mirror of
https://github.com/python/cpython
synced 2024-11-05 18:12:54 +00:00
8fafc74d45
The default value of __len__ is 0, not 1:
>>> from unittest.mock import MagicMock
>>> mock = MagicMock()
>>> len(mock)
0
Reported by Alex on docs@p.o.
Remove the remaining VMSError reference. VMS support is gone.
707 lines
24 KiB
ReStructuredText
707 lines
24 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _bltin-exceptions:
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Built-in Exceptions
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===================
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.. index::
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statement: try
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statement: except
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In Python, all exceptions must be instances of a class that derives from
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:class:`BaseException`. In a :keyword:`try` statement with an :keyword:`except`
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clause that mentions a particular class, that clause also handles any exception
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classes derived from that class (but not exception classes from which *it* is
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derived). Two exception classes that are not related via subclassing are never
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equivalent, even if they have the same name.
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.. index:: statement: raise
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The built-in exceptions listed below can be generated by the interpreter or
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built-in functions. Except where mentioned, they have an "associated value"
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indicating the detailed cause of the error. This may be a string or a tuple of
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several items of information (e.g., an error code and a string explaining the
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code). The associated value is usually passed as arguments to the exception
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class's constructor.
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User code can raise built-in exceptions. This can be used to test an exception
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handler or to report an error condition "just like" the situation in which the
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interpreter raises the same exception; but beware that there is nothing to
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prevent user code from raising an inappropriate error.
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The built-in exception classes can be subclassed to define new exceptions;
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programmers are encouraged to derive new exceptions from the :exc:`Exception`
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class or one of its subclasses, and not from :exc:`BaseException`. More
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information on defining exceptions is available in the Python Tutorial under
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:ref:`tut-userexceptions`.
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When raising (or re-raising) an exception in an :keyword:`except` or
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:keyword:`finally` clause
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:attr:`__context__` is automatically set to the last exception caught; if the
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new exception is not handled the traceback that is eventually displayed will
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include the originating exception(s) and the final exception.
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When raising a new exception (rather than using a bare ``raise`` to re-raise
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the exception currently being handled), the implicit exception context can be
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supplemented with an explicit cause by using :keyword:`from` with
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:keyword:`raise`::
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raise new_exc from original_exc
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The expression following :keyword:`from` must be an exception or ``None``. It
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will be set as :attr:`__cause__` on the raised exception. Setting
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:attr:`__cause__` also implicitly sets the :attr:`__suppress_context__`
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attribute to ``True``, so that using ``raise new_exc from None``
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effectively replaces the old exception with the new one for display
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purposes (e.g. converting :exc:`KeyError` to :exc:`AttributeError`, while
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leaving the old exception available in :attr:`__context__` for introspection
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when debugging.
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The default traceback display code shows these chained exceptions in
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addition to the traceback for the exception itself. An explicitly chained
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exception in :attr:`__cause__` is always shown when present. An implicitly
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chained exception in :attr:`__context__` is shown only if :attr:`__cause__`
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is :const:`None` and :attr:`__suppress_context__` is false.
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In either case, the exception itself is always shown after any chained
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exceptions so that the final line of the traceback always shows the last
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exception that was raised.
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Base classes
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------------
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The following exceptions are used mostly as base classes for other exceptions.
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.. exception:: BaseException
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The base class for all built-in exceptions. It is not meant to be directly
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inherited by user-defined classes (for that, use :exc:`Exception`). If
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:func:`str` is called on an instance of this class, the representation of
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the argument(s) to the instance are returned, or the empty string when
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there were no arguments.
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.. attribute:: args
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The tuple of arguments given to the exception constructor. Some built-in
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exceptions (like :exc:`OSError`) expect a certain number of arguments and
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assign a special meaning to the elements of this tuple, while others are
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usually called only with a single string giving an error message.
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.. method:: with_traceback(tb)
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This method sets *tb* as the new traceback for the exception and returns
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the exception object. It is usually used in exception handling code like
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this::
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try:
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...
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except SomeException:
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tb = sys.exc_info()[2]
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raise OtherException(...).with_traceback(tb)
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.. exception:: Exception
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All built-in, non-system-exiting exceptions are derived from this class. All
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user-defined exceptions should also be derived from this class.
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.. exception:: ArithmeticError
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The base class for those built-in exceptions that are raised for various
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arithmetic errors: :exc:`OverflowError`, :exc:`ZeroDivisionError`,
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:exc:`FloatingPointError`.
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.. exception:: BufferError
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Raised when a :ref:`buffer <bufferobjects>` related operation cannot be
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performed.
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.. exception:: LookupError
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The base class for the exceptions that are raised when a key or index used on
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a mapping or sequence is invalid: :exc:`IndexError`, :exc:`KeyError`. This
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can be raised directly by :func:`codecs.lookup`.
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Concrete exceptions
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-------------------
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The following exceptions are the exceptions that are usually raised.
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.. exception:: AssertionError
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.. index:: statement: assert
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Raised when an :keyword:`assert` statement fails.
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.. exception:: AttributeError
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Raised when an attribute reference (see :ref:`attribute-references`) or
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assignment fails. (When an object does not support attribute references or
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attribute assignments at all, :exc:`TypeError` is raised.)
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.. exception:: EOFError
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Raised when the :func:`input` function hits an end-of-file condition (EOF)
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without reading any data. (N.B.: the :meth:`io.IOBase.read` and
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:meth:`io.IOBase.readline` methods return an empty string when they hit EOF.)
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.. exception:: FloatingPointError
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Raised when a floating point operation fails. This exception is always defined,
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but can only be raised when Python is configured with the
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``--with-fpectl`` option, or the :const:`WANT_SIGFPE_HANDLER` symbol is
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defined in the :file:`pyconfig.h` file.
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.. exception:: GeneratorExit
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Raised when a :term:`generator` or :term:`coroutine` is closed;
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see :meth:`generator.close` and :meth:`coroutine.close`. It
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directly inherits from :exc:`BaseException` instead of :exc:`Exception` since
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it is technically not an error.
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.. exception:: ImportError
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Raised when an :keyword:`import` statement fails to find the module definition
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or when a ``from ... import`` fails to find a name that is to be imported.
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The :attr:`name` and :attr:`path` attributes can be set using keyword-only
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arguments to the constructor. When set they represent the name of the module
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that was attempted to be imported and the path to any file which triggered
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the exception, respectively.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Added the :attr:`name` and :attr:`path` attributes.
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.. exception:: IndexError
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Raised when a sequence subscript is out of range. (Slice indices are
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silently truncated to fall in the allowed range; if an index is not an
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integer, :exc:`TypeError` is raised.)
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.. XXX xref to sequences
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.. exception:: KeyError
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Raised when a mapping (dictionary) key is not found in the set of existing keys.
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.. XXX xref to mapping objects?
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.. exception:: KeyboardInterrupt
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Raised when the user hits the interrupt key (normally :kbd:`Control-C` or
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:kbd:`Delete`). During execution, a check for interrupts is made
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regularly. The exception inherits from :exc:`BaseException` so as to not be
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accidentally caught by code that catches :exc:`Exception` and thus prevent
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the interpreter from exiting.
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.. exception:: MemoryError
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Raised when an operation runs out of memory but the situation may still be
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rescued (by deleting some objects). The associated value is a string indicating
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what kind of (internal) operation ran out of memory. Note that because of the
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underlying memory management architecture (C's :c:func:`malloc` function), the
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interpreter may not always be able to completely recover from this situation; it
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nevertheless raises an exception so that a stack traceback can be printed, in
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case a run-away program was the cause.
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.. exception:: NameError
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Raised when a local or global name is not found. This applies only to
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unqualified names. The associated value is an error message that includes the
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name that could not be found.
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.. exception:: NotImplementedError
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This exception is derived from :exc:`RuntimeError`. In user defined base
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classes, abstract methods should raise this exception when they require derived
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classes to override the method.
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.. exception:: OSError([arg])
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OSError(errno, strerror[, filename[, winerror[, filename2]]])
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.. index:: module: errno
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This exception is raised when a system function returns a system-related
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error, including I/O failures such as "file not found" or "disk full"
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(not for illegal argument types or other incidental errors).
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The second form of the constructor sets the corresponding attributes,
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described below. The attributes default to :const:`None` if not
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specified. For backwards compatibility, if three arguments are passed,
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the :attr:`~BaseException.args` attribute contains only a 2-tuple
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of the first two constructor arguments.
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The constructor often actually returns a subclass of :exc:`OSError`, as
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described in `OS exceptions`_ below. The particular subclass depends on
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the final :attr:`.errno` value. This behaviour only occurs when
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constructing :exc:`OSError` directly or via an alias, and is not
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inherited when subclassing.
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.. attribute:: errno
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A numeric error code from the C variable :c:data:`errno`.
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.. attribute:: winerror
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Under Windows, this gives you the native
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Windows error code. The :attr:`.errno` attribute is then an approximate
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translation, in POSIX terms, of that native error code.
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Under Windows, if the *winerror* constructor argument is an integer,
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the :attr:`.errno` attribute is determined from the Windows error code,
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and the *errno* argument is ignored. On other platforms, the
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*winerror* argument is ignored, and the :attr:`winerror` attribute
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does not exist.
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.. attribute:: strerror
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The corresponding error message, as provided by
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the operating system. It is formatted by the C
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functions :c:func:`perror` under POSIX, and :c:func:`FormatMessage`
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under Windows.
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.. attribute:: filename
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filename2
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For exceptions that involve a file system path (such as :func:`open` or
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:func:`os.unlink`), :attr:`filename` is the file name passed to the function.
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For functions that involve two file system paths (such as
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:func:`os.rename`), :attr:`filename2` corresponds to the second
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file name passed to the function.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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:exc:`EnvironmentError`, :exc:`IOError`, :exc:`WindowsError`,
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:exc:`socket.error`, :exc:`select.error` and
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:exc:`mmap.error` have been merged into :exc:`OSError`, and the
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constructor may return a subclass.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.4
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The :attr:`filename` attribute is now the original file name passed to
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the function, instead of the name encoded to or decoded from the
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filesystem encoding. Also, the *filename2* constructor argument and
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attribute was added.
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.. exception:: OverflowError
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Raised when the result of an arithmetic operation is too large to be
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represented. This cannot occur for integers (which would rather raise
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:exc:`MemoryError` than give up). However, for historical reasons,
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OverflowError is sometimes raised for integers that are outside a required
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range. Because of the lack of standardization of floating point exception
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handling in C, most floating point operations are not checked.
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.. exception:: RecursionError
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This exception is derived from :exc:`RuntimeError`. It is raised when the
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interpreter detects that the maximum recursion depth (see
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:func:`sys.getrecursionlimit`) is exceeded.
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.. versionadded:: 3.5
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Previously, a plain :exc:`RuntimeError` was raised.
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.. exception:: ReferenceError
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This exception is raised when a weak reference proxy, created by the
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:func:`weakref.proxy` function, is used to access an attribute of the referent
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after it has been garbage collected. For more information on weak references,
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see the :mod:`weakref` module.
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.. exception:: RuntimeError
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Raised when an error is detected that doesn't fall in any of the other
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categories. The associated value is a string indicating what precisely went
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wrong.
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.. exception:: StopIteration
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Raised by built-in function :func:`next` and an :term:`iterator`\'s
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:meth:`~iterator.__next__` method to signal that there are no further
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items produced by the iterator.
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The exception object has a single attribute :attr:`value`, which is
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given as an argument when constructing the exception, and defaults
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to :const:`None`.
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When a :term:`generator` or :term:`coroutine` function
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returns, a new :exc:`StopIteration` instance is
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raised, and the value returned by the function is used as the
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:attr:`value` parameter to the constructor of the exception.
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If a generator function defined in the presence of a ``from __future__
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import generator_stop`` directive raises :exc:`StopIteration`, it will be
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converted into a :exc:`RuntimeError` (retaining the :exc:`StopIteration`
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as the new exception's cause).
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Added ``value`` attribute and the ability for generator functions to
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use it to return a value.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5
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Introduced the RuntimeError transformation.
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.. exception:: StopAsyncIteration
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Must be raised by :meth:`__anext__` method of an
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:term:`asynchronous iterator` object to stop the iteration.
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.. versionadded:: 3.5
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.. exception:: SyntaxError
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Raised when the parser encounters a syntax error. This may occur in an
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:keyword:`import` statement, in a call to the built-in functions :func:`exec`
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or :func:`eval`, or when reading the initial script or standard input
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(also interactively).
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Instances of this class have attributes :attr:`filename`, :attr:`lineno`,
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:attr:`offset` and :attr:`text` for easier access to the details. :func:`str`
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of the exception instance returns only the message.
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.. exception:: IndentationError
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Base class for syntax errors related to incorrect indentation. This is a
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subclass of :exc:`SyntaxError`.
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.. exception:: TabError
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Raised when indentation contains an inconsistent use of tabs and spaces.
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This is a subclass of :exc:`IndentationError`.
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.. exception:: SystemError
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Raised when the interpreter finds an internal error, but the situation does not
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look so serious to cause it to abandon all hope. The associated value is a
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string indicating what went wrong (in low-level terms).
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You should report this to the author or maintainer of your Python interpreter.
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Be sure to report the version of the Python interpreter (``sys.version``; it is
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also printed at the start of an interactive Python session), the exact error
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message (the exception's associated value) and if possible the source of the
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program that triggered the error.
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.. exception:: SystemExit
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This exception is raised by the :func:`sys.exit` function. It inherits from
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:exc:`BaseException` instead of :exc:`Exception` so that it is not accidentally
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caught by code that catches :exc:`Exception`. This allows the exception to
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properly propagate up and cause the interpreter to exit. When it is not
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handled, the Python interpreter exits; no stack traceback is printed. The
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constructor accepts the same optional argument passed to :func:`sys.exit`.
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If the value is an integer, it specifies the system exit status (passed to
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C's :c:func:`exit` function); if it is ``None``, the exit status is zero; if
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it has another type (such as a string), the object's value is printed and
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the exit status is one.
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A call to :func:`sys.exit` is translated into an exception so that clean-up
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handlers (:keyword:`finally` clauses of :keyword:`try` statements) can be
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executed, and so that a debugger can execute a script without running the risk
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of losing control. The :func:`os._exit` function can be used if it is
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absolutely positively necessary to exit immediately (for example, in the child
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process after a call to :func:`os.fork`).
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.. attribute:: code
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The exit status or error message that is passed to the constructor.
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(Defaults to ``None``.)
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.. exception:: TypeError
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Raised when an operation or function is applied to an object of inappropriate
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type. The associated value is a string giving details about the type mismatch.
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.. exception:: UnboundLocalError
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Raised when a reference is made to a local variable in a function or method, but
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no value has been bound to that variable. This is a subclass of
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:exc:`NameError`.
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.. exception:: UnicodeError
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Raised when a Unicode-related encoding or decoding error occurs. It is a
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subclass of :exc:`ValueError`.
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:exc:`UnicodeError` has attributes that describe the encoding or decoding
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error. For example, ``err.object[err.start:err.end]`` gives the particular
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invalid input that the codec failed on.
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.. attribute:: encoding
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The name of the encoding that raised the error.
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.. attribute:: reason
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A string describing the specific codec error.
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.. attribute:: object
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The object the codec was attempting to encode or decode.
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.. attribute:: start
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The first index of invalid data in :attr:`object`.
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.. attribute:: end
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The index after the last invalid data in :attr:`object`.
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.. exception:: UnicodeEncodeError
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Raised when a Unicode-related error occurs during encoding. It is a subclass of
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:exc:`UnicodeError`.
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.. exception:: UnicodeDecodeError
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Raised when a Unicode-related error occurs during decoding. It is a subclass of
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:exc:`UnicodeError`.
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.. exception:: UnicodeTranslateError
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Raised when a Unicode-related error occurs during translating. It is a subclass
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of :exc:`UnicodeError`.
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.. exception:: ValueError
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Raised when a built-in operation or function receives an argument that has the
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right type but an inappropriate value, and the situation is not described by a
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more precise exception such as :exc:`IndexError`.
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.. exception:: ZeroDivisionError
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Raised when the second argument of a division or modulo operation is zero. The
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associated value is a string indicating the type of the operands and the
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operation.
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The following exceptions are kept for compatibility with previous versions;
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starting from Python 3.3, they are aliases of :exc:`OSError`.
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.. exception:: EnvironmentError
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.. exception:: IOError
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.. exception:: WindowsError
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Only available on Windows.
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OS exceptions
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The following exceptions are subclasses of :exc:`OSError`, they get raised
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depending on the system error code.
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.. exception:: BlockingIOError
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Raised when an operation would block on an object (e.g. socket) set
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for non-blocking operation.
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Corresponds to :c:data:`errno` ``EAGAIN``, ``EALREADY``,
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``EWOULDBLOCK`` and ``EINPROGRESS``.
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In addition to those of :exc:`OSError`, :exc:`BlockingIOError` can have
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|
one more attribute:
|
|
|
|
.. attribute:: characters_written
|
|
|
|
An integer containing the number of characters written to the stream
|
|
before it blocked. This attribute is available when using the
|
|
buffered I/O classes from the :mod:`io` module.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: ChildProcessError
|
|
|
|
Raised when an operation on a child process failed.
|
|
Corresponds to :c:data:`errno` ``ECHILD``.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: ConnectionError
|
|
|
|
A base class for connection-related issues.
|
|
|
|
Subclasses are :exc:`BrokenPipeError`, :exc:`ConnectionAbortedError`,
|
|
:exc:`ConnectionRefusedError` and :exc:`ConnectionResetError`.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: BrokenPipeError
|
|
|
|
A subclass of :exc:`ConnectionError`, raised when trying to write on a
|
|
pipe while the other end has been closed, or trying to write on a socket
|
|
which has been shutdown for writing.
|
|
Corresponds to :c:data:`errno` ``EPIPE`` and ``ESHUTDOWN``.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: ConnectionAbortedError
|
|
|
|
A subclass of :exc:`ConnectionError`, raised when a connection attempt
|
|
is aborted by the peer.
|
|
Corresponds to :c:data:`errno` ``ECONNABORTED``.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: ConnectionRefusedError
|
|
|
|
A subclass of :exc:`ConnectionError`, raised when a connection attempt
|
|
is refused by the peer.
|
|
Corresponds to :c:data:`errno` ``ECONNREFUSED``.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: ConnectionResetError
|
|
|
|
A subclass of :exc:`ConnectionError`, raised when a connection is
|
|
reset by the peer.
|
|
Corresponds to :c:data:`errno` ``ECONNRESET``.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: FileExistsError
|
|
|
|
Raised when trying to create a file or directory which already exists.
|
|
Corresponds to :c:data:`errno` ``EEXIST``.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: FileNotFoundError
|
|
|
|
Raised when a file or directory is requested but doesn't exist.
|
|
Corresponds to :c:data:`errno` ``ENOENT``.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: InterruptedError
|
|
|
|
Raised when a system call is interrupted by an incoming signal.
|
|
Corresponds to :c:data:`errno` :py:data:`~errno.EINTR`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
Python now retries system calls when a syscall is interrupted by a
|
|
signal, except if the signal handler raises an exception (see :pep:`475`
|
|
for the rationale), instead of raising :exc:`InterruptedError`.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: IsADirectoryError
|
|
|
|
Raised when a file operation (such as :func:`os.remove`) is requested
|
|
on a directory.
|
|
Corresponds to :c:data:`errno` ``EISDIR``.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: NotADirectoryError
|
|
|
|
Raised when a directory operation (such as :func:`os.listdir`) is requested
|
|
on something which is not a directory.
|
|
Corresponds to :c:data:`errno` ``ENOTDIR``.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: PermissionError
|
|
|
|
Raised when trying to run an operation without the adequate access
|
|
rights - for example filesystem permissions.
|
|
Corresponds to :c:data:`errno` ``EACCES`` and ``EPERM``.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: ProcessLookupError
|
|
|
|
Raised when a given process doesn't exist.
|
|
Corresponds to :c:data:`errno` ``ESRCH``.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: TimeoutError
|
|
|
|
Raised when a system function timed out at the system level.
|
|
Corresponds to :c:data:`errno` ``ETIMEDOUT``.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
|
All the above :exc:`OSError` subclasses were added.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:pep:`3151` - Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy
|
|
|
|
|
|
Warnings
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
The following exceptions are used as warning categories; see the :mod:`warnings`
|
|
module for more information.
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: Warning
|
|
|
|
Base class for warning categories.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: UserWarning
|
|
|
|
Base class for warnings generated by user code.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: DeprecationWarning
|
|
|
|
Base class for warnings about deprecated features.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: PendingDeprecationWarning
|
|
|
|
Base class for warnings about features which will be deprecated in the future.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: SyntaxWarning
|
|
|
|
Base class for warnings about dubious syntax.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: RuntimeWarning
|
|
|
|
Base class for warnings about dubious runtime behavior.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: FutureWarning
|
|
|
|
Base class for warnings about constructs that will change semantically in the
|
|
future.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: ImportWarning
|
|
|
|
Base class for warnings about probable mistakes in module imports.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: UnicodeWarning
|
|
|
|
Base class for warnings related to Unicode.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: BytesWarning
|
|
|
|
Base class for warnings related to :class:`bytes` and :class:`bytearray`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. exception:: ResourceWarning
|
|
|
|
Base class for warnings related to resource usage.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exception hierarchy
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
The class hierarchy for built-in exceptions is:
|
|
|
|
.. literalinclude:: ../../Lib/test/exception_hierarchy.txt
|