diff --git a/pkg/vm/lib/transformations/dynamic_interface_annotator.dart b/pkg/vm/lib/transformations/dynamic_interface_annotator.dart
index 3eab1771669..64f25319355 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/lib/transformations/dynamic_interface_annotator.dart
+++ b/pkg/vm/lib/transformations/dynamic_interface_annotator.dart
@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ InstanceConstant pragmaConstant(CoreTypes coreTypes, String pragmaName) {
   });
 }
 
-void parseAndAnnotate(YamlList items, String pragmaName, Uri baseUri,
+void parseAndAnnotate(YamlList? items, String pragmaName, Uri baseUri,
     Component component, CoreTypes coreTypes, LibraryIndex libraryIndex,
     {required bool allowMembers, bool onlyInstanceMembers = false}) {
+  if (items == null) return;
   final pragma = pragmaConstant(coreTypes, pragmaName);
-
   for (final item in items) {
     final nodes = findNodes(item, baseUri, libraryIndex, component,
         allowMembers: allowMembers, onlyInstanceMembers: onlyInstanceMembers);
diff --git a/pkg/vm/lib/transformations/type_flow/analysis.dart b/pkg/vm/lib/transformations/type_flow/analysis.dart
index f23ec893cc6..4defc26d02d 100644
--- a/pkg/vm/lib/transformations/type_flow/analysis.dart
+++ b/pkg/vm/lib/transformations/type_flow/analysis.dart
@@ -760,6 +760,10 @@ final class _DispatchableInvocation extends _Invocation {
       ConeType receiver,
       Map<Member, _ReceiverTypeBuilder> targets,
       TypeFlowAnalysis typeFlowAnalysis) {
+    if (kPrintTrace) {
+      tracePrint(
+          "Collecting targets for dynamically extendable receiver $receiver");
+    }
     final cls = receiver.cls as _TFClassImpl;
     // Collect possible targets among dynamically extendable
     // subtypes as they may have allocated subtypes at run time.
@@ -770,6 +774,10 @@ final class _DispatchableInvocation extends _Invocation {
       Member? target = extendableSubtype.getDispatchTarget(selector);
       if (target != null) {
         if (areArgumentsValidFor(target)) {
+          if (kPrintTrace) {
+            tracePrint(
+                "Found target $target in a dynamically extendable subtype $extendableSubtype");
+          }
           // Overwrite previously added receiver type builder.
           targets[target] = receiverTypeBuilder;
           isDynamicallyOverridden = isDynamicallyOverridden ||
@@ -779,13 +787,19 @@ final class _DispatchableInvocation extends _Invocation {
           assert(selector is DynamicSelector);
           _recordMismatchedDynamicInvocation(target, typeFlowAnalysis);
         }
+      } else {
+        isDynamicallyOverridden = true;
       }
     }
     if (selector is DynamicSelector) {
       targets[noSuchMethodMarker] = receiverTypeBuilder;
       isDynamicallyOverridden = true;
     }
-    return isDynamicallyOverridden && !selector.name.isPrivate;
+    if (kPrintTrace) {
+      tracePrint(
+          "isDynamicallyOverridden = $isDynamicallyOverridden, isPrivate = ${selector.name.isPrivate}");
+    }
+    return !isDynamicallyOverridden || selector.name.isPrivate;
   }
 
   void _recordMismatchedDynamicInvocation(
diff --git a/runtime/tests/vm/dart/dynamic_module_pragmas_il_test.dart b/runtime/tests/vm/dart/dynamic_module_pragmas_il_test.dart
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9fc2e616ba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/tests/vm/dart/dynamic_module_pragmas_il_test.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2024, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// Test for @pragma('dyn-module:extendable') and @pragma('dyn-module:can-be-overridden').
+
+import 'package:vm/testing/il_matchers.dart';
+
+@pragma('vm:never-inline')
+void myprint(Object message) {
+  print(message);
+}
+
+abstract class A1 {
+  void foo();
+  void bar();
+  void baz();
+}
+
+class B1 extends A1 {
+  void foo() {
+    myprint('B1.foo');
+  }
+
+  void bar() {
+    myprint('B1.bar');
+  }
+
+  @pragma('vm:never-inline')
+  void baz() {
+    myprint('B1.baz');
+  }
+}
+
+class C1 extends B1 {
+  @pragma('vm:never-inline')
+  void baz() {
+    myprint('C1.baz');
+  }
+}
+
+@pragma('vm:never-inline')
+@pragma('vm:testing:print-flow-graph')
+void callA1(A1 obj) {
+  obj.foo();
+  obj.bar();
+  obj.baz();
+}
+
+@pragma('vm:never-inline')
+@pragma('vm:testing:print-flow-graph')
+void testIsA1(obj) {
+  myprint(obj is A1);
+  myprint(obj is B1);
+  myprint(obj is C1);
+}
+
+abstract class A2 {
+  void foo();
+  void bar();
+  void baz();
+}
+
+@pragma('dyn-module:extendable')
+class B2 extends A2 {
+  void foo() {
+    myprint('B2.foo');
+  }
+
+  @pragma('dyn-module:can-be-overridden')
+  void bar() {
+    myprint('B2.bar');
+  }
+
+  @pragma('vm:never-inline')
+  void baz() {
+    myprint('B2.baz');
+  }
+}
+
+class C2 extends B2 {
+  @pragma('vm:never-inline')
+  void baz() {
+    myprint('C2.baz');
+  }
+}
+
+class D2 extends B2 {}
+
+@pragma('vm:never-inline')
+@pragma('vm:testing:print-flow-graph')
+void callA2(A2 obj) {
+  obj.foo();
+  obj.bar();
+  obj.baz();
+}
+
+@pragma('vm:never-inline')
+@pragma('vm:testing:print-flow-graph')
+void testIsA2(obj) {
+  myprint(obj is A2);
+  myprint(obj is B2);
+  myprint(obj is C2);
+}
+
+List objs = [Object(), B1(), C1(), B2(), C2()];
+
+main() {
+  for (final obj in objs) {
+    testIsA1(obj);
+    testIsA2(obj);
+    if (obj is A1) {
+      callA1(obj);
+    }
+    if (obj is A2) {
+      callA2(obj);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void matchIL$callA1(FlowGraph graph) {
+  graph.dump();
+  graph.match([
+    match.block('Graph', []),
+    match.block('Function', [
+      'obj' << match.Parameter(index: 0),
+      match.CheckStackOverflow(),
+      match.MoveArgument(match.any),
+      match.StaticCall(match.any),
+      match.MoveArgument(match.any),
+      match.StaticCall(match.any),
+      'cid' << match.LoadClassId('obj'),
+      match.MoveArgument('obj'),
+      match.DispatchTableCall('cid'),
+      match.DartReturn(match.any),
+    ]),
+  ]);
+}
+
+void matchIL$callA2(FlowGraph graph) {
+  graph.dump();
+  graph.match([
+    match.block('Graph', []),
+    match.block('Function', [
+      'obj' << match.Parameter(index: 0),
+      match.CheckStackOverflow(),
+      match.MoveArgument(match.any),
+      match.StaticCall(match.any),
+      'cid1' << match.LoadClassId('obj'),
+      match.Branch(match.TestRange('cid1'), ifTrue: 'B7', ifFalse: 'B8'),
+    ]),
+    'B7' <<
+        match.block('Target', [
+          match.MoveArgument('obj'),
+          match.DispatchTableCall('cid1'),
+          match.Goto('B9'),
+        ]),
+    'B8' <<
+        match.block('Target', [
+          match.MoveArgument('obj'),
+          match.InstanceCall('obj'),
+          match.Goto('B9'),
+        ]),
+    'B9' <<
+        match.block('Join', [
+          'cid2' << match.LoadClassId('obj'),
+          match.Branch(match.TestRange('cid2'), ifTrue: 'B10', ifFalse: 'B11'),
+        ]),
+    'B10' <<
+        match.block('Target', [
+          match.MoveArgument('obj'),
+          match.DispatchTableCall('cid2'),
+          match.Goto('B12'),
+        ]),
+    'B11' <<
+        match.block('Target', [
+          match.MoveArgument('obj'),
+          match.InstanceCall('obj'),
+          match.Goto('B12'),
+        ]),
+    'B12' <<
+        match.block('Join', [
+          match.DartReturn(match.any),
+        ]),
+  ]);
+}
+
+void matchIL$testIsA1(FlowGraph graph) {
+  graph.dump();
+  graph.match([
+    match.block('Graph', []),
+    match.block('Function', [
+      'obj' << match.Parameter(index: 0),
+      match.CheckStackOverflow(),
+      'cid' << match.LoadClassId('obj'),
+      'test1' << match.TestRange('cid'),
+      match.MoveArgument('test1'),
+      match.StaticCall('test1'),
+      match.MoveArgument('test1'),
+      match.StaticCall('test1'),
+      'test2' << match.EqualityCompare('cid', match.any, kind: '=='),
+      match.MoveArgument('test2'),
+      match.StaticCall('test2'),
+      match.DartReturn(match.any),
+    ]),
+  ]);
+}
+
+void matchIL$testIsA2(FlowGraph graph) {
+  graph.dump();
+  graph.match([
+    match.block('Graph', []),
+    match.block('Function', [
+      'obj' << match.Parameter(index: 0),
+      match.CheckStackOverflow(),
+      'test1' << match.InstanceOf('obj', match.any, match.any),
+      match.MoveArgument('test1'),
+      match.StaticCall('test1'),
+      'test2' << match.InstanceOf('obj', match.any, match.any),
+      match.MoveArgument('test2'),
+      match.StaticCall('test2'),
+      'cid' << match.LoadClassId('obj'),
+      'test3' << match.EqualityCompare('cid', match.any, kind: '=='),
+      match.MoveArgument('test3'),
+      match.StaticCall('test3'),
+      match.DartReturn(match.any),
+    ]),
+  ]);
+}
diff --git a/runtime/vm/class_finalizer.cc b/runtime/vm/class_finalizer.cc
index 72749067b75..3fe567e5272 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/class_finalizer.cc
+++ b/runtime/vm/class_finalizer.cc
@@ -612,6 +612,9 @@ void ClassFinalizer::FinalizeTypesInClass(const Class& cls) {
   if (is_future_subtype && !cls.is_abstract()) {
     MarkClassCanBeFuture(zone, cls);
   }
+  if (cls.is_dynamically_extendable()) {
+    MarkClassHasDynamicallyExtendableSubtypes(zone, cls);
+  }
 
   RegisterClassInHierarchy(zone, cls);
 #endif  // defined(DART_PRECOMPILED_RUNTIME)
@@ -678,6 +681,26 @@ void ClassFinalizer::MarkClassCanBeFuture(Zone* zone, const Class& cls) {
     MarkClassCanBeFuture(zone, base);
   }
 }
+
+void ClassFinalizer::MarkClassHasDynamicallyExtendableSubtypes(
+    Zone* zone,
+    const Class& cls) {
+  if (cls.has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes()) return;
+
+  cls.set_has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes(true);
+
+  Class& base = Class::Handle(zone, cls.SuperClass());
+  if (!base.IsNull()) {
+    MarkClassHasDynamicallyExtendableSubtypes(zone, base);
+  }
+  auto& interfaces = Array::Handle(zone, cls.interfaces());
+  auto& type = AbstractType::Handle(zone);
+  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < interfaces.Length(); ++i) {
+    type ^= interfaces.At(i);
+    base = type.type_class();
+    MarkClassHasDynamicallyExtendableSubtypes(zone, base);
+  }
+}
 #endif  // defined(DART_PRECOMPILED_RUNTIME)
 
 void ClassFinalizer::FinalizeClass(const Class& cls) {
diff --git a/runtime/vm/class_finalizer.h b/runtime/vm/class_finalizer.h
index 351a11ddbe8..7f65e81091c 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/class_finalizer.h
+++ b/runtime/vm/class_finalizer.h
@@ -57,6 +57,11 @@ class ClassFinalizer : public AllStatic {
 
   // Mark [cls], its superclass and superinterfaces as can_be_future().
   static void MarkClassCanBeFuture(Zone* zone, const Class& cls);
+
+  // Mark [cls] and all its superclasses and superinterfaces as
+  // has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes().
+  static void MarkClassHasDynamicallyExtendableSubtypes(Zone* zone,
+                                                        const Class& cls);
 #endif  // !defined(DART_PRECOMPILED_RUNTIME)
 
   // Ensures members of the class are loaded, class layout is finalized and size
diff --git a/runtime/vm/compiler/aot/aot_call_specializer.cc b/runtime/vm/compiler/aot/aot_call_specializer.cc
index 6453c19cb7d..88a07540fd8 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/compiler/aot/aot_call_specializer.cc
+++ b/runtime/vm/compiler/aot/aot_call_specializer.cc
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ bool AotCallSpecializer::TryOptimizeIntegerOperation(TemplateDartCall<0>* instr,
         left_type->IsNullableInt() && right_type->IsNullableInt();
 
     if (auto* call = instr->AsInstanceCall()) {
-      if (!call->CanReceiverBeSmiBasedOnInterfaceTarget(zone())) {
+      if (!call->CanReceiverBeSmiBasedOnInterfaceTarget(Z)) {
         has_nullable_int_args = false;
       }
     }
@@ -793,7 +793,8 @@ void AotCallSpecializer::VisitInstanceCall(InstanceCallInstr* instr) {
     // Check if the single target is a polymorphic target, if it is,
     // we don't have one target.
     const Function& target = targets.FirstTarget();
-    has_one_target = !target.is_polymorphic_target();
+    has_one_target =
+        !target.is_polymorphic_target() && !target.IsDynamicallyOverridden();
   }
 
   if (has_one_target) {
@@ -1154,12 +1155,18 @@ bool AotCallSpecializer::TryReplaceInstanceOfWithRangeCheck(
 
 void AotCallSpecializer::ReplaceInstanceCallsWithDispatchTableCalls() {
   ASSERT(current_iterator_ == nullptr);
+  const intptr_t max_block_id = flow_graph()->max_block_id();
   for (BlockIterator block_it = flow_graph()->reverse_postorder_iterator();
        !block_it.Done(); block_it.Advance()) {
     ForwardInstructionIterator it(block_it.Current());
     current_iterator_ = &it;
-    for (; !it.Done(); it.Advance()) {
+    while (!it.Done()) {
       Instruction* instr = it.Current();
+      // Advance to the next instruction before replacing a call,
+      // as call can be replaced with a diamond and the rest of
+      // the instructions can be moved to a new basic block.
+      if (!it.Done()) it.Advance();
+
       if (auto call = instr->AsInstanceCall()) {
         TryReplaceWithDispatchTableCall(call);
       } else if (auto call = instr->AsPolymorphicInstanceCall()) {
@@ -1168,6 +1175,9 @@ void AotCallSpecializer::ReplaceInstanceCallsWithDispatchTableCalls() {
     }
     current_iterator_ = nullptr;
   }
+  if (flow_graph()->max_block_id() != max_block_id) {
+    flow_graph()->DiscoverBlocks();
+  }
 }
 
 const Function& AotCallSpecializer::InterfaceTargetForTableDispatch(
@@ -1202,28 +1212,132 @@ void AotCallSpecializer::TryReplaceWithDispatchTableCall(
       precompiler_->selector_map()->GetSelector(interface_target);
 
   if (selector == nullptr) {
-    // Target functions were removed by tree shaking. This call is dead code,
-    // or the receiver is always null.
 #if defined(DEBUG)
-    AddCheckNull(receiver->CopyWithType(Z), call->function_name(),
-                 DeoptId::kNone, call->env(), call);
-    StopInstr* stop = new (Z) StopInstr("Dead instance call executed.");
-    InsertBefore(call, stop, call->env(), FlowGraph::kEffect);
+    if (!interface_target.IsDynamicallyOverridden()) {
+      // Target functions were removed by tree shaking. This call is dead code,
+      // or the receiver is always null.
+      AddCheckNull(receiver->CopyWithType(Z), call->function_name(),
+                   DeoptId::kNone, call->env(), call);
+      StopInstr* stop = new (Z) StopInstr("Dead instance call executed.");
+      InsertBefore(call, stop, call->env(), FlowGraph::kEffect);
+    }
 #endif
     return;
   }
 
   const bool receiver_can_be_smi =
-      call->CanReceiverBeSmiBasedOnInterfaceTarget(zone());
+      call->CanReceiverBeSmiBasedOnInterfaceTarget(Z);
   auto load_cid = new (Z) LoadClassIdInstr(receiver->CopyWithType(Z),
                                            kUnboxedUword, receiver_can_be_smi);
   InsertBefore(call, load_cid, call->env(), FlowGraph::kValue);
 
+  const auto& cls = Class::Handle(Z, interface_target.Owner());
+  if (cls.has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes()) {
+    ReplaceWithConditionalDispatchTableCall(call, load_cid, interface_target,
+                                            selector);
+    return;
+  }
+
   auto dispatch_table_call = DispatchTableCallInstr::FromCall(
       Z, call, new (Z) Value(load_cid), interface_target, selector);
   call->ReplaceWith(dispatch_table_call, current_iterator());
 }
 
+static void InheritDeoptTargetIfNeeded(Zone* zone,
+                                       Instruction* instr,
+                                       Instruction* from) {
+  if (from->env() != nullptr) {
+    instr->InheritDeoptTarget(zone, from);
+  }
+}
+
+void AotCallSpecializer::ReplaceWithConditionalDispatchTableCall(
+    InstanceCallBaseInstr* call,
+    LoadClassIdInstr* load_cid,
+    const Function& interface_target,
+    const compiler::TableSelector* selector) {
+  BlockEntryInstr* current_block = call->GetBlock();
+  const bool has_uses = call->HasUses();
+
+  const intptr_t num_cids = isolate_group()->class_table()->NumCids();
+  auto* compare = new (Z) TestRangeInstr(
+      call->source(), new (Z) Value(load_cid), 0, num_cids, kUnboxedUword);
+
+  BranchInstr* branch = new (Z) BranchInstr(compare, DeoptId::kNone);
+  InheritDeoptTargetIfNeeded(Z, branch, call);
+
+  TargetEntryInstr* true_target =
+      new (Z) TargetEntryInstr(flow_graph()->allocate_block_id(),
+                               current_block->try_index(), DeoptId::kNone);
+  InheritDeoptTargetIfNeeded(Z, true_target, call);
+  *branch->true_successor_address() = true_target;
+
+  TargetEntryInstr* false_target =
+      new (Z) TargetEntryInstr(flow_graph()->allocate_block_id(),
+                               current_block->try_index(), DeoptId::kNone);
+  InheritDeoptTargetIfNeeded(Z, false_target, call);
+  *branch->false_successor_address() = false_target;
+
+  JoinEntryInstr* join =
+      new (Z) JoinEntryInstr(flow_graph()->allocate_block_id(),
+                             current_block->try_index(), DeoptId::kNone);
+  InheritDeoptTargetIfNeeded(Z, join, call);
+
+  current_block->ReplaceAsPredecessorWith(join);
+
+  for (intptr_t i = 0, n = current_block->dominated_blocks().length(); i < n;
+       ++i) {
+    BlockEntryInstr* block = current_block->dominated_blocks()[i];
+    join->AddDominatedBlock(block);
+  }
+  current_block->ClearDominatedBlocks();
+  current_block->AddDominatedBlock(join);
+  current_block->AddDominatedBlock(true_target);
+  current_block->AddDominatedBlock(false_target);
+
+  PhiInstr* phi = nullptr;
+  if (has_uses) {
+    phi = new (Z) PhiInstr(join, 2);
+    phi->mark_alive();
+    flow_graph()->AllocateSSAIndex(phi);
+    join->InsertPhi(phi);
+    phi->UpdateType(*call->Type());
+    phi->set_representation(call->representation());
+    call->ReplaceUsesWith(phi);
+  }
+
+  GotoInstr* true_goto = new (Z) GotoInstr(join, DeoptId::kNone);
+  InheritDeoptTargetIfNeeded(Z, true_goto, call);
+  true_target->LinkTo(true_goto);
+  true_target->set_last_instruction(true_goto);
+
+  GotoInstr* false_goto = new (Z) GotoInstr(join, DeoptId::kNone);
+  InheritDeoptTargetIfNeeded(Z, false_goto, call);
+  false_target->LinkTo(false_goto);
+  false_target->set_last_instruction(false_goto);
+
+  auto dispatch_table_call = DispatchTableCallInstr::FromCall(
+      Z, call, new (Z) Value(load_cid), interface_target, selector);
+  ASSERT(dispatch_table_call->representation() == call->representation());
+  InsertBefore(true_goto, dispatch_table_call, call->env(),
+               has_uses ? FlowGraph::kValue : FlowGraph::kEffect);
+
+  call->previous()->AppendInstruction(branch);
+  call->set_previous(nullptr);
+  join->LinkTo(call->next());
+  call->set_next(nullptr);
+  call->UnuseAllInputs();  // So it can be re-added to the graph.
+  call->InsertBefore(false_goto);
+  InheritDeoptTargetIfNeeded(Z, call, call);  // Restore env use list.
+
+  if (has_uses) {
+    phi->SetInputAt(0, new (Z) Value(dispatch_table_call));
+    dispatch_table_call->AddInputUse(phi->InputAt(0));
+    phi->SetInputAt(1, new (Z) Value(call));
+    call->AddInputUse(phi->InputAt(1));
+  }
+}
+
 #endif  // DART_PRECOMPILER
 
 }  // namespace dart
diff --git a/runtime/vm/compiler/aot/aot_call_specializer.h b/runtime/vm/compiler/aot/aot_call_specializer.h
index 64365ed164c..a9382e22d97 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/compiler/aot/aot_call_specializer.h
+++ b/runtime/vm/compiler/aot/aot_call_specializer.h
@@ -57,6 +57,11 @@ class AotCallSpecializer : public CallSpecializer {
   // it by a dispatch table call.
   void TryReplaceWithDispatchTableCall(InstanceCallBaseInstr* call);
   const Function& InterfaceTargetForTableDispatch(InstanceCallBaseInstr* call);
+  void ReplaceWithConditionalDispatchTableCall(
+      InstanceCallBaseInstr* call,
+      LoadClassIdInstr* load_cid,
+      const Function& interface_target,
+      const compiler::TableSelector* selector);
 
   // Try to replace a call with a more specialized instruction working on
   // integers (e.g. BinaryInt64OpInstr, EqualityCompareInstr,
diff --git a/runtime/vm/compiler/aot/precompiler.cc b/runtime/vm/compiler/aot/precompiler.cc
index 205560e151f..2ebbaa59a43 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/compiler/aot/precompiler.cc
+++ b/runtime/vm/compiler/aot/precompiler.cc
@@ -1888,6 +1888,7 @@ void Precompiler::CollectDynamicFunctionNames() {
     ASSERT(!farray.IsNull());
     if (farray.Length() == 1) {
       function ^= farray.At(0);
+      if (function.IsDynamicallyOverridden()) continue;
 
       // It looks like there is exactly one target for the given name. Though we
       // have to be careful: e.g. A name like `dyn:get:foo` might have a target
@@ -1910,9 +1911,8 @@ void Precompiler::CollectDynamicFunctionNames() {
     }
   }
 
-  farray ^= table.GetOrNull(Symbols::GetRuntimeType());
-
-  get_runtime_type_is_unique_ = !farray.IsNull() && (farray.Length() == 1);
+  function ^= functions_map.GetOrNull(Symbols::GetRuntimeType());
+  get_runtime_type_is_unique_ = !function.IsNull();
 
   if (FLAG_print_unique_targets) {
     UniqueFunctionsMap::Iterator unique_iter(&functions_map);
diff --git a/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/flow_graph.cc b/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/flow_graph.cc
index 618cf8250ca..7c017c78a5a 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/flow_graph.cc
+++ b/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/flow_graph.cc
@@ -531,7 +531,8 @@ FlowGraph::ToCheck FlowGraph::CheckForInstanceCall(
   }
 
   // Useful receiver class information?
-  if (receiver_class.IsNull()) {
+  if (receiver_class.IsNull() ||
+      receiver_class.has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes()) {
     return ToCheck::kCheckCid;
   } else if (call->HasICData()) {
     // If the static class type does not match information found in ICData
diff --git a/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/il.cc b/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/il.cc
index 94c22ce8b72..bf707da3df9 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/il.cc
+++ b/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/il.cc
@@ -319,6 +319,9 @@ bool HierarchyInfo::CanUseSubtypeRangeCheckFor(const AbstractType& type) {
 
   Zone* zone = thread()->zone();
   const Class& type_class = Class::Handle(zone, type.type_class());
+  if (type_class.has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes()) {
+    return false;
+  }
 
   // We can use class id range checks only if we don't have to test type
   // arguments.
@@ -364,6 +367,9 @@ bool HierarchyInfo::CanUseGenericSubtypeRangeCheckFor(
   Zone* zone = thread()->zone();
   const Class& type_class = Class::Handle(zone, type.type_class());
   const intptr_t num_type_parameters = type_class.NumTypeParameters();
+  if (type_class.has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes()) {
+    return false;
+  }
 
   // This function should only be called for generic classes.
   ASSERT(type_class.NumTypeParameters() > 0 &&
@@ -5110,7 +5116,7 @@ LocationSummary* TestRangeInstr::MakeLocationSummary(Zone* zone,
                                                      bool opt) const {
 #if defined(TARGET_ARCH_IA32) || defined(TARGET_ARCH_X64) ||                   \
     defined(TARGET_ARCH_ARM)
-  const bool needs_temp = true;
+  const bool needs_temp = (lower() != 0);
 #else
   const bool needs_temp = false;
 #endif
@@ -5136,14 +5142,18 @@ Condition TestRangeInstr::EmitComparisonCode(FlowGraphCompiler* compiler,
   }
 
   Register in = locs()->in(0).reg();
+  if (lower == 0) {
+    __ CompareImmediate(in, upper);
+  } else {
 #if defined(TARGET_ARCH_IA32) || defined(TARGET_ARCH_X64) ||                   \
     defined(TARGET_ARCH_ARM)
-  Register temp = locs()->temp(0).reg();
+    Register temp = locs()->temp(0).reg();
 #else
-  Register temp = TMP;
+    Register temp = TMP;
 #endif
-  __ AddImmediate(temp, in, -lower);
-  __ CompareImmediate(temp, upper - lower);
+    __ AddImmediate(temp, in, -lower);
+    __ CompareImmediate(temp, upper - lower);
+  }
   ASSERT((kind() == Token::kIS) || (kind() == Token::kISNOT));
   return kind() == Token::kIS ? UNSIGNED_LESS_EQUAL : UNSIGNED_GREATER;
 }
diff --git a/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/linearscan.cc b/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/linearscan.cc
index b936ebab274..14e61f35164 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/linearscan.cc
+++ b/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/linearscan.cc
@@ -2882,6 +2882,8 @@ bool FlowGraphAllocator::UnallocatedIsSorted() {
     LiveRange* a = unallocated_[i];
     LiveRange* b = unallocated_[i - 1];
     if (!ShouldBeAllocatedBefore(a, b)) {
+      a->Print();
+      b->Print();
       UNREACHABLE();
       return false;
     }
diff --git a/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/range_analysis.cc b/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/range_analysis.cc
index 3be8a131e29..3c4a0bf8f54 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/range_analysis.cc
+++ b/runtime/vm/compiler/backend/range_analysis.cc
@@ -2927,7 +2927,10 @@ void LoadClassIdInstr::InferRange(uword* lower, uword* upper) {
   if (cid != kDynamicCid) {
     *lower = *upper = cid;
   } else if (CompilerState::Current().is_aot()) {
-    *upper = IsolateGroup::Current()->class_table()->NumCids();
+    IsolateGroup* isolate_group = IsolateGroup::Current();
+    *upper = isolate_group->has_dynamically_extendable_classes()
+                 ? kClassIdTagMax
+                 : isolate_group->class_table()->NumCids();
 
     HierarchyInfo* hi = Thread::Current()->hierarchy_info();
     if (hi != nullptr) {
@@ -2935,12 +2938,14 @@ void LoadClassIdInstr::InferRange(uword* lower, uword* upper) {
       if (type.IsType() && !type.IsFutureOrType() &&
           !Instance::NullIsAssignableTo(type)) {
         const auto& type_class = Class::Handle(type.type_class());
-        const auto& ranges =
-            hi->SubtypeRangesForClass(type_class, /*include_abstract=*/false,
-                                      /*exclude_null=*/true);
-        if (ranges.length() > 0) {
-          *lower = ranges[0].cid_start;
-          *upper = ranges[ranges.length() - 1].cid_end;
+        if (!type_class.has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes()) {
+          const auto& ranges =
+              hi->SubtypeRangesForClass(type_class, /*include_abstract=*/false,
+                                        /*exclude_null=*/true);
+          if (ranges.length() > 0) {
+            *lower = ranges[0].cid_start;
+            *upper = ranges[ranges.length() - 1].cid_end;
+          }
         }
       }
     }
diff --git a/runtime/vm/compiler/cha.cc b/runtime/vm/compiler/cha.cc
index b5d8e854b2e..5e6498a3db0 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/compiler/cha.cc
+++ b/runtime/vm/compiler/cha.cc
@@ -74,6 +74,9 @@ bool CHA::HasSubclasses(const Class& cls) {
     // Class Object has subclasses, although we do not keep track of them.
     return true;
   }
+
+  if (cls.has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes()) return true;
+
   Thread* thread = Thread::Current();
   SafepointReadRwLocker ml(thread, thread->isolate_group()->program_lock());
   const GrowableObjectArray& direct_subclasses =
@@ -91,6 +94,7 @@ bool CHA::ConcreteSubclasses(const Class& cls,
                              GrowableArray<intptr_t>* class_ids) {
   if (cls.InVMIsolateHeap()) return false;
   if (cls.IsObjectClass()) return false;
+  if (cls.has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes()) return false;
 
   if (!cls.is_abstract()) {
     class_ids->Add(cls.id());
@@ -120,6 +124,7 @@ bool CHA::IsImplemented(const Class& cls) {
   // TODO(fschneider): Enable tracking of CHA dependent code for VM heap
   // classes.
   if (cls.InVMIsolateHeap()) return true;
+  if (cls.has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes()) return true;
 
   return cls.is_implemented();
 }
@@ -127,7 +132,8 @@ bool CHA::IsImplemented(const Class& cls) {
 bool CHA::HasSingleConcreteImplementation(const Class& interface,
                                           intptr_t* implementation_cid) {
   intptr_t cid = interface.implementor_cid();
-  if ((cid == kIllegalCid) || (cid == kDynamicCid)) {
+  if ((cid == kIllegalCid) || (cid == kDynamicCid) ||
+      interface.has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes()) {
     // No implementations / multiple implementations.
     *implementation_cid = kDynamicCid;
     return false;
diff --git a/runtime/vm/compiler/jit/jit_call_specializer.cc b/runtime/vm/compiler/jit/jit_call_specializer.cc
index b8b1cfba752..d4a07f504c5 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/compiler/jit/jit_call_specializer.cc
+++ b/runtime/vm/compiler/jit/jit_call_specializer.cc
@@ -114,7 +114,8 @@ void JitCallSpecializer::VisitInstanceCall(InstanceCallInstr* instr) {
       has_one_target = PolymorphicInstanceCallInstr::ComputeRuntimeType(
                            targets) != Type::null();
     } else {
-      has_one_target = !target.is_polymorphic_target();
+      has_one_target =
+          !target.is_polymorphic_target() && !target.IsDynamicallyOverridden();
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/runtime/vm/isolate.h b/runtime/vm/isolate.h
index 86830311ddd..5c4280744f8 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/isolate.h
+++ b/runtime/vm/isolate.h
@@ -717,6 +717,13 @@ class IsolateGroup : public IntrusiveDListEntry<IsolateGroup> {
     isolate_group_flags_ =
         AllClassesFinalizedBit::update(value, isolate_group_flags_);
   }
+  bool has_dynamically_extendable_classes() const {
+    return HasDynamicallyExtendableClassesBit::decode(isolate_group_flags_);
+  }
+  void set_has_dynamically_extendable_classes(bool value) {
+    isolate_group_flags_ =
+        HasDynamicallyExtendableClassesBit::update(value, isolate_group_flags_);
+  }
 
   bool remapping_cids() const {
     return RemappingCidsBit::decode(isolate_group_flags_);
@@ -780,7 +787,8 @@ class IsolateGroup : public IntrusiveDListEntry<IsolateGroup> {
   V(UseOsr)                                                                    \
   V(SnapshotIsDontNeedSafe)                                                    \
   V(BranchCoverage)                                                            \
-  V(Coverage)
+  V(Coverage)                                                                  \
+  V(HasDynamicallyExtendableClasses)
 
   // Isolate group specific flags.
   enum FlagBits {
diff --git a/runtime/vm/kernel_loader.cc b/runtime/vm/kernel_loader.cc
index 5d5d72fc854..27b880e68cb 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/kernel_loader.cc
+++ b/runtime/vm/kernel_loader.cc
@@ -1374,6 +1374,10 @@ void KernelLoader::LoadClass(const Library& library,
   if (HasPragma::decode(pragma_bits)) {
     out_class->set_has_pragma(true);
   }
+  if (DynModuleExtendablePragma::decode(pragma_bits)) {
+    out_class->set_is_dynamically_extendable(true);
+    IG->set_has_dynamically_extendable_classes(true);
+  }
   class_helper.SetJustRead(ClassHelper::kAnnotations);
   class_helper.ReadUntilExcluding(ClassHelper::kTypeParameters);
   intptr_t type_parameter_counts =
@@ -1605,6 +1609,8 @@ void KernelLoader::FinishClassLoading(const Class& klass,
     signature.set_result_type(T.ReceiverType(klass));
     function.set_has_pragma(HasPragma::decode(pragma_bits));
     function.set_is_visible(!InvisibleFunctionPragma::decode(pragma_bits));
+    function.SetIsDynamicallyOverridden(
+        DynModuleCanBeOverriddenPragma::decode(pragma_bits));
 
     FunctionNodeHelper function_node_helper(&helper_);
     function_node_helper.ReadUntilExcluding(
@@ -1783,6 +1789,15 @@ void KernelLoader::ReadVMAnnotations(intptr_t annotation_count,
           }
           *pragma_bits = SharedPragma::update(true, *pragma_bits);
         }
+        if (constant_reader.IsStringConstant(name_index,
+                                             "dyn-module:extendable")) {
+          *pragma_bits = DynModuleExtendablePragma::update(true, *pragma_bits);
+        }
+        if (constant_reader.IsStringConstant(name_index,
+                                             "dyn-module:can-be-overridden")) {
+          *pragma_bits =
+              DynModuleCanBeOverriddenPragma::update(true, *pragma_bits);
+        }
       }
     } else {
       helper_.SkipExpression();
@@ -1848,6 +1863,8 @@ void KernelLoader::LoadProcedure(const Library& library,
                             procedure_helper.IsMemberSignature() ||
                             is_synthetic);
   function.set_is_visible(!InvisibleFunctionPragma::decode(pragma_bits));
+  function.SetIsDynamicallyOverridden(
+      DynModuleCanBeOverriddenPragma::decode(pragma_bits));
   if (register_function) {
     functions_.Add(&function);
   } else {
diff --git a/runtime/vm/kernel_loader.h b/runtime/vm/kernel_loader.h
index a351f9c7d5a..2bff1bc9343 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/kernel_loader.h
+++ b/runtime/vm/kernel_loader.h
@@ -236,6 +236,10 @@ class KernelLoader : public ValueObject {
   using FfiNativePragma =
       BitField<uint32_t, bool, DeeplyImmutablePragma::kNextBit, 1>;
   using SharedPragma = BitField<uint32_t, bool, FfiNativePragma::kNextBit, 1>;
+  using DynModuleExtendablePragma =
+      BitField<uint32_t, bool, SharedPragma::kNextBit, 1>;
+  using DynModuleCanBeOverriddenPragma =
+      BitField<uint32_t, bool, DynModuleExtendablePragma::kNextBit, 1>;
 
   void FinishTopLevelClassLoading(const Class& toplevel_class,
                                   const Library& library,
diff --git a/runtime/vm/object.cc b/runtime/vm/object.cc
index 9098f94ee70..7822711946c 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/object.cc
+++ b/runtime/vm/object.cc
@@ -3156,6 +3156,17 @@ void Class::set_can_be_future(bool value) const {
   set_state_bits(CanBeFutureBit::update(value, state_bits()));
 }
 
+void Class::set_is_dynamically_extendable(bool value) const {
+  ASSERT(IsolateGroup::Current()->program_lock()->IsCurrentThreadWriter());
+  set_state_bits(IsDynamicallyExtendableBit::update(value, state_bits()));
+}
+
+void Class::set_has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes(bool value) const {
+  ASSERT(IsolateGroup::Current()->program_lock()->IsCurrentThreadWriter());
+  set_state_bits(
+      HasDynamicallyExtendableSubtypesBit::update(value, state_bits()));
+}
+
 // Initialize class fields of type Array with empty array.
 void Class::InitEmptyFields() const {
   if (Object::empty_array().ptr() == Array::null()) {
@@ -11378,6 +11389,13 @@ bool Function::NeedsMonomorphicCheckedEntry(Zone* zone) const {
     return true;
   }
 
+  // Any method from the class with a dynamically loaded subtype
+  // can be called via switchable call (when cid range check fails
+  // during conditional table dispatch).
+  if (Class::Handle(zone, Owner()).has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
   // Only if there are dynamic callers and if we didn't create a dyn:* forwarder
   // for it do we need the monomorphic checked entry.
   return HasDynamicCallers(zone) &&
@@ -27103,8 +27121,11 @@ EntryPointPragma FindEntryPointPragma(IsolateGroup* IG,
       continue;
     }
     *reusable_field_handle = IG->object_store()->pragma_name();
-    if (Instance::Cast(*pragma).GetField(*reusable_field_handle) !=
-        Symbols::vm_entry_point().ptr()) {
+    const auto pragma_name =
+        Instance::Cast(*pragma).GetField(*reusable_field_handle);
+    if ((pragma_name != Symbols::vm_entry_point().ptr()) &&
+        (pragma_name != Symbols::dyn_module_callable().ptr()) &&
+        (pragma_name != Symbols::dyn_module_extendable().ptr())) {
       continue;
     }
     *reusable_field_handle = IG->object_store()->pragma_options();
diff --git a/runtime/vm/object.h b/runtime/vm/object.h
index c7aed1d7672..bf50761b7a2 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/object.h
+++ b/runtime/vm/object.h
@@ -2068,6 +2068,11 @@ class Class : public Object {
     // It means that variable of static type based on this class may hold
     // a Future instance.
     kCanBeFutureBit,
+    // This class can be extended, implemented or mixed-in by
+    // a dynamically loaded class.
+    kIsDynamicallyExtendableBit,
+    // This class has a dynamically extendable subtype.
+    kHasDynamicallyExtendableSubtypesBit,
   };
   class ConstBit : public BitField<uint32_t, bool, kConstBit, 1> {};
   class ImplementedBit : public BitField<uint32_t, bool, kImplementedBit, 1> {};
@@ -2106,6 +2111,13 @@ class Class : public Object {
   class IsFutureSubtypeBit
       : public BitField<uint32_t, bool, kIsFutureSubtypeBit, 1> {};
   class CanBeFutureBit : public BitField<uint32_t, bool, kCanBeFutureBit, 1> {};
+  class IsDynamicallyExtendableBit
+      : public BitField<uint32_t, bool, kIsDynamicallyExtendableBit, 1> {};
+  class HasDynamicallyExtendableSubtypesBit
+      : public BitField<uint32_t,
+                        bool,
+                        kHasDynamicallyExtendableSubtypesBit,
+                        1> {};
 
   void set_name(const String& value) const;
   void set_user_name(const String& value) const;
@@ -2175,6 +2187,16 @@ class Class : public Object {
   void set_can_be_future(bool value) const;
   bool can_be_future() const { return CanBeFutureBit::decode(state_bits()); }
 
+  void set_is_dynamically_extendable(bool value) const;
+  bool is_dynamically_extendable() const {
+    return IsDynamicallyExtendableBit::decode(state_bits());
+  }
+
+  void set_has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes(bool value) const;
+  bool has_dynamically_extendable_subtypes() const {
+    return HasDynamicallyExtendableSubtypesBit::decode(state_bits());
+  }
+
  private:
   void set_functions(const Array& value) const;
   void set_fields(const Array& value) const;
@@ -4063,11 +4085,14 @@ class Function : public Object {
 // a hoisted instruction.
 // 'ProhibitsBoundsCheckGeneralization' is true if this function deoptimized
 // before on a generalized bounds check.
+// IsDynamicallyOverridden: This function can be overridden in a dynamically
+//                          loaded class.
 #define STATE_BITS_LIST(V)                                                     \
   V(WasCompiled)                                                               \
   V(WasExecutedBit)                                                            \
   V(ProhibitsInstructionHoisting)                                              \
-  V(ProhibitsBoundsCheckGeneralization)
+  V(ProhibitsBoundsCheckGeneralization)                                        \
+  V(IsDynamicallyOverridden)
 
   enum StateBits {
 #define DECLARE_FLAG_POS(Name) k##Name##Pos,
diff --git a/runtime/vm/symbols.h b/runtime/vm/symbols.h
index bce66d2a677..e15f6ee8a0f 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/symbols.h
+++ b/runtime/vm/symbols.h
@@ -514,6 +514,8 @@ class ObjectPointerVisitor;
   V(current_position, ":current_position")                                     \
   V(dynamic_assert_assignable_stc_check,                                       \
     ":dynamic_assert_assignable_stc_check")                                    \
+  V(dyn_module_callable, "dyn-module:callable")                                \
+  V(dyn_module_extendable, "dyn-module:extendable")                            \
   V(end, "end")                                                                \
   V(executable, "executable")                                                  \
   V(from, "from")                                                              \