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cpython/Python/optimizer.c

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#include "Python.h"
#include "opcode.h"
#include "pycore_interp.h"
#include "pycore_bitutils.h" // _Py_popcount32()
#include "pycore_opcode_metadata.h" // _PyOpcode_OpName()
#include "pycore_opcode_utils.h" // MAX_REAL_OPCODE
#include "pycore_optimizer.h" // _Py_uop_analyze_and_optimize()
#include "pycore_pystate.h" // _PyInterpreterState_GET()
#include "pycore_uops.h"
#include "cpython/optimizer.h"
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#define MAX_EXECUTORS_SIZE 256
static bool
has_space_for_executor(PyCodeObject *code, _Py_CODEUNIT *instr)
{
if (instr->op.code == ENTER_EXECUTOR) {
return true;
}
if (code->co_executors == NULL) {
return true;
}
return code->co_executors->size < MAX_EXECUTORS_SIZE;
}
static int32_t
get_index_for_executor(PyCodeObject *code, _Py_CODEUNIT *instr)
{
if (instr->op.code == ENTER_EXECUTOR) {
return instr->op.arg;
}
_PyExecutorArray *old = code->co_executors;
int size = 0;
int capacity = 0;
if (old != NULL) {
size = old->size;
capacity = old->capacity;
assert(size < MAX_EXECUTORS_SIZE);
}
assert(size <= capacity);
if (size == capacity) {
/* Array is full. Grow array */
int new_capacity = capacity ? capacity * 2 : 4;
_PyExecutorArray *new = PyMem_Realloc(
old,
offsetof(_PyExecutorArray, executors) +
new_capacity * sizeof(_PyExecutorObject *));
if (new == NULL) {
return -1;
}
new->capacity = new_capacity;
new->size = size;
code->co_executors = new;
}
assert(size < code->co_executors->capacity);
return size;
}
static void
insert_executor(PyCodeObject *code, _Py_CODEUNIT *instr, int index, _PyExecutorObject *executor)
{
Py_INCREF(executor);
if (instr->op.code == ENTER_EXECUTOR) {
assert(index == instr->op.arg);
_PyExecutorObject *old = code->co_executors->executors[index];
executor->vm_data.opcode = old->vm_data.opcode;
executor->vm_data.oparg = old->vm_data.oparg;
old->vm_data.opcode = 0;
code->co_executors->executors[index] = executor;
Py_DECREF(old);
}
else {
assert(code->co_executors->size == index);
assert(code->co_executors->capacity > index);
executor->vm_data.opcode = instr->op.code;
executor->vm_data.oparg = instr->op.arg;
code->co_executors->executors[index] = executor;
assert(index < MAX_EXECUTORS_SIZE);
instr->op.code = ENTER_EXECUTOR;
instr->op.arg = index;
code->co_executors->size++;
}
return;
}
int
PyUnstable_Replace_Executor(PyCodeObject *code, _Py_CODEUNIT *instr, _PyExecutorObject *new)
{
if (instr->op.code != ENTER_EXECUTOR) {
PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "No executor to replace");
return -1;
}
int index = instr->op.arg;
assert(index >= 0);
insert_executor(code, instr, index, new);
return 0;
}
static int
error_optimize(
_PyOptimizerObject* self,
PyCodeObject *code,
_Py_CODEUNIT *instr,
_PyExecutorObject **exec,
int Py_UNUSED(stack_entries))
{
PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError, "Should never call error_optimize");
return -1;
}
static PyTypeObject DefaultOptimizer_Type = {
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
.tp_name = "noop_optimizer",
.tp_basicsize = sizeof(_PyOptimizerObject),
.tp_itemsize = 0,
.tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION,
};
_PyOptimizerObject _PyOptimizer_Default = {
PyObject_HEAD_INIT(&DefaultOptimizer_Type)
.optimize = error_optimize,
.resume_threshold = UINT16_MAX,
.backedge_threshold = UINT16_MAX,
};
_PyOptimizerObject *
PyUnstable_GetOptimizer(void)
{
PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
if (interp->optimizer == &_PyOptimizer_Default) {
return NULL;
}
assert(interp->optimizer_backedge_threshold == interp->optimizer->backedge_threshold);
assert(interp->optimizer_resume_threshold == interp->optimizer->resume_threshold);
Py_INCREF(interp->optimizer);
return interp->optimizer;
}
void
PyUnstable_SetOptimizer(_PyOptimizerObject *optimizer)
{
PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
if (optimizer == NULL) {
optimizer = &_PyOptimizer_Default;
}
_PyOptimizerObject *old = interp->optimizer;
Py_INCREF(optimizer);
interp->optimizer = optimizer;
interp->optimizer_backedge_threshold = optimizer->backedge_threshold;
interp->optimizer_resume_threshold = optimizer->resume_threshold;
Py_DECREF(old);
}
int
_PyOptimizer_BackEdge(_PyInterpreterFrame *frame, _Py_CODEUNIT *src, _Py_CODEUNIT *dest, PyObject **stack_pointer)
{
assert(src->op.code == JUMP_BACKWARD);
PyCodeObject *code = (PyCodeObject *)frame->f_executable;
assert(PyCode_Check(code));
PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
if (!has_space_for_executor(code, src)) {
return 0;
}
_PyOptimizerObject *opt = interp->optimizer;
_PyExecutorObject *executor = NULL;
int err = opt->optimize(opt, code, dest, &executor, (int)(stack_pointer - _PyFrame_Stackbase(frame)));
if (err <= 0) {
assert(executor == NULL);
return err;
}
int index = get_index_for_executor(code, src);
if (index < 0) {
/* Out of memory. Don't raise and assume that the
* error will show up elsewhere.
*
* If an optimizer has already produced an executor,
* it might get confused by the executor disappearing,
* but there is not much we can do about that here. */
Py_DECREF(executor);
return 0;
}
insert_executor(code, src, index, executor);
Py_DECREF(executor);
return 1;
}
_PyExecutorObject *
PyUnstable_GetExecutor(PyCodeObject *code, int offset)
{
int code_len = (int)Py_SIZE(code);
for (int i = 0 ; i < code_len;) {
if (_PyCode_CODE(code)[i].op.code == ENTER_EXECUTOR && i*2 == offset) {
int oparg = _PyCode_CODE(code)[i].op.arg;
_PyExecutorObject *res = code->co_executors->executors[oparg];
Py_INCREF(res);
return res;
}
i += _PyInstruction_GetLength(code, i);
}
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "no executor at given byte offset");
return NULL;
}
/** Test support **/
typedef struct {
_PyOptimizerObject base;
int64_t count;
} _PyCounterOptimizerObject;
typedef struct {
_PyExecutorObject executor;
_PyCounterOptimizerObject *optimizer;
_Py_CODEUNIT *next_instr;
} _PyCounterExecutorObject;
static void
counter_dealloc(_PyCounterExecutorObject *self) {
_Py_ExecutorClear((_PyExecutorObject *)self);
Py_DECREF(self->optimizer);
PyObject_Free(self);
}
static PyObject *
is_valid(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
{
return PyBool_FromLong(((_PyExecutorObject *)self)->vm_data.valid);
}
static PyMethodDef executor_methods[] = {
{ "is_valid", is_valid, METH_NOARGS, NULL },
{ NULL, NULL },
};
static PyTypeObject CounterExecutor_Type = {
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
.tp_name = "counting_executor",
.tp_basicsize = sizeof(_PyCounterExecutorObject),
.tp_itemsize = 0,
.tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION,
.tp_dealloc = (destructor)counter_dealloc,
.tp_methods = executor_methods,
};
static _PyInterpreterFrame *
counter_execute(_PyExecutorObject *self, _PyInterpreterFrame *frame, PyObject **stack_pointer)
{
((_PyCounterExecutorObject *)self)->optimizer->count++;
_PyFrame_SetStackPointer(frame, stack_pointer);
frame->instr_ptr = ((_PyCounterExecutorObject *)self)->next_instr;
Py_DECREF(self);
return frame;
}
static int
counter_optimize(
_PyOptimizerObject* self,
PyCodeObject *code,
_Py_CODEUNIT *instr,
_PyExecutorObject **exec_ptr,
int Py_UNUSED(curr_stackentries)
)
{
_PyCounterExecutorObject *executor = (_PyCounterExecutorObject *)_PyObject_New(&CounterExecutor_Type);
if (executor == NULL) {
return -1;
}
executor->executor.execute = counter_execute;
Py_INCREF(self);
executor->optimizer = (_PyCounterOptimizerObject *)self;
executor->next_instr = instr;
*exec_ptr = (_PyExecutorObject *)executor;
_PyBloomFilter empty;
_Py_BloomFilter_Init(&empty);
_Py_ExecutorInit((_PyExecutorObject *)executor, &empty);
return 1;
}
static PyObject *
counter_get_counter(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
return PyLong_FromLongLong(((_PyCounterOptimizerObject *)self)->count);
}
static PyMethodDef counter_optimizer_methods[] = {
{ "get_count", counter_get_counter, METH_NOARGS, NULL },
{ NULL, NULL },
};
static PyTypeObject CounterOptimizer_Type = {
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
.tp_name = "Counter optimizer",
.tp_basicsize = sizeof(_PyCounterOptimizerObject),
.tp_itemsize = 0,
.tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION,
.tp_methods = counter_optimizer_methods,
.tp_dealloc = (destructor)PyObject_Del,
};
PyObject *
PyUnstable_Optimizer_NewCounter(void)
{
PyType_Ready(&CounterExecutor_Type);
PyType_Ready(&CounterOptimizer_Type);
_PyCounterOptimizerObject *opt = (_PyCounterOptimizerObject *)_PyObject_New(&CounterOptimizer_Type);
if (opt == NULL) {
return NULL;
}
opt->base.optimize = counter_optimize;
opt->base.resume_threshold = UINT16_MAX;
opt->base.backedge_threshold = 0;
opt->count = 0;
return (PyObject *)opt;
}
///////////////////// Experimental UOp Optimizer /////////////////////
static void
uop_dealloc(_PyUOpExecutorObject *self) {
_Py_ExecutorClear((_PyExecutorObject *)self);
PyObject_Free(self);
}
static const char *
uop_name(int index) {
if (index <= MAX_REAL_OPCODE) {
return _PyOpcode_OpName[index];
}
return _PyOpcode_uop_name[index];
}
static Py_ssize_t
uop_len(_PyUOpExecutorObject *self)
{
return Py_SIZE(self);
}
static PyObject *
uop_item(_PyUOpExecutorObject *self, Py_ssize_t index)
{
Py_ssize_t len = uop_len(self);
if (index < 0 || index >= len) {
PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_IndexError);
return NULL;
}
const char *name = uop_name(self->trace[index].opcode);
if (name == NULL) {
name = "<nil>";
}
PyObject *oname = _PyUnicode_FromASCII(name, strlen(name));
if (oname == NULL) {
return NULL;
}
PyObject *oparg = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(self->trace[index].oparg);
if (oparg == NULL) {
Py_DECREF(oname);
return NULL;
}
PyObject *operand = PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(self->trace[index].operand);
if (operand == NULL) {
Py_DECREF(oparg);
Py_DECREF(oname);
return NULL;
}
PyObject *args[3] = { oname, oparg, operand };
return _PyTuple_FromArraySteal(args, 3);
}
PySequenceMethods uop_as_sequence = {
.sq_length = (lenfunc)uop_len,
.sq_item = (ssizeargfunc)uop_item,
};
static PyTypeObject UOpExecutor_Type = {
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
.tp_name = "uop_executor",
.tp_basicsize = sizeof(_PyUOpExecutorObject) - sizeof(_PyUOpInstruction),
.tp_itemsize = sizeof(_PyUOpInstruction),
.tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION,
.tp_dealloc = (destructor)uop_dealloc,
.tp_as_sequence = &uop_as_sequence,
.tp_methods = executor_methods,
};
static int
move_stubs(
_PyUOpInstruction *trace,
int trace_length,
int stubs_start,
int stubs_end
)
{
memmove(trace + trace_length,
trace + stubs_start,
(stubs_end - stubs_start) * sizeof(_PyUOpInstruction));
// Patch up the jump targets
for (int i = 0; i < trace_length; i++) {
if (trace[i].opcode == _POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE ||
trace[i].opcode == _POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE)
{
int target = trace[i].oparg;
if (target >= stubs_start) {
target += trace_length - stubs_start;
trace[i].oparg = target;
}
}
}
return trace_length + stubs_end - stubs_start;
}
#define TRACE_STACK_SIZE 5
static int
translate_bytecode_to_trace(
PyCodeObject *code,
_Py_CODEUNIT *instr,
_PyUOpInstruction *trace,
int buffer_size,
_PyBloomFilter *dependencies)
{
PyCodeObject *initial_code = code;
_Py_BloomFilter_Add(dependencies, initial_code);
_Py_CODEUNIT *initial_instr = instr;
int trace_length = 0;
int max_length = buffer_size;
int reserved = 0;
struct {
PyCodeObject *code;
_Py_CODEUNIT *instr;
} trace_stack[TRACE_STACK_SIZE];
int trace_stack_depth = 0;
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
char *uop_debug = Py_GETENV("PYTHONUOPSDEBUG");
int lltrace = 0;
if (uop_debug != NULL && *uop_debug >= '0') {
lltrace = *uop_debug - '0'; // TODO: Parse an int and all that
}
#endif
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
#define DPRINTF(level, ...) \
if (lltrace >= (level)) { printf(__VA_ARGS__); }
#else
#define DPRINTF(level, ...)
#endif
#define ADD_TO_TRACE(OPCODE, OPARG, OPERAND) \
DPRINTF(2, \
" ADD_TO_TRACE(%s, %d, %" PRIu64 ")\n", \
uop_name(OPCODE), \
(OPARG), \
(uint64_t)(OPERAND)); \
assert(trace_length < max_length); \
assert(reserved > 0); \
reserved--; \
trace[trace_length].opcode = (OPCODE); \
trace[trace_length].oparg = (OPARG); \
trace[trace_length].operand = (OPERAND); \
trace_length++;
#define INSTR_IP(INSTR, CODE) \
((uint32_t)((INSTR) - ((_Py_CODEUNIT *)(CODE)->co_code_adaptive)))
#define ADD_TO_STUB(INDEX, OPCODE, OPARG, OPERAND) \
DPRINTF(2, " ADD_TO_STUB(%d, %s, %d, %" PRIu64 ")\n", \
(INDEX), \
uop_name(OPCODE), \
(OPARG), \
(uint64_t)(OPERAND)); \
assert(reserved > 0); \
reserved--; \
trace[(INDEX)].opcode = (OPCODE); \
trace[(INDEX)].oparg = (OPARG); \
trace[(INDEX)].operand = (OPERAND);
// Reserve space for n uops
#define RESERVE_RAW(n, opname) \
if (trace_length + (n) > max_length) { \
DPRINTF(2, "No room for %s (need %d, got %d)\n", \
(opname), (n), max_length - trace_length); \
OPT_STAT_INC(trace_too_long); \
goto done; \
} \
reserved = (n); // Keep ADD_TO_TRACE / ADD_TO_STUB honest
// Reserve space for main+stub uops, plus 2 for _SET_IP and _EXIT_TRACE
#define RESERVE(main, stub) RESERVE_RAW((main) + (stub) + 2, uop_name(opcode))
// Trace stack operations (used by _PUSH_FRAME, _POP_FRAME)
#define TRACE_STACK_PUSH() \
if (trace_stack_depth >= TRACE_STACK_SIZE) { \
DPRINTF(2, "Trace stack overflow\n"); \
OPT_STAT_INC(trace_stack_overflow); \
ADD_TO_TRACE(_SET_IP, 0, 0); \
goto done; \
} \
trace_stack[trace_stack_depth].code = code; \
trace_stack[trace_stack_depth].instr = instr; \
trace_stack_depth++;
#define TRACE_STACK_POP() \
if (trace_stack_depth <= 0) { \
Py_FatalError("Trace stack underflow\n"); \
} \
trace_stack_depth--; \
code = trace_stack[trace_stack_depth].code; \
instr = trace_stack[trace_stack_depth].instr;
DPRINTF(4,
"Optimizing %s (%s:%d) at byte offset %d\n",
PyUnicode_AsUTF8(code->co_qualname),
PyUnicode_AsUTF8(code->co_filename),
code->co_firstlineno,
2 * INSTR_IP(initial_instr, code));
top: // Jump here after _PUSH_FRAME or likely branches
for (;;) {
RESERVE_RAW(2, "epilogue"); // Always need space for _SET_IP and _EXIT_TRACE
ADD_TO_TRACE(_SET_IP, INSTR_IP(instr, code), 0);
uint32_t opcode = instr->op.code;
uint32_t oparg = instr->op.arg;
uint32_t extras = 0;
while (opcode == EXTENDED_ARG) {
instr++;
extras += 1;
opcode = instr->op.code;
oparg = (oparg << 8) | instr->op.arg;
}
if (opcode == ENTER_EXECUTOR) {
_PyExecutorObject *executor =
(_PyExecutorObject *)code->co_executors->executors[oparg&255];
opcode = executor->vm_data.opcode;
DPRINTF(2, " * ENTER_EXECUTOR -> %s\n", _PyOpcode_OpName[opcode]);
oparg = (oparg & 0xffffff00) | executor->vm_data.oparg;
}
switch (opcode) {
case POP_JUMP_IF_NONE:
{
RESERVE(2, 2);
ADD_TO_TRACE(_IS_NONE, 0, 0);
opcode = POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE;
goto pop_jump_if_bool;
}
case POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE:
{
RESERVE(2, 2);
ADD_TO_TRACE(_IS_NONE, 0, 0);
opcode = POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE;
goto pop_jump_if_bool;
}
case POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE:
case POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE:
{
pop_jump_if_bool:
RESERVE(1, 2);
max_length -= 2; // Really the start of the stubs
int counter = instr[1].cache;
int bitcount = _Py_popcount32(counter);
bool jump_likely = bitcount > 8;
bool jump_sense = opcode == POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE;
uint32_t uopcode = jump_sense ^ jump_likely ?
_POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE : _POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE;
_Py_CODEUNIT *next_instr = instr + 1 + _PyOpcode_Caches[_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode]];
_Py_CODEUNIT *target_instr = next_instr + oparg;
_Py_CODEUNIT *stub_target = jump_likely ? next_instr : target_instr;
DPRINTF(4, "%s(%d): counter=%x, bitcount=%d, likely=%d, sense=%d, uopcode=%s\n",
uop_name(opcode), oparg,
counter, bitcount, jump_likely, jump_sense, uop_name(uopcode));
ADD_TO_TRACE(uopcode, max_length, 0);
ADD_TO_STUB(max_length, _SET_IP, INSTR_IP(stub_target, code), 0);
ADD_TO_STUB(max_length + 1, _EXIT_TRACE, 0, 0);
if (jump_likely) {
DPRINTF(2, "Jump likely (%x = %d bits), continue at byte offset %d\n",
instr[1].cache, bitcount, 2 * INSTR_IP(target_instr, code));
instr = target_instr;
goto top;
}
break;
}
case JUMP_BACKWARD:
{
if (instr + 2 - oparg == initial_instr && code == initial_code) {
RESERVE(1, 0);
ADD_TO_TRACE(_JUMP_TO_TOP, 0, 0);
}
else {
OPT_STAT_INC(inner_loop);
DPRINTF(2, "JUMP_BACKWARD not to top ends trace\n");
}
goto done;
}
case JUMP_FORWARD:
{
RESERVE(0, 0);
// This will emit two _SET_IP instructions; leave it to the optimizer
instr += oparg;
break;
}
case FOR_ITER_LIST:
case FOR_ITER_TUPLE:
case FOR_ITER_RANGE:
{
RESERVE(4, 3);
int check_op, exhausted_op, next_op;
switch (opcode) {
case FOR_ITER_LIST:
check_op = _ITER_CHECK_LIST;
exhausted_op = _IS_ITER_EXHAUSTED_LIST;
next_op = _ITER_NEXT_LIST;
break;
case FOR_ITER_TUPLE:
check_op = _ITER_CHECK_TUPLE;
exhausted_op = _IS_ITER_EXHAUSTED_TUPLE;
next_op = _ITER_NEXT_TUPLE;
break;
case FOR_ITER_RANGE:
check_op = _ITER_CHECK_RANGE;
exhausted_op = _IS_ITER_EXHAUSTED_RANGE;
next_op = _ITER_NEXT_RANGE;
break;
default:
Py_UNREACHABLE();
}
// Assume jump unlikely (can a for-loop exit be likely?)
_Py_CODEUNIT *target_instr = // +1 at the end skips over END_FOR
instr + 1 + _PyOpcode_Caches[_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode]] + oparg + 1;
max_length -= 3; // Really the start of the stubs
ADD_TO_TRACE(check_op, 0, 0);
ADD_TO_TRACE(exhausted_op, 0, 0);
ADD_TO_TRACE(_POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE, max_length, 0);
ADD_TO_TRACE(next_op, 0, 0);
ADD_TO_STUB(max_length + 0, POP_TOP, 0, 0);
ADD_TO_STUB(max_length + 1, _SET_IP, INSTR_IP(target_instr, code), 0);
ADD_TO_STUB(max_length + 2, _EXIT_TRACE, 0, 0);
break;
}
default:
{
const struct opcode_macro_expansion *expansion = &_PyOpcode_macro_expansion[opcode];
if (expansion->nuops > 0) {
// Reserve space for nuops (+ _SET_IP + _EXIT_TRACE)
int nuops = expansion->nuops;
RESERVE(nuops, 0);
if (expansion->uops[nuops-1].uop == _POP_FRAME) {
// Check for trace stack underflow now:
// We can't bail e.g. in the middle of
// LOAD_CONST + _POP_FRAME.
if (trace_stack_depth == 0) {
DPRINTF(2, "Trace stack underflow\n");
OPT_STAT_INC(trace_stack_underflow);
goto done;
}
}
uint32_t orig_oparg = oparg; // For OPARG_TOP/BOTTOM
for (int i = 0; i < nuops; i++) {
oparg = orig_oparg;
uint32_t uop = expansion->uops[i].uop;
uint64_t operand = 0;
// Add one to account for the actual opcode/oparg pair:
int offset = expansion->uops[i].offset + 1;
switch (expansion->uops[i].size) {
case OPARG_FULL:
if (extras && OPCODE_HAS_JUMP(opcode)) {
if (opcode == JUMP_BACKWARD_NO_INTERRUPT) {
oparg -= extras;
}
else {
assert(opcode != JUMP_BACKWARD);
oparg += extras;
}
}
break;
case OPARG_CACHE_1:
operand = read_u16(&instr[offset].cache);
break;
case OPARG_CACHE_2:
operand = read_u32(&instr[offset].cache);
break;
case OPARG_CACHE_4:
operand = read_u64(&instr[offset].cache);
break;
case OPARG_TOP: // First half of super-instr
oparg = orig_oparg >> 4;
break;
case OPARG_BOTTOM: // Second half of super-instr
oparg = orig_oparg & 0xF;
break;
case OPARG_SAVE_RETURN_OFFSET: // op=_SAVE_RETURN_OFFSET; oparg=return_offset
oparg = offset;
assert(uop == _SAVE_RETURN_OFFSET);
break;
default:
fprintf(stderr,
"opcode=%d, oparg=%d; nuops=%d, i=%d; size=%d, offset=%d\n",
opcode, oparg, nuops, i,
expansion->uops[i].size,
expansion->uops[i].offset);
Py_FatalError("garbled expansion");
}
ADD_TO_TRACE(uop, oparg, operand);
if (uop == _POP_FRAME) {
TRACE_STACK_POP();
DPRINTF(2,
"Returning to %s (%s:%d) at byte offset %d\n",
PyUnicode_AsUTF8(code->co_qualname),
PyUnicode_AsUTF8(code->co_filename),
code->co_firstlineno,
2 * INSTR_IP(instr, code));
goto top;
}
if (uop == _PUSH_FRAME) {
assert(i + 1 == nuops);
int func_version_offset =
offsetof(_PyCallCache, func_version)/sizeof(_Py_CODEUNIT)
// Add one to account for the actual opcode/oparg pair:
+ 1;
uint32_t func_version = read_u32(&instr[func_version_offset].cache);
PyFunctionObject *func = _PyFunction_LookupByVersion(func_version);
DPRINTF(3, "Function object: %p\n", func);
if (func != NULL) {
PyCodeObject *new_code = (PyCodeObject *)PyFunction_GET_CODE(func);
if (new_code == code) {
// Recursive call, bail (we could be here forever).
DPRINTF(2, "Bailing on recursive call to %s (%s:%d)\n",
PyUnicode_AsUTF8(new_code->co_qualname),
PyUnicode_AsUTF8(new_code->co_filename),
new_code->co_firstlineno);
OPT_STAT_INC(recursive_call);
ADD_TO_TRACE(_SET_IP, 0, 0);
goto done;
}
if (new_code->co_version != func_version) {
// func.__code__ was updated.
// Perhaps it may happen again, so don't bother tracing.
// TODO: Reason about this -- is it better to bail or not?
DPRINTF(2, "Bailing because co_version != func_version\n");
ADD_TO_TRACE(_SET_IP, 0, 0);
goto done;
}
// Increment IP to the return address
instr += _PyOpcode_Caches[_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode]] + 1;
TRACE_STACK_PUSH();
_Py_BloomFilter_Add(dependencies, new_code);
code = new_code;
instr = _PyCode_CODE(code);
DPRINTF(2,
"Continuing in %s (%s:%d) at byte offset %d\n",
PyUnicode_AsUTF8(code->co_qualname),
PyUnicode_AsUTF8(code->co_filename),
code->co_firstlineno,
2 * INSTR_IP(instr, code));
goto top;
}
ADD_TO_TRACE(_SET_IP, 0, 0);
goto done;
}
}
break;
}
DPRINTF(2, "Unsupported opcode %s\n", uop_name(opcode));
OPT_UNSUPPORTED_OPCODE(opcode);
goto done; // Break out of loop
} // End default
} // End switch (opcode)
instr++;
// Add cache size for opcode
instr += _PyOpcode_Caches[_PyOpcode_Deopt[opcode]];
} // End for (;;)
done:
while (trace_stack_depth > 0) {
TRACE_STACK_POP();
}
assert(code == initial_code);
// Skip short traces like _SET_IP, LOAD_FAST, _SET_IP, _EXIT_TRACE
if (trace_length > 3) {
ADD_TO_TRACE(_EXIT_TRACE, 0, 0);
DPRINTF(1,
"Created a trace for %s (%s:%d) at byte offset %d -- length %d+%d\n",
PyUnicode_AsUTF8(code->co_qualname),
PyUnicode_AsUTF8(code->co_filename),
code->co_firstlineno,
2 * INSTR_IP(initial_instr, code),
trace_length,
buffer_size - max_length);
if (max_length < buffer_size) {
// There are stubs
if (trace_length < max_length) {
// There's a gap before the stubs
// Move the stubs back to be immediately after the main trace
// (which ends at trace_length)
DPRINTF(2,
"Moving %d stub uops back by %d\n",
buffer_size - max_length,
max_length - trace_length);
trace_length = move_stubs(trace, trace_length, max_length, buffer_size);
}
else {
assert(trace_length == max_length);
// There's no gap
trace_length = buffer_size;
}
}
return trace_length;
}
else {
OPT_STAT_INC(trace_too_short);
DPRINTF(4,
"No trace for %s (%s:%d) at byte offset %d\n",
PyUnicode_AsUTF8(code->co_qualname),
PyUnicode_AsUTF8(code->co_filename),
code->co_firstlineno,
2 * INSTR_IP(initial_instr, code));
}
return 0;
#undef RESERVE
#undef RESERVE_RAW
#undef INSTR_IP
#undef ADD_TO_TRACE
#undef DPRINTF
}
static int
remove_unneeded_uops(_PyUOpInstruction *trace, int trace_length)
{
// Stage 1: Replace unneeded _SET_IP uops with NOP.
// Note that we don't enter stubs, those SET_IPs are needed.
int last_set_ip = -1;
int last_instr = 0;
bool need_ip = true;
for (int pc = 0; pc < trace_length; pc++) {
int opcode = trace[pc].opcode;
if (opcode == _SET_IP) {
if (!need_ip && last_set_ip >= 0) {
trace[last_set_ip].opcode = NOP;
}
need_ip = false;
last_set_ip = pc;
}
else if (opcode == _JUMP_TO_TOP || opcode == _EXIT_TRACE) {
last_instr = pc + 1;
break;
}
else {
// If opcode has ERROR or DEOPT, set need_ip to true
if (_PyOpcode_opcode_metadata[opcode].flags & (HAS_ERROR_FLAG | HAS_DEOPT_FLAG) || opcode == _PUSH_FRAME) {
need_ip = true;
}
}
}
// Stage 2: Squash NOP opcodes (pre-existing or set above).
int dest = 0;
for (int pc = 0; pc < last_instr; pc++) {
int opcode = trace[pc].opcode;
if (opcode != NOP) {
if (pc != dest) {
trace[dest] = trace[pc];
}
dest++;
}
}
// Stage 3: Move the stubs back.
if (dest < last_instr) {
int new_trace_length = move_stubs(trace, dest, last_instr, trace_length);
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
char *uop_debug = Py_GETENV("PYTHONUOPSDEBUG");
int lltrace = 0;
if (uop_debug != NULL && *uop_debug >= '0') {
lltrace = *uop_debug - '0'; // TODO: Parse an int and all that
}
if (lltrace >= 2) {
printf("Optimized trace (length %d+%d = %d, saved %d):\n",
dest, trace_length - last_instr, new_trace_length,
trace_length - new_trace_length);
for (int pc = 0; pc < new_trace_length; pc++) {
printf("%4d: (%s, %d, %" PRIu64 ")\n",
pc,
uop_name(trace[pc].opcode),
(trace[pc].oparg),
(uint64_t)(trace[pc].operand));
}
}
#endif
trace_length = new_trace_length;
}
return trace_length;
}
static int
uop_optimize(
_PyOptimizerObject *self,
PyCodeObject *code,
_Py_CODEUNIT *instr,
_PyExecutorObject **exec_ptr,
int curr_stackentries)
{
_PyBloomFilter dependencies;
_Py_BloomFilter_Init(&dependencies);
_PyUOpInstruction trace[_Py_UOP_MAX_TRACE_LENGTH];
int trace_length = translate_bytecode_to_trace(code, instr, trace, _Py_UOP_MAX_TRACE_LENGTH, &dependencies);
if (trace_length <= 0) {
// Error or nothing translated
return trace_length;
}
OPT_HIST(trace_length, trace_length_hist);
OPT_STAT_INC(traces_created);
char *uop_optimize = Py_GETENV("PYTHONUOPSOPTIMIZE");
if (uop_optimize != NULL && *uop_optimize > '0') {
trace_length = _Py_uop_analyze_and_optimize(code, trace, trace_length, curr_stackentries);
}
trace_length = remove_unneeded_uops(trace, trace_length);
_PyUOpExecutorObject *executor = PyObject_NewVar(_PyUOpExecutorObject, &UOpExecutor_Type, trace_length);
if (executor == NULL) {
return -1;
}
OPT_HIST(trace_length, optimized_trace_length_hist);
executor->base.execute = _PyUopExecute;
memcpy(executor->trace, trace, trace_length * sizeof(_PyUOpInstruction));
_Py_ExecutorInit((_PyExecutorObject *)executor, &dependencies);
*exec_ptr = (_PyExecutorObject *)executor;
return 1;
}
static void
uop_opt_dealloc(PyObject *self) {
PyObject_Free(self);
}
static PyTypeObject UOpOptimizer_Type = {
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
.tp_name = "uop_optimizer",
.tp_basicsize = sizeof(_PyOptimizerObject),
.tp_itemsize = 0,
.tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION,
.tp_dealloc = uop_opt_dealloc,
};
PyObject *
PyUnstable_Optimizer_NewUOpOptimizer(void)
{
PyType_Ready(&UOpExecutor_Type);
PyType_Ready(&UOpOptimizer_Type);
_PyOptimizerObject *opt = PyObject_New(_PyOptimizerObject, &UOpOptimizer_Type);
if (opt == NULL) {
return NULL;
}
opt->optimize = uop_optimize;
opt->resume_threshold = UINT16_MAX;
// Need at least 3 iterations to settle specializations.
// A few lower bits of the counter are reserved for other flags.
opt->backedge_threshold = 16 << OPTIMIZER_BITS_IN_COUNTER;
return (PyObject *)opt;
}
/*****************************************
* Executor management
****************************************/
/* We use a bloomfilter with k = 6, m = 256
* The choice of k and the following constants
* could do with a more rigourous analysis,
* but here is a simple analysis:
*
* We want to keep the false positive rate low.
* For n = 5 (a trace depends on 5 objects),
* we expect 30 bits set, giving a false positive
* rate of (30/256)**6 == 2.5e-6 which is plenty
* good enough.
*
* However with n = 10 we expect 60 bits set (worst case),
* giving a false positive of (60/256)**6 == 0.0001
*
* We choose k = 6, rather than a higher number as
* it means the false positive rate grows slower for high n.
*
* n = 5, k = 6 => fp = 2.6e-6
* n = 5, k = 8 => fp = 3.5e-7
* n = 10, k = 6 => fp = 1.6e-4
* n = 10, k = 8 => fp = 0.9e-4
* n = 15, k = 6 => fp = 0.18%
* n = 15, k = 8 => fp = 0.23%
* n = 20, k = 6 => fp = 1.1%
* n = 20, k = 8 => fp = 2.3%
*
* The above analysis assumes perfect hash functions,
* but those don't exist, so the real false positive
* rates may be worse.
*/
#define K 6
#define SEED 20221211
/* TO DO -- Use more modern hash functions with better distribution of bits */
static uint64_t
address_to_hash(void *ptr) {
assert(ptr != NULL);
uint64_t uhash = SEED;
uintptr_t addr = (uintptr_t)ptr;
for (int i = 0; i < SIZEOF_VOID_P; i++) {
uhash ^= addr & 255;
uhash *= (uint64_t)_PyHASH_MULTIPLIER;
addr >>= 8;
}
return uhash;
}
void
_Py_BloomFilter_Init(_PyBloomFilter *bloom)
{
for (int i = 0; i < BLOOM_FILTER_WORDS; i++) {
bloom->bits[i] = 0;
}
}
/* We want K hash functions that each set 1 bit.
* A hash function that sets 1 bit in M bits can be trivially
* derived from a log2(M) bit hash function.
* So we extract 8 (log2(256)) bits at a time from
* the 64bit hash. */
void
_Py_BloomFilter_Add(_PyBloomFilter *bloom, void *ptr)
{
uint64_t hash = address_to_hash(ptr);
assert(K <= 8);
for (int i = 0; i < K; i++) {
uint8_t bits = hash & 255;
bloom->bits[bits >> 5] |= (1 << (bits&31));
hash >>= 8;
}
}
static bool
bloom_filter_may_contain(_PyBloomFilter *bloom, _PyBloomFilter *hashes)
{
for (int i = 0; i < BLOOM_FILTER_WORDS; i++) {
if ((bloom->bits[i] & hashes->bits[i]) != hashes->bits[i]) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
static void
link_executor(_PyExecutorObject *executor)
{
PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
_PyExecutorLinkListNode *links = &executor->vm_data.links;
_PyExecutorObject *head = interp->executor_list_head;
if (head == NULL) {
interp->executor_list_head = executor;
links->previous = NULL;
links->next = NULL;
}
else {
_PyExecutorObject *next = head->vm_data.links.next;
links->previous = head;
links->next = next;
if (next != NULL) {
next->vm_data.links.previous = executor;
}
head->vm_data.links.next = executor;
}
executor->vm_data.linked = true;
/* executor_list_head must be first in list */
assert(interp->executor_list_head->vm_data.links.previous == NULL);
}
static void
unlink_executor(_PyExecutorObject *executor)
{
if (!executor->vm_data.linked) {
return;
}
_PyExecutorLinkListNode *links = &executor->vm_data.links;
_PyExecutorObject *next = links->next;
_PyExecutorObject *prev = links->previous;
if (next != NULL) {
next->vm_data.links.previous = prev;
}
if (prev != NULL) {
prev->vm_data.links.next = next;
}
else {
// prev == NULL implies that executor is the list head
PyInterpreterState *interp = PyInterpreterState_Get();
assert(interp->executor_list_head == executor);
interp->executor_list_head = next;
}
executor->vm_data.linked = false;
}
/* This must be called by optimizers before using the executor */
void
_Py_ExecutorInit(_PyExecutorObject *executor, _PyBloomFilter *dependency_set)
{
executor->vm_data.valid = true;
for (int i = 0; i < BLOOM_FILTER_WORDS; i++) {
executor->vm_data.bloom.bits[i] = dependency_set->bits[i];
}
link_executor(executor);
}
/* This must be called by executors during dealloc */
void
_Py_ExecutorClear(_PyExecutorObject *executor)
{
unlink_executor(executor);
}
void
_Py_Executor_DependsOn(_PyExecutorObject *executor, void *obj)
{
assert(executor->vm_data.valid = true);
_Py_BloomFilter_Add(&executor->vm_data.bloom, obj);
}
/* Invalidate all executors that depend on `obj`
* May cause other executors to be invalidated as well
*/
void
_Py_Executors_InvalidateDependency(PyInterpreterState *interp, void *obj)
{
_PyBloomFilter obj_filter;
_Py_BloomFilter_Init(&obj_filter);
_Py_BloomFilter_Add(&obj_filter, obj);
/* Walk the list of executors */
/* TO DO -- Use a tree to avoid traversing as many objects */
for (_PyExecutorObject *exec = interp->executor_list_head; exec != NULL;) {
assert(exec->vm_data.valid);
_PyExecutorObject *next = exec->vm_data.links.next;
if (bloom_filter_may_contain(&exec->vm_data.bloom, &obj_filter)) {
exec->vm_data.valid = false;
unlink_executor(exec);
}
exec = next;
}
}
/* Invalidate all executors */
void
_Py_Executors_InvalidateAll(PyInterpreterState *interp)
{
/* Walk the list of executors */
for (_PyExecutorObject *exec = interp->executor_list_head; exec != NULL;) {
assert(exec->vm_data.valid);
_PyExecutorObject *next = exec->vm_data.links.next;
exec->vm_data.links.next = NULL;
exec->vm_data.links.previous = NULL;
exec->vm_data.valid = false;
exec->vm_data.linked = false;
exec = next;
}
interp->executor_list_head = NULL;
}
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