|
|
2D geometries. They do this by internally calling the force_2d() function,
|
|
which introduces a significant overhead for large geometries. To avoid this
|
|
overhead, it may be feasible to pre-drop those additional dimensions once and
|
|
forever:
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
UPDATE mytable SET the_geom = force_2d(the_geom);
|
|
VACUUM FULL ANALYZE mytable;
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Note that if you added your geometry column using AddGeometryColumn()
|
|
there'll be a constraint on geometry dimension.
|
|
To bypass it you will need to drop the constraint.
|
|
Remember to update the entry in the geometry_columns table and
|
|
recreate the constraint afterwards.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
In case of large tables, it may be wise to divide this UPDATE into smaller portions
|
|
by constraining the UPDATE to a part of the table via a WHERE clause and your
|
|
primary key or another feasible criteria, and running a simple "VACUUM;" between
|
|
your UPDATEs. This drastically reduces the need for temporary disk space.
|
|
Additionally, if you have mixed dimension geometries, restricting the UPDATE by "WHERE
|
|
dimension(the_geom)>2" skips re-writing of geometries that already are in 2D.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<chapter>
|
|
<title>PostGIS Reference</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>The functions given below are the ones which a user of PostGIS is
|
|
likely to need. There are other functions which are required support
|
|
functions to the PostGIS objects which are not of use to a general
|
|
user.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>OpenGIS Functions</title>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Management Functions</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry id="AddGeometryColumn">
|
|
<term>AddGeometryColumn(varchar, varchar, varchar, integer,
|
|
varchar, integer)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Syntax: AddGeometryColumn(<schema_name>,
|
|
<table_name>, <column_name>, <srid>,
|
|
<type>, <dimension>). Adds a geometry column to an
|
|
existing table of attributes. The <varname>schema_name</varname>
|
|
is the name of the table schema (unused for pre-schema
|
|
PostgreSQL installations). The <varname>srid</varname> must be
|
|
an integer value reference to an entry in the SPATIAL_REF_SYS
|
|
table. The <varname>type</varname> must be an uppercase string
|
|
corresponding to the geometry type, eg, 'POLYGON' or
|
|
'MULTILINESTRING'.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>DropGeometryColumn(varchar, varchar, varchar)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Syntax: DropGeometryColumn(<schema_name>,
|
|
<table_name>, <column_name>). Remove a geometry
|
|
column from a spatial table. Note that schema_name will need to
|
|
match the f_schema_name field of the table's row in the
|
|
geometry_columns table.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>SetSRID(geometry, integer)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Set the SRID on a geometry to a particular integer value.
|
|
Useful in constructing bounding boxes for queries.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Geometry Relationship Functions</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Distance(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return the cartesian distance between two geometries in
|
|
projected units.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Equals(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns 1 (TRUE) if the given Geometries are
|
|
"spatially equal". Use this for a 'better' answer than '='.
|
|
equals('LINESTRING(0 0, 10 10)','LINESTRING(0 0, 5 5, 10 10)')
|
|
is true.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.2</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Disjoint(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns 1 (TRUE) if the Geometries are "spatially disjoint".
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
|
|
boolean, not an integer.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.2 //s2.1.13.3 - a.Relate(b,
|
|
'FF*FF****')</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Intersects(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns 1 (TRUE) if the Geometries "spatially intersect".
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
|
|
boolean, not an integer.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.2 //s2.1.13.3 - Intersects(g1, g2 ) -->
|
|
Not (Disjoint(g1, g2 ))</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Touches(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns 1 (TRUE) if the Geometries "spatially touch".
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
|
|
boolean, not an integer.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.2 // s2.1.13.3- a.Touches(b) -> (I(a)
|
|
intersection I(b) = {empty set} ) and (a intersection b) not
|
|
empty</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Crosses(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns 1 (TRUE) if the Geometries "spatially cross".
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
|
|
boolean, not an integer.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.2 // s2.1.13.3 - a.Relate(b,
|
|
'T*T******')</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Within(geometry A, geometry B)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns 1 (TRUE) if Geometry A is "spatially within"
|
|
Geometry B.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
|
|
boolean, not an integer.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.2 // s2.1.13.3 - a.Relate(b,
|
|
'T*F**F***')</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Overlaps(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns 1 (TRUE) if the Geometries "spatially
|
|
overlap".</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
|
|
boolean, not an integer.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.2 // s2.1.13.3</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Contains(geometry A, geometry B)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns 1 (TRUE) if Geometry A "spatially contains"
|
|
Geometry B.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
|
|
boolean, not an integer.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.2 // s2.1.13.3 - same as
|
|
within(geometry B, geometry A)</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Intersects(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns 1 (TRUE) if the Geometries "spatially
|
|
intersect".</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
|
|
boolean, not an integer.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.2 // s2.1.13.3 - NOT
|
|
disjoint(geometry, geometry)</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Relate(geometry, geometry, intersectionPatternMatrix)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns 1 (TRUE) if this Geometry is spatially related to
|
|
anotherGeometry, by testing for intersections between the
|
|
Interior, Boundary and Exterior of the two geometries as
|
|
specified by the values in the intersectionPatternMatrix.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>NOTE: this is the "allowable" version that returns a
|
|
boolean, not an integer.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.2 // s2.1.13.3</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Relate(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>returns the DE-9IM (dimensionally extended
|
|
nine-intersection matrix)</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>not in OGC spec, but implied. see s2.1.13.2</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Geometry Processing Functions</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Centroid(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the centroid of the geometry as a point.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Computation will be more accurate if performed by the GEOS
|
|
module (enabled at compile time).</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Area(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the area of the geometry if it is a polygon or
|
|
multi-polygon. </para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Length(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The length of this Curve in its associated spatial
|
|
reference.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>synonym for length2d()</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 2.1.5.1</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>PointOnSurface(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return a Point guaranteed to lie on the surface</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Implemented using GEOS</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.14.2 and 3.2.18.2 -</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Boundary(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the closure of the combinatorial boundary of this
|
|
Geometry. The combinatorial boundary is defined as described in
|
|
section 3.12.3.2 of the OGC SPEC. Because the result of this
|
|
function is a closure, and hence topologically closed, the
|
|
resulting boundary can be represented using representational
|
|
geometry primitives as discussed in the OGC SPEC, section
|
|
3.12.2.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.1</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Buffer(geometry, double, [integer])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a geometry that represents all points whose
|
|
distance from this Geometry is less than or equal to distance.
|
|
Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this
|
|
Geometry. The optional third parameter sets the
|
|
number of segment used to approximate a quarter circle
|
|
(defaults to 8).</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.3</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>ConvexHull(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a geometry that represents the convex hull of this
|
|
Geometry.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.3</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Intersection(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a geometry that represents the point set
|
|
intersection of the Geometies.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.3</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>SymDifference(geometry A, geometry B)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a geometry that represents the point set symmetric
|
|
difference of Geometry A with Geometry B.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.3</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Difference(geometry A, geometry B)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a geometry that represents the point set symmetric
|
|
difference of Geometry A with Geometry B.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.3</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>GeomUnion(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a geometry that represents the point set union of
|
|
the Geometries.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection as an
|
|
argument</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>NOTE: this is renamed from "union" because union is an SQL
|
|
reserved word</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.3</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>GeomUnion(geometry set)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a geometry that represents the point set union of
|
|
this all Geometries in given set.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Do not call with a GeometryCollection in the argument
|
|
set</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Not explicitly defined in OGC SPEC</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>MemGeomUnion(geometry set)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Same as the above, only memory-friendly (uses less memory
|
|
and more processor time).</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Geometry Accessors</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>AsText(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return the Well-Known Text representation of the geometry.
|
|
For example: POLYGON(0 0,0 1,1 1,1 0,0 0)</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.1</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>AsBinary(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the geometry in the OGC "well-known-binary"
|
|
format, using the endian encoding of the server on which the
|
|
database is running. This is useful in binary cursors to pull
|
|
data out of the database without converting it to a string
|
|
representation.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.1 - also see
|
|
asBinary(<geometry>,'XDR') and
|
|
asBinary(<geometry>,'NDR')</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>SRID(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the integer SRID number of the spatial reference
|
|
system of the geometry.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.1</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Dimension(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The inherent dimension of this Geometry object, which must
|
|
be less than or equal to the coordinate dimension. OGC SPEC
|
|
s2.1.1.1 - returns 0 for points, 1 for lines, 2 for polygons,
|
|
and the largest dimension of the components of a
|
|
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION.</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>select dimension('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(LINESTRING(1 1,0 0),POINT(0 0)');
|
|
dimension
|
|
-----------
|
|
1</programlisting>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Envelope(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a POLYGON representing the bounding box of the
|
|
geometry.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.1 - The minimum bounding box for this
|
|
Geometry, returned as a Geometry. The polygon is defined by the
|
|
corner points of the bounding box ((MINX, MINY), (MAXX, MINY),
|
|
(MAXX, MAXY), (MINX, MAXY), (MINX, MINY)).</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>NOTE:PostGIS will add a Zmin/Zmax coordinate as
|
|
well.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>IsEmpty(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns 1 (TRUE) if this Geometry is the empty geometry .
|
|
If true, then this Geometry represents the empty point set -
|
|
i.e. GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(EMPTY).</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.1</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="IsSimple">
|
|
<term>IsSimple(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns 1 (TRUE) if this Geometry has no anomalous
|
|
geometric points, such as self intersection or self
|
|
tangency.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Performed by the GEOS module</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.1</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="IsClosed">
|
|
<term>IsClosed(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns true of the geometry start and end points are
|
|
coincident.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>IsRing(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns 1 (TRUE) if this Curve is closed (StartPoint ( ) =
|
|
EndPoint ( )) and this Curve is simple (does not pass through
|
|
the same point more than once).</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>performed by GEOS</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC spec 2.1.5.1</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>NumGeometries(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>If geometry is a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (or MULTI*) return the
|
|
number of geometries, otherwise return NULL.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>GeometryN(geometry,int)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return the N'th geometry if the geometry is a
|
|
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, MULTIPOINT, MULTILINESTRING or MULTIPOLYGON.
|
|
Otherwise, return NULL.</para>
|
|
|
|
<note> <para>
|
|
Index is 1-based as for OGC specs since version 0.8.0.
|
|
Previous versions implemented this as 0-based instead.
|
|
</para></note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>NumPoints(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Find and return the number of points in the first
|
|
linestring in the geometry. Return NULL if there is no
|
|
linestring in the geometry.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>PointN(geometry,integer)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return the N'th point in the first linestring in the
|
|
geometry. Return NULL if there is no linestring in the
|
|
geometry.</para>
|
|
<note> <para>
|
|
Index is 1-based as for OGC specs since version 0.8.0.
|
|
Previous versions implemented this as 0-based instead.
|
|
</para></note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>ExteriorRing(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return the exterior ring of the polygon geometry.
|
|
Return NULL if the geometry is not a polygon.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>NumInteriorRings(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return the number of interior rings of the first polygon
|
|
in the geometry. Return NULL if there is no polygon in the
|
|
geometry.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>InteriorRingN(geometry,integer)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return the N'th interior ring of the polygon geometry.
|
|
Return NULL if the geometry is not a polygon or the given
|
|
N is out of range.</para>
|
|
<note> <para>
|
|
Index is 1-based as for OGC specs since version 0.8.0.
|
|
Previous versions implemented this as 0-based instead.
|
|
</para></note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>EndPoint(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the last point of the LineString geometry as a point.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>StartPoint(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the first point of the LineString geometry as a point.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="GeometryType">
|
|
<term>GeometryType(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the type of the geometry as a string. Eg:
|
|
'LINESTRING', 'POLYGON', 'MULTIPOINT', etc.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC s2.1.1.1 - Returns the name of the instantiable
|
|
subtype of Geometry of which this Geometry instance is a member.
|
|
The name of the instantiable subtype of Geometry is returned as
|
|
a string.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>X(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return the X coordinate of the point.
|
|
Input must be a point.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Y(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return the Y coordinate of the point.
|
|
Input must be a point.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Z(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return the Z coordinate of the point,
|
|
or NULL if not available.
|
|
Input must be a point.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>M(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return the M coordinate of the point,
|
|
or NULL if not available.
|
|
Input must be a point.</para>
|
|
|
|
<note><para>This is not (yet) part of the OGC spec,
|
|
but is listed here to complete the point coordinate
|
|
extractor function list.</para></note>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Geometry Constructors</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>GeomFromText(text,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>PointFromText(text,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Throws an error if the WKT is not a Point</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>LineFromText(text,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Throws an error if the WKT is not a Line</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>LinestringFromText(text,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>from the conformance suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Throws an error if the WKT is not a Line</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>PolyFromText(text,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Throws an error if the WKT is not a Polygon</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>PolygonFromText(text,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>from the conformance suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Throws an error if the WKT is not a Polygon</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>MPointFromText(text,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Throws an error if the WKT is not a MULTIPOINT</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>MLineFromText(text,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Throws an error if the WKT is not a MULTILINESTRING</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>MPolyFromText(text,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Throws an error if the WKT is not a MULTIPOLYGON</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>GeomCollFromText(text,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Throws an error if the WKT is not a
|
|
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>GeomFromWKB(bytea,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKB with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>GeomFromWKB(bytea,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKB with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.7.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>PointFromWKB(bytea,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKB with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.7.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>throws an error if WKB is not a POINT</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>LineFromWKB(bytea,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKB with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.7.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>throws an error if WKB is not a LINESTRING</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>LinestringFromWKB(bytea,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKB with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>from the conformance suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>throws an error if WKB is not a LINESTRING</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>PolyFromWKB(bytea,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKB with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.7.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>throws an error if WKB is not a POLYGON</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>PolygonFromWKB(bytea,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKB with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>from the conformance suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>throws an error if WKB is not a POLYGON</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>MPointFromWKB(bytea,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKB with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.7.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>throws an error if WKB is not a MULTIPOINT</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>MLineFromWKB(bytea,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKB with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.7.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>throws an error if WKB is not a MULTILINESTRING</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>MPolyFromWKB(bytea,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKB with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.7.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>throws an error if WKB is not a MULTIPOLYGON</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>GeomCollFromWKB(bytea,[<srid>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from WKB with the given SRID. If SRID is
|
|
not give, it defaults to -1.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.7.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
|
|
suite</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>throws an error if WKB is not a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Postgis Extensions</title>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Management Functions</title>
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>DropGeometryTable([<schema_name>],
|
|
<table_name>)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Drops a table and all its references in geometry_columns.
|
|
Note: uses current_schema() on schema-aware pgsql installations if
|
|
schema is not provided.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>UpdateGeometrySRID([<schema_name>],
|
|
<table_name>, <column_name>, <srid>)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Update the SRID of all features in a geometry column updating constraints and reference in geometry_columns.
|
|
Note: uses current_schema() on schema-aware pgsql installations if schema is not provided.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>update_geometry_stats([<table_name>,
|
|
<column_name>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Update statistics about spatial tables for use by the query
|
|
planner. You will also need to run "VACUUM ANALYZE [table_name]
|
|
[column_name]" for the statistics gathering process to be
|
|
complete. NOTE: starting with PostgreSQL 8.0 statistics gathering
|
|
is automatically performed running "VACUUM ANALYZE".</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>postgis_version()</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the version number of the PostGIS functions
|
|
installed in this database (deprecated, use postgis_full_version()
|
|
instead).</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>postgis_lib_version()</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the version number of the PostGIS library.</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 0.9.0
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>postgis_lib_build_date()</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns build date of the PostGIS library.</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 1.0.0RC1
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>postgis_script_build_date()</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns build date of the PostGIS scripts.</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 1.0.0RC1
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>postgis_scripts_installed()</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the version number of the lwpostgis.sql script
|
|
installed in this database.</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 0.9.0
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>postgis_scripts_released()</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the version number of the lwpostgis.sql script
|
|
released with the installed postgis lib.</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 0.9.0
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>postgis_geos_version()</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the version number of the GEOS library, or NULL if
|
|
GEOS support is not enabled.</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 0.9.0
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>postgis_jts_version()</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the version number of the JTS library, or NULL if
|
|
JTS support is not enabled.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 1.1.0
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>postgis_proj_version()</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the version number of the PROJ4 library, or NULL if
|
|
PROJ4 support is not enabled.</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 0.9.0
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>postgis_uses_stats()</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns true if STATS usage has been enabled, false
|
|
otherwise.</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 0.9.0
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="postgis_full_version">
|
|
<term>postgis_full_version()</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Reports full postgis version and build configuration
|
|
infos.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Availability: 0.9.0</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Operators</title>
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>A &< B</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The "&<" operator returns true if A's bounding box
|
|
overlaps or is to the left of B's bounding box.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>A &> B</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The "&>" operator returns true if A's bounding box
|
|
overlaps or is to the right of B's bounding box.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>A << B</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The "<<" operator returns true if A's bounding box is
|
|
strictly to the left of B's bounding box.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>A >> B</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The ">>" operator returns true if A's bounding box is
|
|
strictly to the right of B's bounding box.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>A &<| B</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The "&<|" operator returns true if A's bounding box
|
|
overlaps or is below B's bounding box.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>A |&> B</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The "|&>" operator returns true if A's bounding box
|
|
overlaps or is above B's bounding box.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>A <<| B</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The "<<|" operator returns true if A's bounding box is
|
|
strictly below B's bounding box.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>A |>> B</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The "|>>" operator returns true if A's bounding box is
|
|
strictly above B's bounding box.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>A ~= B</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The "~=" operator is the "same as" operator. It tests actual
|
|
geometric equality of two features. So if A and B are the same
|
|
feature, vertex-by-vertex, the operator returns true.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>A @ B</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The "@" operator returns true if A's bounding box is
|
|
completely contained by B's bounding box.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>A ~ B</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The "~" operator returns true if A's bounding box completely
|
|
contains B's bounding box.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>A && B</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The "&&" operator is the "overlaps" operator. If A's
|
|
bounding boux overlaps B's bounding box the operator returns
|
|
true.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Measurement Functions</title>
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>area2d(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the area of the geometry if it is a polygon or
|
|
multi-polygon.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>distance_sphere(point, point)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns linear distance in meters between two lat/lon
|
|
points. Uses a spherical earth and radius of 6370986 meters.
|
|
Faster than <link linkend="distance_spheroid">distance_spheroid()</link>, but
|
|
less accurate.
|
|
Only implemented for points.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="distance_spheroid">
|
|
<term>distance_spheroid(point, point, spheroid)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns linear distance between two lat/lon points given a
|
|
particular spheroid. See the explanation of spheroids given for
|
|
<link linkend="length_spheroid">length_spheroid()</link>.
|
|
Currently only implemented for points.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>length2d(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the 2-dimensional length of the geometry if it is a
|
|
linestring or multi-linestring.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>length3d(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the 3-dimensional length of the geometry if it is a
|
|
linestring or multi-linestring.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="length_spheroid">
|
|
<term>length_spheroid(geometry,spheroid)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Calculates the length of of a geometry on an elipsoid. This
|
|
is useful if the coordinates of the geometry are in
|
|
latitude/longitude and a length is desired without reprojection.
|
|
The elipsoid is a separate database type and can be constructed as
|
|
follows:</para>
|
|
|
|
<literallayout>SPHEROID[<NAME>,<SEMI-MAJOR AXIS>,<INVERSE FLATTENING>]</literallayout>
|
|
|
|
<para>Eg:</para>
|
|
|
|
<literallayout>SPHEROID["GRS_1980",6378137,298.257222101]</literallayout>
|
|
|
|
<para>An example calculation might look like this:</para>
|
|
|
|
<literallayout>SELECT
|
|
length_spheroid(
|
|
geometry_column,
|
|
'SPHEROID["GRS_1980",6378137,298.257222101]'
|
|
)
|
|
FROM geometry_table;</literallayout>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>length3d_spheroid(geometry,spheroid)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Calculates the length of of a geometry on an elipsoid,
|
|
taking the elevation into account. This is just like
|
|
length_spheroid except vertical coordinates (expressed in the same
|
|
units as the spheroid axes) are used to calculate the extra
|
|
distance vertical displacement adds.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>distance(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the smaller distance between two geometries.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>max_distance(linestring,linestring)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the largest distance between two line
|
|
strings.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>perimeter(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the 2-dimensional perimeter of the geometry, if it
|
|
is a polygon or multi-polygon.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>perimeter2d(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the 2-dimensional perimeter of the geometry, if it
|
|
is a polygon or multi-polygon.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>perimeter3d(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the 3-dimensional perimeter of the geometry, if it
|
|
is a polygon or multi-polygon.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>azimuth(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Returns the azimuth of the segment defined by the given Point
|
|
geometries, or NULL if the two points are coincident.
|
|
Return value is in radians.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 1.1.0
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Geometry Outputs</title>
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>AsBinary(geometry,{'NDR'|'XDR'})</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the geometry in the OGC "well-known-binary" format as a bytea, using little-endian (NDR) or big-endian (XDR) encoding. This is useful in binary cursors to pull data out of the database without converting it to a string representation.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>AsEWKT(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a Geometry in EWKT format (as text).</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>AsEWKB(geometry, {'NDR'|'XDR'})</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a Geometry in EWKB format (as bytea) using either little-endian (NDR) or big-endian (XDR) encoding.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>AsSVG(geometry, [rel], [precision])</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return the geometry as an SVG path data. Use 1 as second argument to have the path data implemented in terms of relative moves, the default (or 0) uses absolute moves. Third argument may be used to reduce the maximum number of decimal digits used in output (defaults to 15). Point geometries will be rendered as cx/cy when 'rel' arg is 0, x/y when 'rel' is 1.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>AsGML(geometry, [precision])</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return the geometry as a GML element. Second argument may be used to reduce the maximum number of significant digits used in output (defaults to 15).</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Geometry Constructors</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>GeomFromEWKT(text)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from EWKT.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>GeomFromEWKB(bytea)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Makes a Geometry from EWKB.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>MakePoint(<x>, <y>, [<z>], [<m>])</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Creates a 2d,3dz or 4d point geometry.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>MakePointM(<x>, <y>, <m>)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Creates a 3dm point geometry.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>MakeBox2D(<LL>, <UR>)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Creates a BOX2D defined by the given point geometries.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>MakeBox3D(<LLB>, <URT>)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Creates a BOX3D defined by the given point geometries.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>MakeLine(geometry set)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Creates a Linestring from a set of point geometries.
|
|
You might want to use a subselect to order points before
|
|
feeding them to this aggregate.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>MakeLine(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Creates a Linestring from the two given point
|
|
geometries.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>LineFromMultiPoint(multipoint)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Creates a LineString from a MultiPoint geometry.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>MakePolygon(linestring, [linestring[]])</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Creates a Polygon formed by the given
|
|
shell and array of holes. You can construct
|
|
a geometry array using <link linkend="Accum">Accum</link>.
|
|
Input geometries must be closed LINESTRINGS (see <link linkend="IsClosed">IsClosed</link> and <link linkend="GeometryType">GeometryType</link>).
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Polygonize(geometry set)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Aggregate. Creates a GeometryCollection containing
|
|
possible polygons formed from the costituent linework
|
|
of a set of geometries.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 1.0.0RC1 - requires GEOS >= 2.1.0.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Collect(geometry set)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>This function returns a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION or a MULTI object from a set
|
|
of geometries. The collect() function is an "aggregate" function
|
|
in the terminology of PostgreSQL. That means that it operators on
|
|
lists of data, in the same way the sum() and mean() functions do.
|
|
For example, "SELECT COLLECT(GEOM) FROM GEOMTABLE GROUP BY
|
|
ATTRCOLUMN" will return a separate GEOMETRYCOLLECTION for each
|
|
distinct value of ATTRCOLUMN.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Collect(geometry, geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>This function returns a geometry being a collection
|
|
of two input geometries. Output type can be a MULTI* or
|
|
a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Dump(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>This is a set-returning function (SRF).
|
|
It returns a set of geometry_dump rows, formed
|
|
by a geometry (geom) and an array of integers (path).
|
|
When the input geometry is a simple type
|
|
(POINT,LINESTRING,POLYGON)
|
|
a single record will be returned with an empty
|
|
path array and the input geometry as geom.
|
|
When the input geometry is a collection or multi
|
|
it will return a record for each of the collection
|
|
components, and the path will express the position
|
|
of the component inside the collection.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>NOTE: this function is not available for
|
|
builds against PostgreSQL 7.2.x</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Geometry Editors</title>
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="addbbox">
|
|
<term>AddBBOX(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Add bounding box to the geometry. This would make bounding
|
|
box based queries faster, but will increase the size of the
|
|
geometry.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="dropbbox">
|
|
<term>DropBBOX(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Drop the bounding box cache from the geometry.
|
|
This reduces geometry size, but makes bounding-box based
|
|
queries slower.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>AddPoint(linestring, point, [<position>])</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Adds a point to a LineString at position <pos>.
|
|
Third parameter can be omitted or set to -1 for appending.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Force_collection(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Converts the geometry into a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION. This is
|
|
useful for simplifying the WKB representation.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="force_2d">
|
|
<term>Force_2d(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Forces the geometries into a "2-dimensional mode" so that
|
|
all output representations will only have the X and Y coordinates.
|
|
This is useful for force OGC-compliant output (since OGC only
|
|
specifies 2-D geometries).</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="force_3dz">
|
|
<term>Force_3dz(geometry)</term>
|
|
<term>Force_3d(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Forces the geometries into XYZ mode.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="force_3dm">
|
|
<term>Force_3dm(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Forces the geometries into XYM mode.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="force_4d">
|
|
<term>Force_4d(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Forces the geometries into XYZM mode.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Multi(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the geometry as a MULTI* geometry. If the geometry
|
|
is already a MULTI*, it is returned unchanged.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Transform(geometry,integer)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a new geometry with its coordinates transformed to
|
|
the SRID referenced by the integer parameter. The destination SRID
|
|
must exist in the <varname>SPATIAL_REF_SYS</varname> table.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Translate(geometry,float8,float8,float8)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Translates the geometry to a new location using the numeric
|
|
parameters as offsets. Ie: translate(geom, X, Y, Z).</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Scale(geometry,float8,float8,float8)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>scales the geometry to a new size by multiplying the
|
|
ordinates with the parameters. Ie: scale(geom, Xfactor, Yfactor, Zfactor).</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 1.1.0
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>TransScale(geometry,float8,float8,float8,float8)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>First, translates the geometry using the first two floats, then scales it
|
|
using the second two floats, working in 2D only. Using
|
|
transscale(geom, X, Y, XFactor, YFactor) effectively is an efficient shortcut
|
|
for scale(translate(geom,X,Y,0),Xfactor,YFactor,1).</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 1.1.0
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Reverse(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the geometry with vertex order reversed.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>ForceRHR(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Force polygons of the collection to obey Right-Hand-Rule.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Simplify(geometry, tolerance)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a "simplified" version of the given geometry using
|
|
the Douglas-Peuker algorithm. Will actually do something only with
|
|
(multi)lines and (multi)polygons but you can safely call it with
|
|
any kind of geometry. Since simplification occurs on a
|
|
object-by-object basis you can also feed a GeometryCollection to
|
|
this function. Note that returned geometry might loose its
|
|
simplicity (see <link linkend="IsSimple">IsSimple</link>)</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>SnapToGrid(geometry, originX, originY, sizeX, sizeY)</term>
|
|
<term>SnapToGrid(geometry, sizeX, sizeY)</term>
|
|
<term>SnapToGrid(geometry, size)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Snap all points of the input geometry to the grid
|
|
defined by its origin and cell size.
|
|
Remove consecutive points falling on the same cell,
|
|
eventually returning NULL if output points are not
|
|
enough to define a geometry of the given type.
|
|
Collapsed geometries in a collection are stripped
|
|
from it.
|
|
Note that returned geometry might loose its
|
|
simplicity (see <link linkend="IsSimple">IsSimple</link>).
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Segmentize(geometry, maxlength)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Return a modified [multi]polygon having no ring segment
|
|
longer then the given distance. Interpolated points will have Z
|
|
and M values (if needed) set to 0. Distance computation is
|
|
performed in 2d only.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>LineMerge(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Returns a (set of) LineString(s) formed by sewing
|
|
togheter costituent linework of input.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 1.1.0 - requires GEOS >= 2.1.0
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Linear Referencing</title>
|
|
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>line_interpolate_point(linestring, proportion)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Interpolates a point along a line. First argument must be a
|
|
LINESTRING. Second argument is a float between 0 and 1. Returns a
|
|
point.</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 0.8.2
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>line_substring(linestring, start, end)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Return a linestring being a substring of the input one starting
|
|
and ending at the given fractions of total length. Second
|
|
and third arguments are float8 values between 0 and 1.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 1.1.0
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>line_locate_point(linestring, point)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Returns a float, representing the proportional distance the
|
|
point is located along the line.
|
|
</para>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Availability: 1.1.0
|
|
</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Misc</title>
|
|
<variablelist>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>Summary(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a text summary of the contents of the geometry.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>box2d(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a BOX2D representing the maximum extents of the geometry.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>box3d(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns a BOX3D representing the maximum extents of the geometry.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>extent(geometry set)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The extent() function is an "aggregate" function in the terminology of PostgreSQL. That means that it operators on lists of data, in the same way the sum() and mean() functions do. For example, "SELECT EXTENT(GEOM) FROM GEOMTABLE" will return a BOX3D giving the maximum extend of all features in the table. Similarly, "SELECT EXTENT(GEOM) FROM GEOMTABLE GROUP BY CATEGORY" will return one extent result for each category.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="zmflag">
|
|
<term>zmflag(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns ZM (dimension semantic) flag of the geometries as a small int. Values are: 0=2d, 1=3dm, 2=3dz, 3=4d. </para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="hasbbox">
|
|
<term>HasBBOX(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns TRUE if the bbox of this geometry is cached, FALSE otherwise. Use <link linkend="addbbox">addBBOX()</link> and <link linkend="dropbbox">dropBBOX()</link> to control caching.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="ndims">
|
|
<term>ndims(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns number of dimensions of the geometry as a small int. Values are: 2,3 or 4.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>nrings(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>If the geometry is a polygon or multi-polygon returns the number of rings.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>npoints(geometry)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the number of points in the geometry.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="IsValid">
|
|
<term>isvalid(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>returns true if this geometry is valid.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>expand(geometry, float)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>This function returns a bounding box expanded in all
|
|
directions from the bounding box of the input geometry, by an
|
|
amount specified in the second argument. Very useful for
|
|
distance() queries, to add an index filter to the query.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>estimated_extent([schema], table, geocolumn)</term>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para> Return the 'estimated' extent of the given spatial table. The estimated is taken from the geometry column's statistics. The current schema will be used if not specified.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For PostgreSQL>=8.0.0 statistics are gathered by VACUUM ANALYZE and resulting extent will be about 95% of the real one.</para>
|
|
<para>For PostgreSQL<8.0.0 statistics are gathered by update_geometry_stats() and resulting extent will be exact.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>find_srid(varchar,varchar,varchar)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The syntax is find_srid(<db/schema>, <table>,
|
|
<column>) and the function returns the integer SRID of the
|
|
specified column by searching through the GEOMETRY_COLUMNS table.
|
|
If the geometry column has not been properly added with the
|
|
AddGeometryColumns() function, this function will not work
|
|
either.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>mem_size(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the amount of space (in bytes) the geometry
|
|
takes.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>numb_sub_objects(geometry)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the number of objects stored in the geometry. This
|
|
is useful for MULTI-geometries and GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONs.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>point_inside_circle(geometry,float,float,float)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>The syntax for this functions is
|
|
point_inside_circle(<geometry>,<circle_center_x>,<circle_center_y>,<radius>).
|
|
Returns the true if the geometry is a point and is inside the
|
|
circle. Returns false otherwise.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>xmin(box3d) ymin(box3d) zmin(box3d)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the requested minima of a bounding box.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry>
|
|
<term>xmax(box3d) ymax(box3d) zmax(box3d)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Returns the requested maxima of a bounding box.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
<varlistentry id="Accum">
|
|
<term>Accum(geometry set)</term>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Aggregate. Constructs an array of geometries.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</varlistentry>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</variablelist>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<chapter>
|
|
<title>Reporting Bugs</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Reporting bugs effectively is a fundamental way to help PostGIS
|
|
development. The most effective bug report is that enabling
|
|
PostGIS developers to reproduce it, so it would ideally contain
|
|
a script triggering it and every information reguarding the
|
|
environment in which it was detected. Good enough info can
|
|
be extracted running <code>SELECT postgis_full_version()</code>
|
|
[for postgis] and <code>SELECT version()</code> [for postgresql].
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you aren't using latest release, it's worth taking a look
|
|
at its <ulink
|
|
url="http://postgis.refractions.net/CHANGES.txt">release
|
|
changelog</ulink> first, to find out if your bug has already been
|
|
fixed.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Using the <ulink url="http://postgis.refractions.net/bugs/">PostGIS
|
|
bug tracker</ulink> will ensure your reports are not discarded, and
|
|
will keep you informed on it's handling process. Before reporting
|
|
a new bug please query the database to see if it is a known one, and
|
|
if it is please add any new information you have about it.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
You might want to read Simon Tatham's paper about <ulink
|
|
url="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html">How
|
|
to Report Bugs Effectively</ulink> before filing a new report.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</chapter>
|
|
|
|
<appendix id="release_notes">
|
|
<title>Release Notes</title>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Release 1.0.5</title>
|
|
<para>Release date: 2005/11/25</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Contains memory-alignment fixes in the library, a segfault fix in loader's
|
|
handling of UTF8 attributes and a few improvements and cleanups.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note><para>
|
|
Return code of shp2pgsl changed from previous releases to conform to unix
|
|
standards (return 0 on success).
|
|
</para></note>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Upgrading</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you are upgrading from
|
|
release 1.0.3 or later you <emphasis>DO
|
|
NOT</emphasis> need a dump/reload.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you are upgrading from
|
|
a release <emphasis>between 1.0.0RC6 and
|
|
1.0.2</emphasis> (inclusive) and really want
|
|
a live upgrade read the <link
|
|
linkend="rel_1.0.3_upgrading">upgrade
|
|
section</link> of the 1.0.3 release notes
|
|
chapter.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Upgrade from any release prior to 1.0.0RC6
|
|
requires an <link linkend="hard_upgrade">hard
|
|
upgrade</link>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Library changes</title>
|
|
<para>Fixed memory alignment problems</para>
|
|
<para>Fixed computation of null values fraction in analyzer</para>
|
|
<para>Fixed a small bug in the getPoint4d_p() low-level function</para>
|
|
<para>Speedup of serializer functions</para>
|
|
<para>Fixed a bug in force_3dm(), force_3dz() and force_4d()</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Loader changes</title>
|
|
<para>Fixed return code of shp2pgsql</para>
|
|
<para>Fixed back-compatibility issue in loader (load of null shapefiles)</para>
|
|
<para>Fixed handling of trailing dots in dbf numerical attributes</para>
|
|
<para>Segfault fix in shp2pgsql (utf8 encoding)</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Other changes</title>
|
|
<para>Schema aware postgis_proc_upgrade.pl, support for pgsql 7.2+</para>
|
|
<para>New "Reporting Bugs" chapter in manual</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Release 1.0.4</title>
|
|
<para>Release date: 2005/09/09</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Contains important bug fixes and a few improvements. In particular, it
|
|
fixes a memory leak preventing successful build of GiST indexes
|
|
for large spatial tables.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Upgrading</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you are upgrading from
|
|
release 1.0.3 you <emphasis>DO
|
|
NOT</emphasis> need a dump/reload.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you are upgrading from
|
|
a release <emphasis>between 1.0.0RC6 and
|
|
1.0.2</emphasis> (inclusive) and really want
|
|
a live upgrade read the <link
|
|
linkend="rel_1.0.3_upgrading">upgrade
|
|
section</link> of the 1.0.3 release notes
|
|
chapter.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Upgrade from any release prior to 1.0.0RC6
|
|
requires an <link linkend="hard_upgrade">hard
|
|
upgrade</link>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Bug fixes</title>
|
|
<para>Memory leak plugged in GiST indexing</para>
|
|
<para>Segfault fix in transform() handling of proj4 errors</para>
|
|
<para>Fixed some proj4 texts in spatial_ref_sys (missing +proj)</para>
|
|
<para>Loader: fixed string functions usage, reworked NULL objects check, fixed segfault on MULTILINESTRING input.</para>
|
|
<para>Fixed bug in MakeLine dimension handling</para>
|
|
<para>Fixed bug in translate() corrupting output bounding box</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Improvements</title>
|
|
<para>Documentation improvements</para>
|
|
<para>More robust selectivity estimator </para>
|
|
<para>Minor speedup in distance()</para>
|
|
<para>Minor cleanups </para>
|
|
<para>GiST indexing cleanup</para>
|
|
<para>Looser syntax acceptance in box3d parser</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="rel_1.0.3_upgrading">
|
|
<title>Release 1.0.3</title>
|
|
<para>Release date: 2005/08/08</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Contains some bug fixes - <emphasis>including a severe one affecting
|
|
correctness of stored geometries</emphasis> - and a few improvements.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Upgrading</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Due to a bug in a bounding box computation routine, the upgrade procedure
|
|
requires special attention, as bounding boxes cached in the database could
|
|
be incorrect.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
An <link linkend="hard_upgrade">hard upgrade</link> procedure (dump/reload)
|
|
will force recomputation of all bounding boxes (not included in dumps).
|
|
This is <emphasis>required</emphasis> if upgrading from releases prior
|
|
to 1.0.0RC6.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
If you are upgrading from versions 1.0.0RC6 or up, this release includes a
|
|
perl script (utils/rebuild_bbox_caches.pl) to force recomputation of
|
|
geometries' bounding boxes and invoke all operations required to propagate
|
|
eventual changes in them (geometry statistics update, reindexing).
|
|
Invoke the script after a make install (run with no args for syntax help).
|
|
Optionally run utils/postgis_proc_upgrade.pl to refresh postgis procedures
|
|
and functions signatures (see <link linkend="soft_upgrade">Soft upgrade</link>).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Bug fixes</title>
|
|
<para>Severe bugfix in lwgeom's 2d bounding box computation</para>
|
|
<para>Bugfix in WKT (-w) POINT handling in loader</para>
|
|
<para>Bugfix in dumper on 64bit machines</para>
|
|
<para>Bugfix in dumper handling of user-defined queries </para>
|
|
<para>Bugfix in create_undef.pl script</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Improvements</title>
|
|
<para>Small performance improvement in canonical input function</para>
|
|
<para>Minor cleanups in loader</para>
|
|
<para>Support for multibyte field names in loader</para>
|
|
<para>Improvement in the postgis_restore.pl script</para>
|
|
<para>New rebuild_bbox_caches.pl util script</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Release 1.0.2</title>
|
|
<para>Release date: 2005/07/04</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Contains a few bug fixes and improvements.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Upgrading</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you are upgrading from
|
|
release 1.0.0RC6 or up you <emphasis>DO
|
|
NOT</emphasis> need a dump/reload.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Upgrading from older releases
|
|
requires a dump/reload.
|
|
See the <link
|
|
linkend="upgrading">upgrading</link>
|
|
chapter for more informations.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Bug fixes</title>
|
|
<para>Fault tolerant btree ops</para>
|
|
<para>Memory leak plugged in pg_error</para>
|
|
<para>Rtree index fix</para>
|
|
<para>Cleaner build scripts (avoided mix of CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS)</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Improvements</title>
|
|
<para>New index creation capabilities in loader (-I switch)</para>
|
|
<para>Initial support for postgresql 8.1dev</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Release 1.0.1</title>
|
|
<para>Release date: 2005/05/24</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Contains a few bug fixes and some improvements.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Upgrading</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you are upgrading from
|
|
release 1.0.0RC6 or up you <emphasis>DO
|
|
NOT</emphasis> need a dump/reload.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Upgrading from older releases
|
|
requires a dump/reload.
|
|
See the <link
|
|
linkend="upgrading">upgrading</link>
|
|
chapter for more informations.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Library changes</title>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in 3d computation of lenght_spheroid()</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in join selectivity estimator</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Other changes/additions</title>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in shp2pgql escape functions</para>
|
|
<para>better support for concurrent postgis in multiple schemas</para>
|
|
<para>documentation fixes</para>
|
|
<para>jdbc2: compile with "-target 1.2 -source 1.2" by default</para>
|
|
<para>NEW -k switch for pgsql2shp</para>
|
|
<para>NEW support for custom createdb options in postgis_restore.pl</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in pgsql2shp attribute names unicity enforcement</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in Paris projections definitions</para>
|
|
<para>postgis_restore.pl cleanups</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Release 1.0.0</title>
|
|
<para>Release date: 2005/04/19</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Final 1.0.0 release.
|
|
Contains a few bug fixes, some improvements
|
|
in the loader (most notably support for older
|
|
postgis versions), and more docs.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Upgrading</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you are upgrading from
|
|
release 1.0.0RC6 you <emphasis>DO
|
|
NOT</emphasis> need a dump/reload.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Upgrading from any other precedent
|
|
release requires a dump/reload.
|
|
See the <link
|
|
linkend="upgrading">upgrading</link>
|
|
chapter for more informations.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Library changes</title>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in transform() releasing random memory address</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in force_3dm() allocating less memory then required</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in join selectivity estimator (defaults, leaks, tuplecount, sd)</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Other changes/additions</title>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in shp2pgsql escape of values starting with tab or single-quote</para>
|
|
<para>NEW manual pages for loader/dumper</para>
|
|
<para>NEW shp2pgsql support for old (HWGEOM) postgis versions</para>
|
|
<para>NEW -p (prepare) flag for shp2pgsql</para>
|
|
<para>NEW manual chapter about OGC compliancy enforcement</para>
|
|
<para>NEW autoconf support for JTS lib</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in estimator testers (support for LWGEOM and schema parsing)</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Release 1.0.0RC6</title>
|
|
<para>Release date: 2005/03/30</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Sixth release candidate for 1.0.0.
|
|
Contains a few bug fixes and cleanups.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Upgrading</title>
|
|
<para>You need a dump/reload to upgrade
|
|
from precedent releases. See the <link
|
|
linkend="upgrading">upgrading</link>
|
|
chapter for more informations.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Library changes</title>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in multi()</para>
|
|
<para>early return [when noop] from multi()</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Scripts changes</title>
|
|
<para>dropped {x,y}{min,max}(box2d) functions</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Other changes</title>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in postgis_restore.pl scrip</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in dumper's 64bit support</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Release 1.0.0RC5</title>
|
|
<para>Release date: 2005/03/25</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Fifth release candidate for 1.0.0.
|
|
Contains a few bug fixes and a improvements.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Upgrading</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>If you are upgrading from
|
|
release 1.0.0RC4 you <emphasis>DO
|
|
NOT</emphasis> need a dump/reload.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Upgrading from any other precedent
|
|
release requires a dump/reload.
|
|
See the <link
|
|
linkend="upgrading">upgrading</link>
|
|
chapter for more informations.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Library changes</title>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX (segfaulting) in box3d computation (yes, another!).</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX (segfaulting) in estimated_extent().</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Other changes</title>
|
|
<para>Small build scripts and utilities refinements.</para>
|
|
<para>Additional performance tips documented.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Release 1.0.0RC4</title>
|
|
<para>Release date: 2005/03/18</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Fourth release candidate for 1.0.0.
|
|
Contains bug fixes and a few improvements.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Upgrading</title>
|
|
<para>You need a dump/reload to upgrade
|
|
from precedent releases. See the <link
|
|
linkend="upgrading">upgrading</link>
|
|
chapter for more informations.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Library changes</title>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX (segfaulting) in geom_accum().</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in 64bit architectures support.</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in box3d computation function with collections.</para>
|
|
<para>NEW subselects support in selectivity estimator.</para>
|
|
<para>Early return from force_collection.</para>
|
|
<para>Consistency check fix in SnapToGrid().</para>
|
|
<para>Box2d output changed back to 15 significant digits.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Scripts changes</title>
|
|
<para>NEW distance_sphere() function.</para>
|
|
<para>Changed get_proj4_from_srid implementation to use PL/PGSQL instead of SQL.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Other changes</title>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in loader and dumper handling of MultiLine shapes</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in loader, skipping all but first hole of polygons.</para>
|
|
<para>jdbc2: code cleanups, Makefile improvements</para>
|
|
<para>FLEX and YACC variables set *after* pgsql Makefile.global is included and only if the pgsql *stripped* version evaulates to the empty string</para>
|
|
<para>Added already generated parser in release</para>
|
|
<para>Build scripts refinements</para>
|
|
<para>improved version handling, central Version.config</para>
|
|
<para>improvements in postgis_restore.pl</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Release 1.0.0RC3</title>
|
|
<para>Release date: 2005/02/24</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Third release candidate for 1.0.0.
|
|
Contains many bug fixes and improvements.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Upgrading</title>
|
|
<para>You need a dump/reload to upgrade
|
|
from precedent releases. See the <link
|
|
linkend="upgrading">upgrading</link>
|
|
chapter for more informations.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Library changes</title>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in transform(): missing SRID, better error handling.</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in memory alignment handling</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in force_collection() causing mapserver connector failures on simple (single) geometry types.</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in GeometryFromText() missing to add a bbox cache.</para>
|
|
<para>reduced precision of box2d output.</para>
|
|
<para>prefixed DEBUG macros with PGIS_ to avoid clash with pgsql one</para>
|
|
<para>plugged a leak in GEOS2POSTGIS converter</para>
|
|
<para>Reduced memory usage by early releasing query-context palloced one.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Scripts changes</title>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in 72 index bindings.</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in probe_geometry_columns() to work with PG72 and support multiple geometry columns in a single table</para>
|
|
<para>NEW bool::text cast</para>
|
|
<para>Some functions made IMMUTABLE from STABLE, for performance
|
|
improvement.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>JDBC changes</title>
|
|
<para>jdbc2: small patches, box2d/3d tests, revised docs and license.</para>
|
|
<para>jdbc2: bug fix and testcase in for pgjdbc 8.0 type autoregistration</para>
|
|
<para>jdbc2: Removed use of jdk1.4 only features to enable build with older jdk releases.</para>
|
|
<para>jdbc2: Added support for building against pg72jdbc2.jar</para>
|
|
<para>jdbc2: updated and cleaned makefile</para>
|
|
<para>jdbc2: added BETA support for jts geometry classes</para>
|
|
<para>jdbc2: Skip known-to-fail tests against older PostGIS servers.</para>
|
|
<para>jdbc2: Fixed handling of measured geometries in EWKT.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Other changes</title>
|
|
<para>new performance tips chapter in manual</para>
|
|
<para>documentation updates: pgsql72 requirement, lwpostgis.sql</para>
|
|
<para>few changes in autoconf </para>
|
|
<para>BUILDDATE extraction made more portable</para>
|
|
<para>fixed spatial_ref_sys.sql to avoid vacuuming the whole
|
|
database.</para>
|
|
<para>spatial_ref_sys: changed Paris entries to match the ones
|
|
distributed with 0.x.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Release 1.0.0RC2</title>
|
|
<para>Release date: 2005/01/26</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Second release candidate for 1.0.0
|
|
containing bug fixes and a few improvements.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Upgrading</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>You need a dump/reload to upgrade
|
|
from precedent releases. See the <link
|
|
linkend="upgrading">upgrading</link>
|
|
chapter for more informations.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Library changes</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in pointarray box3d computation</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in distance_spheroid definition</para>
|
|
<para>BUGFIX in transform() missing to update bbox cache</para>
|
|
<para>NEW jdbc driver (jdbc2)</para>
|
|
<para>GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(EMPTY) syntax support for backward compatibility</para>
|
|
<para>Faster binary outputs</para>
|
|
<para>Stricter OGC WKB/WKT constructors</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Scripts changes</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>More correct STABLE, IMMUTABLE, STRICT uses in lwpostgis.sql</para>
|
|
<para>stricter OGC WKB/WKT constructors</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Other changes</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Faster and more robust loader (both i18n and not)</para>
|
|
<para>Initial autoconf script</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1>
|
|
<title>Release 1.0.0RC1</title>
|
|
<para>Release date: 2005/01/13</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>This is the first candidate of a
|
|
major postgis release, with internal
|
|
storage of postgis types redesigned to be smaller
|
|
and faster on indexed queries.</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Upgrading</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>You need a dump/reload to upgrade
|
|
from precedent releases. See the <link
|
|
linkend="upgrading">upgrading</link>
|
|
chapter for more informations.</para>
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2>
|
|
<title>Changes</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Faster canonical input parsing.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Lossless canonical output.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
EWKB Canonical binary IO with PG>73.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Support for up to 4d coordinates, providing
|
|
lossless shapefile->postgis->shapefile
|
|
conversion.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
New function: UpdateGeometrySRID(), AsGML(),
|
|
SnapToGrid(), ForceRHR(), estimated_extent(),
|
|
accum().
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Vertical positioning indexed operators.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
JOIN selectivity function.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
More geometry constructors / editors.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Postgis extension API.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
UTF8 support in loader.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
</appendix>
|
|
</book>
|