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update document. todo still: array and map literals; syntax for basic literals.
SVN=113815
This commit is contained in:
Rob Pike
parent
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commit
67aafa6f57
282
doc/go_lang.txt
282
doc/go_lang.txt
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@ -73,8 +73,10 @@ Go programs are strongly typed. Certain expressions, in particular map
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and channel accesses, can also be polymorphic. The language provides
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mechanisms to make use of such polymorphic values type-safe.
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Interface types are the mechanism to support an object-oriented
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programming style. Different interface types are independent of each
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Interface types, building on structures with methods, provide
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the mechanisms to support object-oriented programming.
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Different interface types are independent of each
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other and no explicit hierarchy is required (such as single or
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multiple inheritance explicitly specified through respective type
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declarations). Interface types only define a set of methods that a
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@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ language support.
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Values and references
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----
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All objects have value semantics, but its contents may be accessed
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All objects have value semantics, but their contents may be accessed
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through different pointers referring to the same object.
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For example, when calling a function with an array, the array is
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passed by value, possibly by making a copy. To pass a reference,
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@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ one must explicitly pass a pointer to the array. For arrays in
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particular, this is different from C.
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There is also a built-in string type, which represents immutable
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byte strings.
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strings of bytes.
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Syntax
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@ -193,10 +195,10 @@ Notation
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The syntax is specified using Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF).
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In particular:
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- "" encloses lexical symbols (\" is used to denote a " in a symbol)
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- "" encloses lexical symbols (a backslash precedes a literal quote within a symbol)
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- | separates alternatives
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- () used for grouping
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- [] specifies option (0 or 1 times)
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- () groups
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- [] specifies an option (0 or 1 times)
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- {} specifies repetition (0 to n times)
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A production may be referenced from various places in this document
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@ -273,7 +275,7 @@ type, a function, etc. An identifier must not be a reserved word.
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Types
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----
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A type specifies the set of values which variables of that type may
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A type specifies the set of values that variables of that type may
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assume, and the operators that are applicable.
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There are basic types and compound types constructed from them.
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@ -282,27 +284,27 @@ There are basic types and compound types constructed from them.
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Basic types
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----
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Go defines a number of basic types which are referred to by their
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Go defines a number of basic types, referred to by their
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predeclared type names. There are signed and unsigned integer
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and floating point types:
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bool the truth values true and false
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uint8 the set of all unsigned 8bit integers
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uint16 the set of all unsigned 16bit integers
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uint32 the set of all unsigned 32bit integers
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unit64 the set of all unsigned 64bit integers
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uint8 the set of all unsigned 8-bit integers
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uint16 the set of all unsigned 16-bit integers
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uint32 the set of all unsigned 32-bit integers
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unit64 the set of all unsigned 64-bit integers
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byte alias for uint8
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int8 the set of all signed 8bit integers, in 2's complement
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int16 the set of all signed 16bit integers, in 2's complement
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int32 the set of all signed 32bit integers, in 2's complement
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int64 the set of all signed 64bit integers, in 2's complement
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int8 the set of all signed 8-bit integers, in 2's complement
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int16 the set of all signed 16-bit integers, in 2's complement
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int32 the set of all signed 32-bit integers, in 2's complement
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int64 the set of all signed 64-bit integers, in 2's complement
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float32 the set of all valid IEEE-754 32bit floating point numbers
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float64 the set of all valid IEEE-754 64bit floating point numbers
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float80 the set of all valid IEEE-754 80bit floating point numbers
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float32 the set of all valid IEEE-754 32-bit floating point numbers
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float64 the set of all valid IEEE-754 64-bit floating point numbers
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float80 the set of all valid IEEE-754 80-bit floating point numbers
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Additionally, Go declares 4 basic types, uint, int, float, and double,
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which are platform-specific. The bit width of these types corresponds to
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@ -320,8 +322,8 @@ Numeric literals
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----
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Integer literals take the usual C form, except for the absence of the
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'U', 'L' etc. suffixes, and represent integer constants. (Character
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literals are also integer constants.) Similarly, floating point
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'U', 'L', etc. suffixes, and represent integer constants. Character
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literals are also integer constants. Similarly, floating point
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literals are also C-like, without suffixes and decimal only.
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An integer constant represents an abstract integer value of arbitrary
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@ -333,7 +335,10 @@ upon them is not subject to overflow; only finalization of integer
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constants (and constant expressions) can cause overflow.
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It is an error if the value of the constant or expression cannot be
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represented correctly in the range of the type of the receiving
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variable or constant.
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variable or constant. By extension, it is also possible to use
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an integer as a floating constant (such as 1 instead of 1.0) if
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it can be represented accurately, and vice versa (such as 1e9
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instead of 1000000000).
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Floating point literals also represent an abstract, ideal floating
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point value that is constrained only upon assignment.
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@ -356,15 +361,15 @@ The string type
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----
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The string type represents the set of string values (strings).
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A string behaves like an array of bytes, with the following properties:
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Strings behave like arrays of bytes, with the following properties:
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- They are immutable: after creation, it is not possible to change the
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contents of a string
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contents of a string.
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- No internal pointers: it is illegal to create a pointer to an inner
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element of a string
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- They can be indexed: given string s1, s1[i] is a byte value
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element of a string.
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- They can be indexed: given string s1, s1[i] is a byte value.
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- They can be concatenated: given strings s1 and s2, s1 + s2 is a value
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combining the elements of s1 and s2 in sequence
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combining the elements of s1 and s2 in sequence.
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- Known length: the length of a string s1 can be obtained by the function/
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operator len(s1). The length of a string is the number of bytes within.
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Unlike in C, there is no terminal NUL byte.
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@ -401,7 +406,7 @@ The rules are:
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hex_digit hex_digit hex_digit hex_digit .
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escaped_char = "\" ( "a" | "b" | "f" | "n" | "r" | "t" | "v" | "\" | "'" | "\"" ) .
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A UnicodeValue takes one of four forms:
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A unicode_value takes one of four forms:
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* The UTF-8 encoding of a Unicode code point. Since Go source
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text is in UTF-8, this is the obvious translation from input
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@ -418,12 +423,12 @@ Some values that can be represented this way are illegal because they
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are not valid Unicode code points. These include values above
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0x10FFFF and surrogate halves.
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An OctalByteValue contains three octal digits. A HexByteValue
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An octal_byte_value contains three octal digits. A hex_byte_value
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contains two hexadecimal digits. (Note: This differs from C but is
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simpler.)
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It is erroneous for an OctalByteValue to represent a value larger than 255.
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(By construction, a HexByteValue cannot.)
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It is erroneous for an octal_byte_value to represent a value larger than 255.
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(By construction, a hex_byte_value cannot.)
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A character literal is a form of unsigned integer constant. Its value
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is that of the Unicode code point represented by the text between the
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@ -451,8 +456,8 @@ do not interpret backslashes at all.
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A string literal has type 'string'. Its value is constructed by
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taking the byte values formed by the successive elements of the
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literal. For ByteValues, these are the literal bytes; for
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UnicodeValues, these are the bytes of the UTF-8 encoding of the
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literal. For byte_values, these are the literal bytes; for
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unicode_values, these are the bytes of the UTF-8 encoding of the
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corresponding Unicode code points. Note that
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"\u00FF"
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and
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@ -508,7 +513,7 @@ differ only if the variable has an interface type.)
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Compound types may be constructed from other types by
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assembling arrays, maps, channels, structures, and functions.
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Array and struct types are called structured types, all other types
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Array, map and struct types are called structured types, all other types
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are called unstructured. A structured type cannot contain itself.
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Type = TypeName | ArrayType | ChannelType | InterfaceType |
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@ -522,8 +527,8 @@ Array types
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[TODO: this section needs work regarding the precise difference between
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static, open and dynamic arrays]
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An array is a structured type consisting of a number of elements which
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are all of the same type, called the element type. The number of
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An array is a structured type consisting of a number of elements
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all of the same type, called the element type. The number of
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elements of an array is called its length. The elements of an array
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are designated by indices which are integers between 0 and the length - 1.
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@ -543,24 +548,12 @@ formal parameters for functions.
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[64] struct { x, y: int32; }
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[1000][1000] float64
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The length of an array can be discovered at run time using the
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built-in special function len():
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The length of an array can be discovered at run time (or compile time, if
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its length is a constant) using the built-in special function len():
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len(a)
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Array literals
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----
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Array literals represent array constants. All the contained expressions must
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be of the same type, which is the element type of the resulting array.
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ArrayLit = "[" ExpressionList "]" .
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[ 1, 2, 3 ]
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[ "x", "y" ]
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Map types
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----
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@ -580,21 +573,6 @@ A map whose value type is 'any' can store values of all types.
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map [string] any
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Map Literals
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----
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Map literals represent map constants. They comprise a list of (key, value)
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pairs. All keys must have the same type; all values must have the same type.
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These types define the key and value types for the map.
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MapLit = "[" KeyValueList "]" .
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KeyValueList = KeyValue { "," KeyValue } .
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KeyValue = Expression ":" Expression .
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[ "one" : 1, "two" : 2 ]
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[ 2: true, 3: true, 5: true, 7: true ]
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Struct types
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----
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@ -618,7 +596,46 @@ structure.
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f func();
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}
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Compound Literals
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----
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Literals for compound data structures consist of the type of the constant
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followed by a parenthesized expression list. In effect, they are a
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conversion from expression list to compound value.
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Array literals
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----
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Array literals represent array values. All the contained expressions must
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be of the same type, which is the element type of the resulting array.
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ArrayLit = ArrayType "(" [ ExpressionList ] ")" .
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[]int()
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[]int(1, 2, 3)
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[]string("x", "y")
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Unresolved issues: Are elements converted? What about length?
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Map Literals
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----
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Map literals represent map values. They comprise a list of (key, value)
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pairs written as successive values.
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All keys must have the same type; all values must have the same type.
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MapLit = MapType "(" KeyValueList ")" .
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KeyValueList = [ KeyValue { "," KeyValue } ].
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KeyValue = Expression "," Expression .
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[string]map int("one",1, "two",2)
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[int]map bool(2,true, 3,true, 5,true, 7,true)
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Unresolved issues: Are elements converted?
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Colon for a separator or comma?
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Struct literals
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----
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@ -626,12 +643,11 @@ Struct literals represent struct constants. They comprise a list of
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expressions that represent the individual fields of a struct. The
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individual expressions must match those of the specified struct type.
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StructLit = TypeName "(" [ ExpressionList ] ")" .
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The type name must be that of a defined struct type.
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StructLit = StructType "(" [ ExpressionList ] ")" .
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Point(2, 3)
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ColoredPoint(4, 4, "green")
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struct { a, b int } (7, 8)
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Pointer types
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@ -644,7 +660,7 @@ Pointer types are similar to those in C.
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We do not allow pointer arithmetic of any kind.
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*int
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*map[string] **int
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*map[string] *chan
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There are no pointer literals.
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@ -657,19 +673,24 @@ to exchange values and synchronize execution. A channel type can be
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'generic', permitting values of any type to be exchanged, or it may be
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'specific', permitting only values of an explicitly specified type.
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Upon creation, a channel can be used both to send and to receive; it
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may be restricted only to send or to receive; such a restricted channel
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Upon creation, a channel can be used both to send and to receive.
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By conversion or assignment, it may be restricted only to send or
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to receive; such a restricted channel
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is called a 'send channel' or a 'receive channel'.
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ChannelType = "chan" [ "<" | ">" ] ValueType .
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chan any // a generic channel
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chan int // a channel that can exchange only ints
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chan any // a generic channel
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chan int // a channel that can exchange only ints
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chan> float // a channel that can only be used to send floats
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chan< any // a channel that can receive (only) values of any type
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chan< any // a channel that can receive (only) values of any type
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Channel variables always have type pointer to channel.
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It is an error to attempt to dereference a channel pointer.
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It is an error to attempt to use a channel value and in
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particular to dereference a channel pointer.
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var ch *chan int;
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ch = new(chan int); // new returns type *chan int
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There are no channel literals.
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@ -703,10 +724,10 @@ Functions can return multiple values simultaneously.
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func (p *T) . (a, b int, z float) (success bool)
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func (p *T) . (a, b int, z float) (success bool, result float)
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A variable can only hold a pointer to a function, but not a function value.
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In particular, v := func() {}; creates a variable of type *func(). To call the
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function referenced by v, one writes v(). It is illegal to dereference a function
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pointer.
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A variable can hold only a pointer to a function, not a function value.
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In particular, v := func() {} creates a variable of type *func(). To call the
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function referenced by v, one writes v(). It is illegal to dereference a
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function pointer.
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Function Literals
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@ -732,6 +753,7 @@ variables, and variables declared within the function literal.
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// Method literal
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func (p *T) . (a, b int, z float) bool { return a*b < int(z) + p.x; }
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Unresolved issues: Are there method literals? How do you use them?
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Methods
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----
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@ -857,8 +879,6 @@ Type declarations
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----
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A type declaration introduces a name as a shorthand for a type.
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In certain situations, such as conversions, it may be necessary to
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use such a type name.
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TypeDecl = "type" ( TypeSpec | "(" TypeSpecList [ ";" ] ")" ).
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TypeSpec = identifier Type .
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@ -907,7 +927,8 @@ is shorthand for
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f := func() int { return 7; }
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ch := new(chan int);
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Also, in some contexts such as if or while statements, this construct can be used to
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Also, in some contexts such as if or for statements,
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this construct can be used to
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declare local temporary variables.
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@ -916,7 +937,7 @@ Function and method declarations
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Functions and methods have a special declaration syntax, slightly
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different from the type syntax because an identifier must be present
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in the signature. For now, functions and methods can only be declared
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in the signature. Functions and methods can only be declared
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at the global level.
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FunctionDecl = "func" NamedSignature ( ";" | Block ) .
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@ -929,14 +950,14 @@ at the global level.
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return y;
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}
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func foo (a, b int, z float) bool {
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func foo(a, b int, z float) bool {
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return a*b < int(z);
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}
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A method is a function that also declares a receiver.
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func (p *T) foo (a, b int, z float) bool {
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func (p *T) foo(a, b int, z float) bool {
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return a*b < int(z) + p.x;
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}
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|
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@ -951,8 +972,8 @@ A method is a function that also declares a receiver.
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Functions and methods can be forward declared by omitting the body:
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func foo (a, b int, z float) bool;
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func (p *T) foo (a, b int, z float) bool;
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func foo(a, b int, z float) bool;
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func (p *T) foo(a, b int, z float) bool;
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Export declarations
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@ -963,9 +984,9 @@ exported identifer visible outside the package. Another package may
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then import the identifier to use it.
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Export declarations must only appear at the global level of a
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compilation unit. That is, one can export
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compilation-unit global identifiers but not, for example, local
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variables or structure fields.
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compilation unit and can name only globally-visible identifiers.
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That is, one can export global functions, types, and so on but not
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local variables or structure fields.
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Exporting an identifier makes the identifier visible externally to the
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package. If the identifier represents a type, the type structure is
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|
|
@ -978,9 +999,11 @@ export directive.
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ExportIdentifier = QualifiedIdent .
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export sin, cos
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export Math.abs
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export math.abs
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|
||||
[ TODO complete this section ]
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TODO: complete this section
|
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|
||||
TODO: export as a mechanism for public and private struct fields?
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|
||||
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Expressions
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||||
|
|
@ -1029,23 +1052,28 @@ and
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|||
(a / b) is "truncated towards zero".
|
||||
|
||||
There are no implicit type conversions except for
|
||||
constants and literals. In particular, unsigned and signed integers
|
||||
cannot be mixed in an expression without explicit conversion.
|
||||
constants and literals. In particular, unsigned and signed integer
|
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variables cannot be mixed in an expression without explicit conversion.
|
||||
|
||||
The shift operators implement arithmetic shifts for signed integers,
|
||||
and logical shifts for unsigned integers. The property of negative
|
||||
The shift operators implement arithmetic shifts for signed integers
|
||||
and logical shifts for unsigned integers. The properties of negative
|
||||
shift counts are undefined. Unary '^' corresponds to C '~' (bitwise
|
||||
complement).
|
||||
|
||||
There is no '->' operator. Given a pointer p to a struct, one writes
|
||||
p.f to access field f of the struct. Similarly. given an array or map pointer, one
|
||||
writes p[i], given a function pointer, one writes p() to call the function.
|
||||
p.f
|
||||
to access field f of the struct. Similarly, given an array or map
|
||||
pointer, one writes
|
||||
p[i]
|
||||
to access an element. Given a function pointer, one writes
|
||||
p()
|
||||
to call the function.
|
||||
|
||||
Other operators behave as in C.
|
||||
|
||||
The 'iota' keyword is discussed in the next section.
|
||||
The "iota" keyword is discussed in the next section.
|
||||
|
||||
Primary expressions
|
||||
Examples of primary expressions
|
||||
|
||||
x
|
||||
2
|
||||
|
|
@ -1059,7 +1087,7 @@ Primary expressions
|
|||
Math.sin
|
||||
f.p[i].x()
|
||||
|
||||
General expressions
|
||||
Examples of general expressions
|
||||
|
||||
+x
|
||||
23 + 3*x[i]
|
||||
|
|
@ -1124,6 +1152,8 @@ They are optional after a statement that ends with a closing curly brace '}'.
|
|||
StructuredStat [ ";" ] StatementList |
|
||||
UnstructuredStat ";" StatementList .
|
||||
|
||||
TODO: define optional semicolons precisely
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Expression statements
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
|
@ -1166,7 +1196,7 @@ As in C, arithmetic binary operators can be combined with assignments:
|
|||
j <<= 2
|
||||
|
||||
A tuple assignment assigns the individual elements of a multi-valued operation,
|
||||
such function evaluation or some channel and map operations, into individual
|
||||
such as function evaluation or some channel and map operations, into individual
|
||||
variables. For instance, a tuple assignment such as
|
||||
|
||||
v1, v2, v3 = e1, e2, e3
|
||||
|
|
@ -1180,7 +1210,7 @@ exchanges the values of a and b. The tuple assignment
|
|||
|
||||
x, y = f()
|
||||
|
||||
calls the function f, which must return 2 values and assigns them to x and y.
|
||||
calls the function f, which must return two values, and assigns them to x and y.
|
||||
As a special case, retrieving a value from a map, when written as a two-element
|
||||
tuple assignment, assign a value and a boolean. If the value is present in the map,
|
||||
the value is assigned and the second, boolean variable is set to true. Otherwise,
|
||||
|
|
@ -1192,8 +1222,8 @@ Analogously, receiving a value from a channel can be written as a tuple assignme
|
|||
|
||||
value, success = <chan_var
|
||||
|
||||
If the receive operation would block, the boolean is set to false. This provides to avoid
|
||||
blocking on a receive operation.
|
||||
If the receive operation would block, the boolean is set to false.
|
||||
This provides a mechanism to avoid blocking on a receive operation.
|
||||
|
||||
Sending on a channel is a form of assignment. The left hand side expression
|
||||
must denote a channel pointer value.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1215,7 +1245,7 @@ function to complete.
|
|||
|
||||
|
||||
go Server()
|
||||
go func(ch chan> bool) { for ;; { sleep(10); >ch = true; }} (c)
|
||||
go func(ch chan> bool) { for { sleep(10); >ch = true; }} (c)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Return statements
|
||||
|
|
@ -1234,7 +1264,7 @@ explicitly list the return value or values in the return statement:
|
|||
return 2;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
func complex_f1() (re float, im float) {
|
||||
func complex_f1() (float, float) {
|
||||
return -7.0, -4.0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1294,7 +1324,7 @@ Switches provide multi-way execution.
|
|||
|
||||
There can be at most one default case in a switch statement.
|
||||
|
||||
The 'fallthrough' keyword indicates that the control should flow from
|
||||
The "fallthrough" keyword indicates that the control should flow from
|
||||
the end of this case clause to the first statement of the next clause.
|
||||
|
||||
The expressions do not need to be constants. They will
|
||||
|
|
@ -1317,7 +1347,7 @@ the variable is initialized once before the switch is entered.
|
|||
default: return x
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Cases do not fall through unless explicitly marked with a 'fallthrough' statement.
|
||||
Cases do not fall through unless explicitly marked with a "fallthrough" statement.
|
||||
|
||||
switch a {
|
||||
case 1:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1327,7 +1357,7 @@ Cases do not fall through unless explicitly marked with a 'fallthrough' statemen
|
|||
c();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
If the expression is omitted, it is equivalent to 'true'.
|
||||
If the expression is omitted, it is equivalent to "true".
|
||||
|
||||
switch {
|
||||
case x < y: f1();
|
||||
|
|
@ -1339,7 +1369,7 @@ If the expression is omitted, it is equivalent to 'true'.
|
|||
For statements
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
For statements are a combination of the 'for' and 'while' loops of C.
|
||||
For statements are a combination of the "for" and "while" loops of C.
|
||||
|
||||
ForStat = "for" [ Condition | ForClause ] Block .
|
||||
ForClause = [ InitStat ] ";" [ Condition ] ";" [ PostStat ] .
|
||||
|
|
@ -1356,14 +1386,14 @@ variable in the init statement.
|
|||
printf("%d\n", i)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
A 'for' statement with just a condition executes until the condition becomes
|
||||
false. Thus it is the same as C 'while' statement.
|
||||
A for statement with just a condition executes until the condition becomes
|
||||
false. Thus it is the same as C's while statement.
|
||||
|
||||
for a < b {
|
||||
a *= 2
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
If the condition is absent, it is equivalent to 'true'.
|
||||
If the condition is absent, it is equivalent to "true".
|
||||
|
||||
for {
|
||||
f()
|
||||
|
|
@ -1385,8 +1415,8 @@ to range over the keys of the map; two identifiers range over the keys and corre
|
|||
values. For arrays and strings, the behavior is analogous for integer indices (the keys) and
|
||||
array elements (the values).
|
||||
|
||||
a := [ 1, 2, 3 ];
|
||||
m := [ "fo" : 2, "foo" : 3, "fooo" : 4 ]
|
||||
a := []int(1, 2, 3);
|
||||
m := [string]map int("fo",2, "foo",3, "fooo",4)
|
||||
|
||||
range i := a {
|
||||
f(a[i]);
|
||||
|
|
@ -1400,12 +1430,13 @@ array elements (the values).
|
|||
Break statements
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
Within a 'for' or 'switch' statement, a 'break' statement terminates execution of
|
||||
the innermost 'for' or 'switch' statement.
|
||||
Within a for or switch statement, a break statement terminates execution of
|
||||
the innermost for or switch statement.
|
||||
|
||||
BreakStat = "break" [ identifier ].
|
||||
|
||||
If there is an identifier, it must be the label name of an enclosing 'for' or' 'switch'
|
||||
If there is an identifier, it must be the label name of an enclosing
|
||||
for or switch
|
||||
statement, and that is the one whose execution terminates.
|
||||
|
||||
L: for i < n {
|
||||
|
|
@ -1418,12 +1449,12 @@ statement, and that is the one whose execution terminates.
|
|||
Continue statements
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
Within a 'for' loop a continue statement begins the next iteration of the
|
||||
Within a for loop a continue statement begins the next iteration of the
|
||||
loop at the post statement.
|
||||
|
||||
ContinueStat = "continue" [ identifier ].
|
||||
|
||||
The optional identifier is analogous to that of a 'break' statement.
|
||||
The optional identifier is analogous to that of a break statement.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Goto statements
|
||||
|
|
@ -1439,13 +1470,14 @@ A goto statement transfers control to the corresponding label statement.
|
|||
Label declaration
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
A label declaration serves as the target of a 'goto', 'break' or 'continue' statement.
|
||||
A label declaration serves as the target of a goto, break or continue statement.
|
||||
|
||||
LabelDecl = identifier ":" .
|
||||
|
||||
Error:
|
||||
|
||||
There are various restrictions [TBD] as to where a label statement can be used.
|
||||
TODO: what are the restrictions on the placement of labels
|
||||
and goto statements?
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Packages
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue