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https://github.com/golang/go
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![Ainar Garipov](/assets/img/avatar_default.png)
These were found by grepping the comments from the go code and feeding the output to aspell. Change-Id: Id734d6c8d1938ec3c36bd94a4dbbad577e3ad395 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/10941 Reviewed-by: Aamir Khan <syst3m.w0rm@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
1100 lines
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1100 lines
40 KiB
HTML
<!--{
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"Title": "Go 1.1 Release Notes",
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"Path": "/doc/go1.1",
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"Template": true
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}-->
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<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1.1</h2>
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<p>
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The release of <a href="/doc/go1.html">Go version 1</a> (Go 1 or Go 1.0 for short)
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in March of 2012 introduced a new period
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of stability in the Go language and libraries.
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That stability has helped nourish a growing community of Go users
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and systems around the world.
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Several "point" releases since
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then—1.0.1, 1.0.2, and 1.0.3—have been issued.
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These point releases fixed known bugs but made
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no non-critical changes to the implementation.
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</p>
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<p>
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This new release, Go 1.1, keeps the <a href="/doc/go1compat.html">promise
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of compatibility</a> but adds a couple of significant
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(backwards-compatible, of course) language changes, has a long list
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of (again, compatible) library changes, and
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includes major work on the implementation of the compilers,
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libraries, and run-time.
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The focus is on performance.
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Benchmarking is an inexact science at best, but we see significant,
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sometimes dramatic speedups for many of our test programs.
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We trust that many of our users' programs will also see improvements
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just by updating their Go installation and recompiling.
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</p>
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<p>
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This document summarizes the changes between Go 1 and Go 1.1.
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Very little if any code will need modification to run with Go 1.1,
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although a couple of rare error cases surface with this release
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and need to be addressed if they arise.
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Details appear below; see the discussion of
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<a href="#int">64-bit ints</a> and <a href="#unicode_literals">Unicode literals</a>
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in particular.
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</p>
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<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
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<p>
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<a href="/doc/go1compat.html">The Go compatibility document</a> promises
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that programs written to the Go 1 language specification will continue to operate,
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and those promises are maintained.
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In the interest of firming up the specification, though, there are
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details about some error cases that have been clarified.
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There are also some new language features.
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</p>
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<h3 id="divzero">Integer division by zero</h3>
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<p>
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In Go 1, integer division by a constant zero produced a run-time panic:
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</p>
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<pre>
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func f(x int) int {
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return x/0
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}
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</pre>
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<p>
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In Go 1.1, an integer division by constant zero is not a legal program, so it is a compile-time error.
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</p>
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<h3 id="unicode_literals">Surrogates in Unicode literals</h3>
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<p>
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The definition of string and rune literals has been refined to exclude surrogate halves from the
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set of valid Unicode code points.
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See the <a href="#unicode">Unicode</a> section for more information.
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</p>
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<h3 id="method_values">Method values</h3>
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<p>
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Go 1.1 now implements
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<a href="/ref/spec#Method_values">method values</a>,
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which are functions that have been bound to a specific receiver value.
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For instance, given a
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<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>
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value <code>w</code>,
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the expression
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<code>w.Write</code>,
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a method value, is a function that will always write to <code>w</code>; it is equivalent to
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a function literal closing over <code>w</code>:
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</p>
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<pre>
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func (p []byte) (n int, err error) {
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return w.Write(p)
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}
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</pre>
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<p>
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Method values are distinct from method expressions, which generate functions
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from methods of a given type; the method expression <code>(*bufio.Writer).Write</code>
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is equivalent to a function with an extra first argument, a receiver of type
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<code>(*bufio.Writer)</code>:
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</p>
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<pre>
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func (w *bufio.Writer, p []byte) (n int, err error) {
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return w.Write(p)
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}
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</pre>
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<p>
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<em>Updating</em>: No existing code is affected; the change is strictly backward-compatible.
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</p>
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<h3 id="return">Return requirements</h3>
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<p>
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Before Go 1.1, a function that returned a value needed an explicit "return"
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or call to <code>panic</code> at
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the end of the function; this was a simple way to make the programmer
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be explicit about the meaning of the function. But there are many cases
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where a final "return" is clearly unnecessary, such as a function with
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only an infinite "for" loop.
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</p>
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<p>
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In Go 1.1, the rule about final "return" statements is more permissive.
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It introduces the concept of a
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<a href="/ref/spec#Terminating_statements"><em>terminating statement</em></a>,
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a statement that is guaranteed to be the last one a function executes.
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Examples include
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"for" loops with no condition and "if-else"
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statements in which each half ends in a "return".
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If the final statement of a function can be shown <em>syntactically</em> to
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be a terminating statement, no final "return" statement is needed.
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</p>
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<p>
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Note that the rule is purely syntactic: it pays no attention to the values in the
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code and therefore requires no complex analysis.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Updating</em>: The change is backward-compatible, but existing code
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with superfluous "return" statements and calls to <code>panic</code> may
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be simplified manually.
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Such code can be identified by <code>go vet</code>.
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</p>
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<h2 id="impl">Changes to the implementations and tools</h2>
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<h3 id="gccgo">Status of gccgo</h3>
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<p>
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The GCC release schedule does not coincide with the Go release schedule, so some skew is inevitable in
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<code>gccgo</code>'s releases.
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The 4.8.0 version of GCC shipped in March, 2013 and includes a nearly-Go 1.1 version of <code>gccgo</code>.
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Its library is a little behind the release, but the biggest difference is that method values are not implemented.
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Sometime around July 2013, we expect 4.8.2 of GCC to ship with a <code>gccgo</code>
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providing a complete Go 1.1 implementation.
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</p>
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<h3 id="gc_flag">Command-line flag parsing</h3>
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<p>
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In the gc tool chain, the compilers and linkers now use the
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same command-line flag parsing rules as the Go flag package, a departure
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from the traditional Unix flag parsing. This may affect scripts that invoke
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the tool directly.
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For example,
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<code>go tool 6c -Fw -Dfoo</code> must now be written
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<code>go tool 6c -F -w -D foo</code>.
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</p>
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<h3 id="int">Size of int on 64-bit platforms</h3>
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<p>
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The language allows the implementation to choose whether the <code>int</code> type and
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<code>uint</code> types are 32 or 64 bits. Previous Go implementations made <code>int</code>
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and <code>uint</code> 32 bits on all systems. Both the gc and gccgo implementations
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now make
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<code>int</code> and <code>uint</code> 64 bits on 64-bit platforms such as AMD64/x86-64.
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Among other things, this enables the allocation of slices with
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more than 2 billion elements on 64-bit platforms.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Updating</em>:
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Most programs will be unaffected by this change.
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Because Go does not allow implicit conversions between distinct
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<a href="/ref/spec#Numeric_types">numeric types</a>,
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no programs will stop compiling due to this change.
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However, programs that contain implicit assumptions
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that <code>int</code> is only 32 bits may change behavior.
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For example, this code prints a positive number on 64-bit systems and
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a negative one on 32-bit systems:
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</p>
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<pre>
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x := ^uint32(0) // x is 0xffffffff
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i := int(x) // i is -1 on 32-bit systems, 0xffffffff on 64-bit
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fmt.Println(i)
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</pre>
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<p>Portable code intending 32-bit sign extension (yielding <code>-1</code> on all systems)
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would instead say:
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</p>
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<pre>
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i := int(int32(x))
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</pre>
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<h3 id="heap">Heap size on 64-bit architectures</h3>
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<p>
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On 64-bit architectures, the maximum heap size has been enlarged substantially,
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from a few gigabytes to several tens of gigabytes.
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(The exact details depend on the system and may change.)
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</p>
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<p>
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On 32-bit architectures, the heap size has not changed.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Updating</em>:
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This change should have no effect on existing programs beyond allowing them
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to run with larger heaps.
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</p>
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<h3 id="unicode">Unicode</h3>
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<p>
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To make it possible to represent code points greater than 65535 in UTF-16,
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Unicode defines <em>surrogate halves</em>,
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a range of code points to be used only in the assembly of large values, and only in UTF-16.
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The code points in that surrogate range are illegal for any other purpose.
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In Go 1.1, this constraint is honored by the compiler, libraries, and run-time:
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a surrogate half is illegal as a rune value, when encoded as UTF-8, or when
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encoded in isolation as UTF-16.
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When encountered, for example in converting from a rune to UTF-8, it is
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treated as an encoding error and will yield the replacement rune,
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<a href="/pkg/unicode/utf8/#RuneError"><code>utf8.RuneError</code></a>,
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U+FFFD.
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</p>
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<p>
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This program,
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</p>
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<pre>
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import "fmt"
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func main() {
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fmt.Printf("%+q\n", string(0xD800))
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}
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</pre>
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<p>
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printed <code>"\ud800"</code> in Go 1.0, but prints <code>"\ufffd"</code> in Go 1.1.
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</p>
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<p>
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Surrogate-half Unicode values are now illegal in rune and string constants, so constants such as
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<code>'\ud800'</code> and <code>"\ud800"</code> are now rejected by the compilers.
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When written explicitly as UTF-8 encoded bytes,
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such strings can still be created, as in <code>"\xed\xa0\x80"</code>.
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However, when such a string is decoded as a sequence of runes, as in a range loop, it will yield only <code>utf8.RuneError</code>
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values.
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</p>
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<p>
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The Unicode byte order mark U+FEFF, encoded in UTF-8, is now permitted as the first
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character of a Go source file.
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Even though its appearance in the byte-order-free UTF-8 encoding is clearly unnecessary,
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some editors add the mark as a kind of "magic number" identifying a UTF-8 encoded file.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Updating</em>:
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Most programs will be unaffected by the surrogate change.
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Programs that depend on the old behavior should be modified to avoid the issue.
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The byte-order-mark change is strictly backward-compatible.
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</p>
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<h3 id="race">Race detector</h3>
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<p>
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A major addition to the tools is a <em>race detector</em>, a way to
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find bugs in programs caused by concurrent access of the same
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variable, where at least one of the accesses is a write.
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This new facility is built into the <code>go</code> tool.
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For now, it is only available on Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows systems with
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64-bit x86 processors.
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To enable it, set the <code>-race</code> flag when building or testing your program
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(for instance, <code>go test -race</code>).
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The race detector is documented in <a href="/doc/articles/race_detector.html">a separate article</a>.
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</p>
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<h3 id="gc_asm">The gc assemblers</h3>
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<p>
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Due to the change of the <a href="#int"><code>int</code></a> to 64 bits and
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a new internal <a href="//golang.org/s/go11func">representation of functions</a>,
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the arrangement of function arguments on the stack has changed in the gc tool chain.
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Functions written in assembly will need to be revised at least
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to adjust frame pointer offsets.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Updating</em>:
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The <code>go vet</code> command now checks that functions implemented in assembly
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match the Go function prototypes they implement.
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</p>
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<h3 id="gocmd">Changes to the go command</h3>
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<p>
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The <a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command has acquired several
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changes intended to improve the experience for new Go users.
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</p>
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<p>
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First, when compiling, testing, or running Go code, the <code>go</code> command will now give more detailed error messages,
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including a list of paths searched, when a package cannot be located.
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</p>
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<pre>
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$ go build foo/quxx
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can't load package: package foo/quxx: cannot find package "foo/quxx" in any of:
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/home/you/go/src/pkg/foo/quxx (from $GOROOT)
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/home/you/src/foo/quxx (from $GOPATH)
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</pre>
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<p>
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Second, the <code>go get</code> command no longer allows <code>$GOROOT</code>
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as the default destination when downloading package source.
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To use the <code>go get</code>
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command, a <a href="/doc/code.html#GOPATH">valid <code>$GOPATH</code></a> is now required.
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</p>
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<pre>
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$ GOPATH= go get code.google.com/p/foo/quxx
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package code.google.com/p/foo/quxx: cannot download, $GOPATH not set. For more details see: go help gopath
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</pre>
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<p>
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Finally, as a result of the previous change, the <code>go get</code> command will also fail
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when <code>$GOPATH</code> and <code>$GOROOT</code> are set to the same value.
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</p>
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<pre>
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$ GOPATH=$GOROOT go get code.google.com/p/foo/quxx
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warning: GOPATH set to GOROOT (/home/you/go) has no effect
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package code.google.com/p/foo/quxx: cannot download, $GOPATH must not be set to $GOROOT. For more details see: go help gopath
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</pre>
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<h3 id="gotest">Changes to the go test command</h3>
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<p>
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The <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go test</code></a>
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command no longer deletes the binary when run with profiling enabled,
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to make it easier to analyze the profile.
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The implementation sets the <code>-c</code> flag automatically, so after running,
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</p>
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<pre>
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$ go test -cpuprofile cpuprof.out mypackage
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</pre>
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<p>
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the file <code>mypackage.test</code> will be left in the directory where <code>go test</code> was run.
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</p>
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<p>
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The <a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Test_packages"><code>go test</code></a>
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command can now generate profiling information
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that reports where goroutines are blocked, that is,
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where they tend to stall waiting for an event such as a channel communication.
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The information is presented as a
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<em>blocking profile</em>
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enabled with the
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<code>-blockprofile</code>
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option of
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<code>go test</code>.
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Run <code>go help test</code> for more information.
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</p>
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<h3 id="gofix">Changes to the go fix command</h3>
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<p>
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The <a href="/cmd/fix/"><code>fix</code></a> command, usually run as
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<code>go fix</code>, no longer applies fixes to update code from
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before Go 1 to use Go 1 APIs.
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To update pre-Go 1 code to Go 1.1, use a Go 1.0 tool chain
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to convert the code to Go 1.0 first.
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</p>
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<h3 id="tags">Build constraints</h3>
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<p>
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The "<code>go1.1</code>" tag has been added to the list of default
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<a href="/pkg/go/build/#hdr-Build_Constraints">build constraints</a>.
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This permits packages to take advantage of the new features in Go 1.1 while
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remaining compatible with earlier versions of Go.
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</p>
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<p>
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To build a file only with Go 1.1 and above, add this build constraint:
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</p>
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<pre>
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// +build go1.1
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</pre>
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<p>
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To build a file only with Go 1.0.x, use the converse constraint:
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</p>
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<pre>
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// +build !go1.1
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</pre>
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<h3 id="platforms">Additional platforms</h3>
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<p>
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The Go 1.1 tool chain adds experimental support for <code>freebsd/arm</code>,
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<code>netbsd/386</code>, <code>netbsd/amd64</code>, <code>netbsd/arm</code>,
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<code>openbsd/386</code> and <code>openbsd/amd64</code> platforms.
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</p>
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<p>
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An ARMv6 or later processor is required for <code>freebsd/arm</code> or
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<code>netbsd/arm</code>.
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</p>
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<p>
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Go 1.1 adds experimental support for <code>cgo</code> on <code>linux/arm</code>.
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</p>
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<h3 id="crosscompile">Cross compilation</h3>
|
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|
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<p>
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When cross-compiling, the <code>go</code> tool will disable <code>cgo</code>
|
|
support by default.
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</p>
|
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|
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<p>
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|
To explicitly enable <code>cgo</code>, set <code>CGO_ENABLED=1</code>.
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</p>
|
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<h2 id="performance">Performance</h2>
|
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|
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<p>
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The performance of code compiled with the Go 1.1 gc tool suite should be noticeably
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better for most Go programs.
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Typical improvements relative to Go 1.0 seem to be about 30%-40%, sometimes
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much more, but occasionally less or even non-existent.
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|
There are too many small performance-driven tweaks through the tools and libraries
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|
to list them all here, but the following major changes are worth noting:
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</p>
|
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|
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<ul>
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<li>The gc compilers generate better code in many cases, most noticeably for
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floating point on the 32-bit Intel architecture.</li>
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<li>The gc compilers do more in-lining, including for some operations
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in the run-time such as <a href="/pkg/builtin/#append"><code>append</code></a>
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and interface conversions.</li>
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<li>There is a new implementation of Go maps with significant reduction in
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memory footprint and CPU time.</li>
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<li>The garbage collector has been made more parallel, which can reduce
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latencies for programs running on multiple CPUs.</li>
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<li>The garbage collector is also more precise, which costs a small amount of
|
|
CPU time but can reduce the size of the heap significantly, especially
|
|
on 32-bit architectures.</li>
|
|
<li>Due to tighter coupling of the run-time and network libraries, fewer
|
|
context switches are required on network operations.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="library">Changes to the standard library</h2>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="bufio_scanner">bufio.Scanner</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The various routines to scan textual input in the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/bufio/"><code>bufio</code></a>
|
|
package,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.ReadBytes"><code>ReadBytes</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.ReadString"><code>ReadString</code></a>
|
|
and particularly
|
|
<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Reader.ReadLine"><code>ReadLine</code></a>,
|
|
are needlessly complex to use for simple purposes.
|
|
In Go 1.1, a new type,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/bufio/#Scanner"><code>Scanner</code></a>,
|
|
has been added to make it easier to do simple tasks such as
|
|
read the input as a sequence of lines or space-delimited words.
|
|
It simplifies the problem by terminating the scan on problematic
|
|
input such as pathologically long lines, and having a simple
|
|
default: line-oriented input, with each line stripped of its terminator.
|
|
Here is code to reproduce the input a line at a time:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
scanner := bufio.NewScanner(os.Stdin)
|
|
for scanner.Scan() {
|
|
fmt.Println(scanner.Text()) // Println will add back the final '\n'
|
|
}
|
|
if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
|
|
fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "reading standard input:", err)
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Scanning behavior can be adjusted through a function to control subdividing the input
|
|
(see the documentation for <a href="/pkg/bufio/#SplitFunc"><code>SplitFunc</code></a>),
|
|
but for tough problems or the need to continue past errors, the older interface
|
|
may still be required.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="net">net</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The protocol-specific resolvers in the <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package were formerly
|
|
lax about the network name passed in.
|
|
Although the documentation was clear
|
|
that the only valid networks for
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#ResolveTCPAddr"><code>ResolveTCPAddr</code></a>
|
|
are <code>"tcp"</code>,
|
|
<code>"tcp4"</code>, and <code>"tcp6"</code>, the Go 1.0 implementation silently accepted any string.
|
|
The Go 1.1 implementation returns an error if the network is not one of those strings.
|
|
The same is true of the other protocol-specific resolvers <a href="/pkg/net/#ResolveIPAddr"><code>ResolveIPAddr</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#ResolveUDPAddr"><code>ResolveUDPAddr</code></a>, and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#ResolveUnixAddr"><code>ResolveUnixAddr</code></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The previous implementation of
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#ListenUnixgram"><code>ListenUnixgram</code></a>
|
|
returned a
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn"><code>UDPConn</code></a> as
|
|
a representation of the connection endpoint.
|
|
The Go 1.1 implementation instead returns a
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn"><code>UnixConn</code></a>
|
|
to allow reading and writing
|
|
with its
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn.ReadFrom"><code>ReadFrom</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn.WriteTo"><code>WriteTo</code></a>
|
|
methods.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The data structures
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#IPAddr"><code>IPAddr</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#TCPAddr"><code>TCPAddr</code></a>, and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPAddr"><code>UDPAddr</code></a>
|
|
add a new string field called <code>Zone</code>.
|
|
Code using untagged composite literals (e.g. <code>net.TCPAddr{ip, port}</code>)
|
|
instead of tagged literals (<code>net.TCPAddr{IP: ip, Port: port}</code>)
|
|
will break due to the new field.
|
|
The Go 1 compatibility rules allow this change: client code must use tagged literals to avoid such breakages.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
To correct breakage caused by the new struct field,
|
|
<code>go fix</code> will rewrite code to add tags for these types.
|
|
More generally, <code>go vet</code> will identify composite literals that
|
|
should be revised to use field tags.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="reflect">reflect</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a> package has several significant additions.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
It is now possible to run a "select" statement using
|
|
the <code>reflect</code> package; see the description of
|
|
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Select"><code>Select</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#SelectCase"><code>SelectCase</code></a>
|
|
for details.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The new method
|
|
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value.Convert"><code>Value.Convert</code></a>
|
|
(or
|
|
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type"><code>Type.ConvertibleTo</code></a>)
|
|
provides functionality to execute a Go conversion or type assertion operation
|
|
on a
|
|
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value"><code>Value</code></a>
|
|
(or test for its possibility).
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The new function
|
|
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#MakeFunc"><code>MakeFunc</code></a>
|
|
creates a wrapper function to make it easier to call a function with existing
|
|
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Value"><code>Values</code></a>,
|
|
doing the standard Go conversions among the arguments, for instance
|
|
to pass an actual <code>int</code> to a formal <code>interface{}</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Finally, the new functions
|
|
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#ChanOf"><code>ChanOf</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#MapOf"><code>MapOf</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#SliceOf"><code>SliceOf</code></a>
|
|
construct new
|
|
<a href="/pkg/reflect/#Type"><code>Types</code></a>
|
|
from existing types, for example to construct the type <code>[]T</code> given
|
|
only <code>T</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="time">time</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
On FreeBSD, Linux, NetBSD, OS X and OpenBSD, previous versions of the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/time/"><code>time</code></a> package
|
|
returned times with microsecond precision.
|
|
The Go 1.1 implementation on these
|
|
systems now returns times with nanosecond precision.
|
|
Programs that write to an external format with microsecond precision
|
|
and read it back, expecting to recover the original value, will be affected
|
|
by the loss of precision.
|
|
There are two new methods of <a href="/pkg/time/#Time"><code>Time</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/time/#Time.Round"><code>Round</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/time/#Time.Truncate"><code>Truncate</code></a>,
|
|
that can be used to remove precision from a time before passing it to
|
|
external storage.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The new method
|
|
<a href="/pkg/time/#Time.YearDay"><code>YearDay</code></a>
|
|
returns the one-indexed integral day number of the year specified by the time value.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The
|
|
<a href="/pkg/time/#Timer"><code>Timer</code></a>
|
|
type has a new method
|
|
<a href="/pkg/time/#Timer.Reset"><code>Reset</code></a>
|
|
that modifies the timer to expire after a specified duration.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Finally, the new function
|
|
<a href="/pkg/time/#ParseInLocation"><code>ParseInLocation</code></a>
|
|
is like the existing
|
|
<a href="/pkg/time/#Parse"><code>Parse</code></a>
|
|
but parses the time in the context of a location (time zone), ignoring
|
|
time zone information in the parsed string.
|
|
This function addresses a common source of confusion in the time API.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Code that needs to read and write times using an external format with
|
|
lower precision should be modified to use the new methods.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="exp_old">Exp and old subtrees moved to go.exp and go.text subrepositories</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
To make it easier for binary distributions to access them if desired, the <code>exp</code>
|
|
and <code>old</code> source subtrees, which are not included in binary distributions,
|
|
have been moved to the new <code>go.exp</code> subrepository at
|
|
<code>code.google.com/p/go.exp</code>. To access the <code>ssa</code> package,
|
|
for example, run
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
$ go get code.google.com/p/go.exp/ssa
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
and then in Go source,
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
import "code.google.com/p/go.exp/ssa"
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The old package <code>exp/norm</code> has also been moved, but to a new repository
|
|
<code>go.text</code>, where the Unicode APIs and other text-related packages will
|
|
be developed.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="new_packages">New packages</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
There are three new packages.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/go/format/"><code>go/format</code></a> package provides
|
|
a convenient way for a program to access the formatting capabilities of the
|
|
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Run_gofmt_on_package_sources"><code>go fmt</code></a> command.
|
|
It has two functions,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/format/#Node"><code>Node</code></a> to format a Go parser
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#Node"><code>Node</code></a>,
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/format/#Source"><code>Source</code></a>
|
|
to reformat arbitrary Go source code into the standard format as provided by the
|
|
<a href="/cmd/go/#hdr-Run_gofmt_on_package_sources"><code>go fmt</code></a> command.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/cookiejar/"><code>net/http/cookiejar</code></a> package provides the basics for managing HTTP cookies.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/runtime/race/"><code>runtime/race</code></a> package provides low-level facilities for data race detection.
|
|
It is internal to the race detector and does not otherwise export any user-visible functionality.
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="minor_library_changes">Minor changes to the library</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The following list summarizes a number of minor changes to the library, mostly additions.
|
|
See the relevant package documentation for more information about each change.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/bytes/"><code>bytes</code></a> package has two new functions,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/bytes/#TrimPrefix"><code>TrimPrefix</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/bytes/#TrimSuffix"><code>TrimSuffix</code></a>,
|
|
with self-evident properties.
|
|
Also, the <a href="/pkg/bytes/#Buffer"><code>Buffer</code></a> type
|
|
has a new method
|
|
<a href="/pkg/bytes/#Buffer.Grow"><code>Grow</code></a> that
|
|
provides some control over memory allocation inside the buffer.
|
|
Finally, the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/bytes/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> type now has a
|
|
<a href="/pkg/strings/#Reader.WriteTo"><code>WriteTo</code></a> method
|
|
so it implements the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/io/#WriterTo"><code>io.WriterTo</code></a> interface.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/"><code>compress/gzip</code></a> package has
|
|
a new <a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Writer.Flush"><code>Flush</code></a>
|
|
method for its
|
|
<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>
|
|
type that flushes its underlying <code>flate.Writer</code>.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/hmac/"><code>crypto/hmac</code></a> package has a new function,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/crypto/hmac/#Equal"><code>Equal</code></a>, to compare two MACs.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/"><code>crypto/x509</code></a> package
|
|
now supports PEM blocks (see
|
|
<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#DecryptPEMBlock"><code>DecryptPEMBlock</code></a> for instance),
|
|
and a new function
|
|
<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#ParseECPrivateKey"><code>ParseECPrivateKey</code></a> to parse elliptic curve private keys.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/database/sql/"><code>database/sql</code></a> package
|
|
has a new
|
|
<a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB.Ping"><code>Ping</code></a>
|
|
method for its
|
|
<a href="/pkg/database/sql/#DB"><code>DB</code></a>
|
|
type that tests the health of the connection.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/"><code>database/sql/driver</code></a> package
|
|
has a new
|
|
<a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#Queryer"><code>Queryer</code></a>
|
|
interface that a
|
|
<a href="/pkg/database/sql/driver/#Conn"><code>Conn</code></a>
|
|
may implement to improve performance.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/json/"><code>encoding/json</code></a> package's
|
|
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Decoder"><code>Decoder</code></a>
|
|
has a new method
|
|
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Decoder.Buffered"><code>Buffered</code></a>
|
|
to provide access to the remaining data in its buffer,
|
|
as well as a new method
|
|
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Decoder.UseNumber"><code>UseNumber</code></a>
|
|
to unmarshal a value into the new type
|
|
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json/#Number"><code>Number</code></a>,
|
|
a string, rather than a float64.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>encoding/xml</code></a> package
|
|
has a new function,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#EscapeText"><code>EscapeText</code></a>,
|
|
which writes escaped XML output,
|
|
and a method on
|
|
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder.Indent"><code>Indent</code></a>,
|
|
to specify indented output.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
In the <a href="/pkg/go/ast/"><code>go/ast</code></a> package, a
|
|
new type <a href="/pkg/go/ast/#CommentMap"><code>CommentMap</code></a>
|
|
and associated methods makes it easier to extract and process comments in Go programs.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
In the <a href="/pkg/go/doc/"><code>go/doc</code></a> package,
|
|
the parser now keeps better track of stylized annotations such as <code>TODO(joe)</code>
|
|
throughout the code,
|
|
information that the <a href="/cmd/godoc/"><code>godoc</code></a>
|
|
command can filter or present according to the value of the <code>-notes</code> flag.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The undocumented and only partially implemented "noescape" feature of the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a>
|
|
package has been removed; programs that depend on it will break.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/image/jpeg/"><code>image/jpeg</code></a> package now
|
|
reads progressive JPEG files and handles a few more subsampling configurations.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/io/"><code>io</code></a> package now exports the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/io/#ByteWriter"><code>io.ByteWriter</code></a> interface to capture the common
|
|
functionality of writing a byte at a time.
|
|
It also exports a new error, <a href="/pkg/io/#ErrNoProgress"><code>ErrNoProgress</code></a>,
|
|
used to indicate a <code>Read</code> implementation is looping without delivering data.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/log/syslog/"><code>log/syslog</code></a> package now provides better support
|
|
for OS-specific logging features.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/math/big/"><code>math/big</code></a> package's
|
|
<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int"><code>Int</code></a> type
|
|
now has methods
|
|
<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.MarshalJSON"><code>MarshalJSON</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.UnmarshalJSON"><code>UnmarshalJSON</code></a>
|
|
to convert to and from a JSON representation.
|
|
Also,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int"><code>Int</code></a>
|
|
can now convert directly to and from a <code>uint64</code> using
|
|
<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.Uint64"><code>Uint64</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Int.SetUint64"><code>SetUint64</code></a>,
|
|
while
|
|
<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Rat"><code>Rat</code></a>
|
|
can do the same with <code>float64</code> using
|
|
<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Rat.Float64"><code>Float64</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/math/big/#Rat.SetFloat64"><code>SetFloat64</code></a>.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/"><code>mime/multipart</code></a> package
|
|
has a new method for its
|
|
<a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/#Writer"><code>Writer</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/#Writer.SetBoundary"><code>SetBoundary</code></a>,
|
|
to define the boundary separator used to package the output.
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/mime/multipart/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a> also now
|
|
transparently decodes any <code>quoted-printable</code> parts and removes
|
|
the <code>Content-Transfer-Encoding</code> header when doing so.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package's
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#ListenUnixgram"><code>ListenUnixgram</code></a>
|
|
function has changed return types: it now returns a
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn"><code>UnixConn</code></a>
|
|
rather than a
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn"><code>UDPConn</code></a>, which was
|
|
clearly a mistake in Go 1.0.
|
|
Since this API change fixes a bug, it is permitted by the Go 1 compatibility rules.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package includes a new type,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer"><code>Dialer</code></a>, to supply options to
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#Dialer.Dial"><code>Dial</code></a>.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds support for
|
|
link-local IPv6 addresses with zone qualifiers, such as <code>fe80::1%lo0</code>.
|
|
The address structures <a href="/pkg/net/#IPAddr"><code>IPAddr</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPAddr"><code>UDPAddr</code></a>, and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#TCPAddr"><code>TCPAddr</code></a>
|
|
record the zone in a new field, and functions that expect string forms of these addresses, such as
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#Dial"><code>Dial</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#ResolveIPAddr"><code>ResolveIPAddr</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#ResolveUDPAddr"><code>ResolveUDPAddr</code></a>, and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#ResolveTCPAddr"><code>ResolveTCPAddr</code></a>,
|
|
now accept the zone-qualified form.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#LookupNS"><code>LookupNS</code></a> to its suite of resolving functions.
|
|
<code>LookupNS</code> returns the <a href="/pkg/net/#NS">NS records</a> for a host name.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds protocol-specific
|
|
packet reading and writing methods to
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn"><code>IPConn</code></a>
|
|
(<a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.ReadMsgIP"><code>ReadMsgIP</code></a>
|
|
and <a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.WriteMsgIP"><code>WriteMsgIP</code></a>) and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn"><code>UDPConn</code></a>
|
|
(<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn.ReadMsgUDP"><code>ReadMsgUDP</code></a> and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#UDPConn.WriteMsgUDP"><code>WriteMsgUDP</code></a>).
|
|
These are specialized versions of <a href="/pkg/net/#PacketConn"><code>PacketConn</code></a>'s
|
|
<code>ReadFrom</code> and <code>WriteTo</code> methods that provide access to out-of-band data associated
|
|
with the packets.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/net/"><code>net</code></a> package adds methods to
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn"><code>UnixConn</code></a> to allow closing half of the connection
|
|
(<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn.CloseRead"><code>CloseRead</code></a> and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#UnixConn.CloseWrite"><code>CloseWrite</code></a>),
|
|
matching the existing methods of <a href="/pkg/net/#TCPConn"><code>TCPConn</code></a>.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>net/http</code></a> package includes several new additions.
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ParseTime"><code>ParseTime</code></a> parses a time string, trying
|
|
several common HTTP time formats.
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.PostFormValue"><code>PostFormValue</code></a> method of
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request"><code>Request</code></a> is like
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Request.FormValue"><code>FormValue</code></a> but ignores URL parameters.
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/net/http/#CloseNotifier"><code>CloseNotifier</code></a> interface provides a mechanism
|
|
for a server handler to discover when a client has disconnected.
|
|
The <code>ServeMux</code> type now has a
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#ServeMux.Handler"><code>Handler</code></a> method to access a path's
|
|
<code>Handler</code> without executing it.
|
|
The <code>Transport</code> can now cancel an in-flight request with
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/http/#Transport.CancelRequest"><code>CancelRequest</code></a>.
|
|
Finally, the Transport is now more aggressive at closing TCP connections when
|
|
a <a href="/pkg/net/http/#Response"><code>Response.Body</code></a> is closed before
|
|
being fully consumed.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/net/mail/"><code>net/mail</code></a> package has two new functions,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/mail/#ParseAddress"><code>ParseAddress</code></a> and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/mail/#ParseAddressList"><code>ParseAddressList</code></a>,
|
|
to parse RFC 5322-formatted mail addresses into
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/mail/#Address"><code>Address</code></a> structures.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/net/smtp/"><code>net/smtp</code></a> package's
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/smtp/#Client"><code>Client</code></a> type has a new method,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/smtp/#Client.Hello"><code>Hello</code></a>,
|
|
which transmits a <code>HELO</code> or <code>EHLO</code> message to the server.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/net/textproto/"><code>net/textproto</code></a> package
|
|
has two new functions,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/textproto/#TrimBytes"><code>TrimBytes</code></a> and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/textproto/#TrimString"><code>TrimString</code></a>,
|
|
which do ASCII-only trimming of leading and trailing spaces.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The new method <a href="/pkg/os/#FileMode.IsRegular"><code>os.FileMode.IsRegular</code></a> makes it easy to ask if a file is a plain file.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/os/signal/"><code>os/signal</code></a> package has a new function,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/os/signal/#Stop"><code>Stop</code></a>, which stops the package delivering
|
|
any further signals to the channel.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/regexp/"><code>regexp</code></a> package
|
|
now supports Unix-original leftmost-longest matches through the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/regexp/#Regexp.Longest"><code>Regexp.Longest</code></a>
|
|
method, while
|
|
<a href="/pkg/regexp/#Regexp.Split"><code>Regexp.Split</code></a> slices
|
|
strings into pieces based on separators defined by the regular expression.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/"><code>runtime/debug</code></a> package
|
|
has three new functions regarding memory usage.
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#FreeOSMemory"><code>FreeOSMemory</code></a>
|
|
function triggers a run of the garbage collector and then attempts to return unused
|
|
memory to the operating system;
|
|
the <a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#ReadGCStats"><code>ReadGCStats</code></a>
|
|
function retrieves statistics about the collector; and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/runtime/debug/#SetGCPercent"><code>SetGCPercent</code></a>
|
|
provides a programmatic way to control how often the collector runs,
|
|
including disabling it altogether.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/sort/"><code>sort</code></a> package has a new function,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/sort/#Reverse"><code>Reverse</code></a>.
|
|
Wrapping the argument of a call to
|
|
<a href="/pkg/sort/#Sort"><code>sort.Sort</code></a>
|
|
with a call to <code>Reverse</code> causes the sort order to be reversed.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/strings/"><code>strings</code></a> package has two new functions,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/strings/#TrimPrefix"><code>TrimPrefix</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/strings/#TrimSuffix"><code>TrimSuffix</code></a>
|
|
with self-evident properties, and the new method
|
|
<a href="/pkg/strings/#Reader.WriteTo"><code>Reader.WriteTo</code></a> so the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/strings/#Reader"><code>Reader</code></a>
|
|
type now implements the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/io/#WriterTo"><code>io.WriterTo</code></a> interface.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package's
|
|
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Fchflags"><code>Fchflags</code></a> function on various BSDs
|
|
(including Darwin) has changed signature.
|
|
It now takes an int as the first parameter instead of a string.
|
|
Since this API change fixes a bug, it is permitted by the Go 1 compatibility rules.
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a> package also has received many updates
|
|
to make it more inclusive of constants and system calls for each supported operating system.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/testing/"><code>testing</code></a> package now automates the generation of allocation
|
|
statistics in tests and benchmarks using the new
|
|
<a href="/pkg/testing/#AllocsPerRun"><code>AllocsPerRun</code></a> function. And the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/testing/#B.ReportAllocs"><code>ReportAllocs</code></a>
|
|
method on <a href="/pkg/testing/#B"><code>testing.B</code></a> will enable printing of
|
|
memory allocation statistics for the calling benchmark. It also introduces the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/testing/#BenchmarkResult.AllocsPerOp"><code>AllocsPerOp</code></a> method of
|
|
<a href="/pkg/testing/#BenchmarkResult"><code>BenchmarkResult</code></a>.
|
|
There is also a new
|
|
<a href="/pkg/testing/#Verbose"><code>Verbose</code></a> function to test the state of the <code>-v</code>
|
|
command-line flag,
|
|
and a new
|
|
<a href="/pkg/testing/#B.Skip"><code>Skip</code></a> method of
|
|
<a href="/pkg/testing/#B"><code>testing.B</code></a> and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/testing/#T"><code>testing.T</code></a>
|
|
to simplify skipping an inappropriate test.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
In the <a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a> packages,
|
|
templates can now use parentheses to group the elements of pipelines, simplifying the construction of complex pipelines.
|
|
Also, as part of the new parser, the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/text/template/parse/#Node"><code>Node</code></a> interface got two new methods to provide
|
|
better error reporting.
|
|
Although this violates the Go 1 compatibility rules,
|
|
no existing code should be affected because this interface is explicitly intended only to be used
|
|
by the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a>
|
|
packages and there are safeguards to guarantee that.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
The implementation of the <a href="/pkg/unicode/"><code>unicode</code></a> package has been updated to Unicode version 6.2.0.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
In the <a href="/pkg/unicode/utf8/"><code>unicode/utf8</code></a> package,
|
|
the new function <a href="/pkg/unicode/utf8/#ValidRune"><code>ValidRune</code></a> reports whether the rune is a valid Unicode code point.
|
|
To be valid, a rune must be in range and not be a surrogate half.
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|