// errorcheck -0 -m -m -l // Copyright 2015 The Go Authors. All rights reserved. // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style // license that can be found in the LICENSE file. // Note the doubled -m; this tests the "because" explanations for escapes, // and is likely to be annoyingly fragile under compiler change. // As long as the explanations look reasonably sane, meaning eyeball verify output of // go build -gcflags '-l -m -m' escape_because.go // and investigate changes, feel free to update with // go run run.go -update_errors -- escape_because.go package main func main() { } var sink interface{} type pair struct { x, y *int } type Pairy interface { EqualParts() bool } func (p *pair) EqualParts() bool { // ERROR "\(\*pair\).EqualParts p does not escape$" return p != nil && (p.x == p.y || *p.x == *p.y) } func f1(p *int) { // ERROR "from \[3\]\*int literal \(array literal element\) at escape_because.go:34$" "from a \(assigned\) at escape_because.go:34$" "from a \(interface-converted\) at escape_because.go:35$" "from sink \(assigned to top level variable\) at escape_because.go:35$" "leaking param: p$" a := [3]*int{p, nil, nil} sink = a // ERROR "a escapes to heap$" "from sink \(assigned to top level variable\) at escape_because.go:35$" } func f2(q *int) { // ERROR "from &u \(address-of\) at escape_because.go:43$" "from &u \(interface-converted\) at escape_because.go:43$" "from pair literal \(struct literal element\) at escape_because.go:41$" "from s \(assigned\) at escape_because.go:40$" "from sink \(assigned to top level variable\) at escape_because.go:43$" "from t \(assigned\) at escape_because.go:41$" "from u \(assigned\) at escape_because.go:42$" "leaking param: q$" s := q t := pair{s, nil} u := t // ERROR "moved to heap: u$" sink = &u // ERROR "&u escapes to heap$" "from &u \(interface-converted\) at escape_because.go:43$" "from sink \(assigned to top level variable\) at escape_because.go:43$" } func f3(r *int) interface{} { // ERROR "from \[\]\*int literal \(slice-literal-element\) at escape_because.go:47$" "from c \(assigned\) at escape_because.go:47$" "from c \(interface-converted\) at escape_because.go:48$" "from ~r1 \(return\) at escape_because.go:48$" "leaking param: r to result ~r1 level=-1$" c := []*int{r} // ERROR "\[\]\*int literal escapes to heap$" "from c \(assigned\) at escape_because.go:47$" "from c \(interface-converted\) at escape_because.go:48$" "from ~r1 \(return\) at escape_because.go:48$" return c // "return" // ERROR "c escapes to heap$" "from ~r1 \(return\) at escape_because.go:48$" } func f4(a *int, s []*int) int { // ERROR "from \*s \(indirection\) at escape_because.go:51$" "from append\(s, a\) \(appended to slice\) at escape_because.go:52$" "from append\(s, a\) \(appendee slice\) at escape_because.go:52$" "leaking param content: s$" "leaking param: a$" s = append(s, a) return *(s[0]) } func f5(s1, s2 []*int) int { // ERROR "from \*s1 \(indirection\) at escape_because.go:56$" "from \*s2 \(indirection\) at escape_because.go:56$" "from append\(s1, s2...\) \(appended slice...\) at escape_because.go:57$" "from append\(s1, s2...\) \(appendee slice\) at escape_because.go:57$" "leaking param content: s1$" "leaking param content: s2$" s1 = append(s1, s2...) return *(s1[0]) } func f6(x, y *int) bool { // ERROR "f6 x does not escape$" "f6 y does not escape$" p := pair{x, y} var P Pairy = &p // ERROR "f6 &p does not escape$" pp := P.(*pair) return pp.EqualParts() } func f7(x map[int]*int, y int) *int { // ERROR "f7 x does not escape$" z, ok := x[y] if !ok { return nil } return z } func f8(x int, y *int) *int { // ERROR "from ~r2 \(return\) at escape_because.go:78$" "from ~r2 \(returned from recursive function\) at escape_because.go:76$" "leaking param: y$" "moved to heap: x$" if x <= 0 { return y } x-- return f8(*y, &x) // ERROR "&x escapes to heap$" "from y \(arg to recursive call\) at escape_because.go:81$" "from ~r2 \(return\) at escape_because.go:78$" "from ~r2 \(returned from recursive function\) at escape_because.go:76$" } func f9(x int, y ...*int) *int { // ERROR "from y\[0\] \(dot of pointer\) at escape_because.go:86$" "from ~r2 \(return\) at escape_because.go:86$" "from ~r2 \(returned from recursive function\) at escape_because.go:84$" "leaking param content: y$" "leaking param: y to result ~r2 level=1$" "moved to heap: x$" if x <= 0 { return y[0] } x-- return f9(*y[0], &x) // ERROR "&x escapes to heap$" "f9 ... argument does not escape$" "from ... argument \(... arg to recursive call\) at escape_because.go:89$" } func f10(x map[*int]*int, y, z *int) *int { // ERROR "f10 x does not escape$" "from x\[y\] \(key of map put\) at escape_because.go:93$" "from x\[y\] \(value of map put\) at escape_because.go:93$" "leaking param: y$" "leaking param: z$" x[y] = z return z } func f11(x map[*int]*int, y, z *int) map[*int]*int { // ERROR "f11 x does not escape$" "from map\[\*int\]\*int literal \(map literal key\) at escape_because.go:98$" "from map\[\*int\]\*int literal \(map literal value\) at escape_because.go:98$" "leaking param: y$" "leaking param: z$" return map[*int]*int{y: z} // ERROR "from ~r3 \(return\) at escape_because.go:98$" "map\[\*int\]\*int literal escapes to heap$" } func f12() { b := []byte("test") // ERROR "\(\[\]byte\)\(.test.\) escapes to heap$" "from b \(assigned\) at escape_because.go:102$" "from b \(passed to call\[argument escapes\]\) at escape_because.go:103$" escape(b) } func escape(b []byte) { // ERROR "from panic\(b\) \(panic\) at escape_because.go:107$" "leaking param: b$" panic(b) } func f13() { b := []byte("test") // ERROR "\(\[\]byte\)\(.test.\) escapes to heap$" "from .out0 \(passed-to-and-returned-from-call\) at escape_because.go:112$" "from b \(assigned\) at escape_because.go:111$" "from c \(assigned\) at escape_because.go:112$" "from c \(passed to call\[argument escapes\]\) at escape_because.go:113$" c := transmit(b) escape(c) } func transmit(b []byte) []byte { // ERROR "from ~r1 \(return\) at escape_because.go:117$" "leaking param: b to result ~r1 level=0$" return b } func f14() { n := 32 s1 := make([]int, n) // ERROR "make\(\[\]int, n\) escapes to heap" "from make\(\[\]int, n\) \(non-constant size\)" s2 := make([]int, 0, n) // ERROR "make\(\[\]int, 0, n\) escapes to heap" "from make\(\[\]int, 0, n\) \(non-constant size\)" _, _ = s1, s2 } func leakParams(p1, p2 *int) (*int, *int) { // ERROR "leaking param: p1 to result ~r2 level=0$" "from ~r2 \(return\) at escape_because.go:128$" "leaking param: p2 to result ~r3 level=0$" "from ~r3 \(return\) at escape_because.go:128$" return p1, p2 } func leakThroughOAS2() { // See #26987. i := 0 // ERROR "moved to heap: i$" j := 0 // ERROR "moved to heap: j$" sink, sink = &i, &j // ERROR "&i escapes to heap$" "from sink \(assign-pair\) at escape_because.go:135$" "from &i \(interface-converted\) at escape_because.go:135$" "&j escapes to heap$" "from &j \(interface-converted\) at escape_because.go:135" } func leakThroughOAS2FUNC() { // See #26987. i := 0 // ERROR "moved to heap: i$" j := 0 sink, _ = leakParams(&i, &j) // ERROR "&i escapes to heap$" "&j does not escape$" "from .out0 \(passed-to-and-returned-from-call\) at escape_because.go:142$" "from sink \(assign-pair-func-call\) at escape_because.go:142$" } // The list below is all of the why-escapes messages seen building the escape analysis tests. /* for i in escape*go ; do echo compile $i; go build -gcflags '-l -m -m' $i >& `basename $i .go`.log ; done grep 'from .* at ' escape*.log | sed -e 's/^.*(\([^()]*\))[^()]*$/\1/' | sort -u */ // sed RE above assumes that (reason) is the last parenthesized phrase in the line, // and that none of the reasons contains any parentheses /* ... arg to recursive call address-of appended slice... appended to slice appendee slice arg to ... arg to recursive call array-element-equals array literal element assigned assigned to top level variable assign-pair-dot-type assign-pair-func-call captured by a closure captured by called closure dot dot-equals dot of pointer fixed-array-index-of go func arg indirection interface-converted key of map put map literal key map literal value non-constant size panic parameter to indirect call passed-to-and-returned-from-call passed to call[argument content escapes] passed to call[argument escapes] pointer literal range-deref receiver in indirect call return returned from recursive function slice-element-equals slice-literal-element star-dot-equals star-equals struct literal element too large for stack value of map put */ // Expected, but not yet seen (they may be unreachable): /* append-first-arg assign-pair-mapr assign-pair-receive call receiver map index pointer literal [assign] slice literal element */