"""Object-oriented filesystem paths. This module provides classes to represent abstract paths and concrete paths with operations that have semantics appropriate for different operating systems. """ import contextlib import fnmatch import functools import io import ntpath import os import posixpath import re import sys import warnings from _collections_abc import Sequence from errno import ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP, EINVAL from stat import S_ISDIR, S_ISLNK, S_ISREG, S_ISSOCK, S_ISBLK, S_ISCHR, S_ISFIFO try: import pwd except ImportError: pwd = None try: import grp except ImportError: grp = None __all__ = [ "UnsupportedOperation", "PurePath", "PurePosixPath", "PureWindowsPath", "Path", "PosixPath", "WindowsPath", ] # # Internals # # Maximum number of symlinks to follow in _PathBase.resolve() _MAX_SYMLINKS = 40 # Reference for Windows paths can be found at # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/win32/fileio/naming-a-file . _WIN_RESERVED_NAMES = frozenset( {'CON', 'PRN', 'AUX', 'NUL', 'CONIN$', 'CONOUT$'} | {f'COM{c}' for c in '123456789\xb9\xb2\xb3'} | {f'LPT{c}' for c in '123456789\xb9\xb2\xb3'} ) _WINERROR_NOT_READY = 21 # drive exists but is not accessible _WINERROR_INVALID_NAME = 123 # fix for bpo-35306 _WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME = 1921 # broken symlink pointing to itself # EBADF - guard against macOS `stat` throwing EBADF _IGNORED_ERRNOS = (ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP) _IGNORED_WINERRORS = ( _WINERROR_NOT_READY, _WINERROR_INVALID_NAME, _WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME) def _ignore_error(exception): return (getattr(exception, 'errno', None) in _IGNORED_ERRNOS or getattr(exception, 'winerror', None) in _IGNORED_WINERRORS) @functools.cache def _is_case_sensitive(pathmod): return pathmod.normcase('Aa') == 'Aa' # # Globbing helpers # # fnmatch.translate() returns a regular expression that includes a prefix and # a suffix, which enable matching newlines and ensure the end of the string is # matched, respectively. These features are undesirable for our implementation # of PurePatch.match(), which represents path separators as newlines and joins # pattern segments together. As a workaround, we define a slice object that # can remove the prefix and suffix from any translate() result. See the # _compile_pattern_lines() function for more details. _FNMATCH_PREFIX, _FNMATCH_SUFFIX = fnmatch.translate('_').split('_') _FNMATCH_SLICE = slice(len(_FNMATCH_PREFIX), -len(_FNMATCH_SUFFIX)) _SWAP_SEP_AND_NEWLINE = { '/': str.maketrans({'/': '\n', '\n': '/'}), '\\': str.maketrans({'\\': '\n', '\n': '\\'}), } @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=256) def _compile_pattern(pat, case_sensitive): """Compile given glob pattern to a re.Pattern object (observing case sensitivity), or None if the pattern should match everything.""" if pat == '*': return None flags = re.NOFLAG if case_sensitive else re.IGNORECASE return re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pat), flags).match @functools.lru_cache() def _compile_pattern_lines(pattern_lines, case_sensitive): """Compile the given pattern lines to an `re.Pattern` object. The *pattern_lines* argument is a glob-style pattern (e.g. '**/*.py') with its path separators and newlines swapped (e.g. '**\n*.py`). By using newlines to separate path components, and not setting `re.DOTALL`, we ensure that the `*` wildcard cannot match path separators. The returned `re.Pattern` object may have its `match()` method called to match a complete pattern, or `search()` to match from the right. The argument supplied to these methods must also have its path separators and newlines swapped. """ # Match the start of the path, or just after a path separator parts = ['^'] for part in pattern_lines.splitlines(keepends=True): if part == '*\n': part = r'.+\n' elif part == '*': part = r'.+' elif part == '**\n': # '**/' component: we use '[\s\S]' rather than '.' so that path # separators (i.e. newlines) are matched. The trailing '^' ensures # we terminate after a path separator (i.e. on a new line). part = r'[\s\S]*^' elif part == '**': # '**' component. part = r'[\s\S]*' elif '**' in part: raise ValueError("Invalid pattern: '**' can only be an entire path component") else: # Any other component: pass to fnmatch.translate(). We slice off # the common prefix and suffix added by translate() to ensure that # re.DOTALL is not set, and the end of the string not matched, # respectively. With DOTALL not set, '*' wildcards will not match # path separators, because the '.' characters in the pattern will # not match newlines. part = fnmatch.translate(part)[_FNMATCH_SLICE] parts.append(part) # Match the end of the path, always. parts.append(r'\Z') flags = re.MULTILINE if not case_sensitive: flags |= re.IGNORECASE return re.compile(''.join(parts), flags=flags) def _select_children(parent_paths, dir_only, follow_symlinks, match): """Yield direct children of given paths, filtering by name and type.""" if follow_symlinks is None: follow_symlinks = True for parent_path in parent_paths: try: # We must close the scandir() object before proceeding to # avoid exhausting file descriptors when globbing deep trees. with parent_path._scandir() as scandir_it: entries = list(scandir_it) except OSError: pass else: for entry in entries: if dir_only: try: if not entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks): continue except OSError: continue name = entry.name if match is None or match(name): yield parent_path._make_child_relpath(name) def _select_recursive(parent_paths, dir_only, follow_symlinks): """Yield given paths and all their subdirectories, recursively.""" if follow_symlinks is None: follow_symlinks = False for parent_path in parent_paths: paths = [parent_path] while paths: path = paths.pop() yield path try: # We must close the scandir() object before proceeding to # avoid exhausting file descriptors when globbing deep trees. with path._scandir() as scandir_it: entries = list(scandir_it) except OSError: pass else: for entry in entries: try: if entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks): paths.append(path._make_child_relpath(entry.name)) continue except OSError: pass if not dir_only: yield path._make_child_relpath(entry.name) def _select_unique(paths): """Yields the given paths, filtering out duplicates.""" yielded = set() try: for path in paths: path_str = str(path) if path_str not in yielded: yield path yielded.add(path_str) finally: yielded.clear() # # Public API # class UnsupportedOperation(NotImplementedError): """An exception that is raised when an unsupported operation is called on a path object. """ pass class _PathParents(Sequence): """This object provides sequence-like access to the logical ancestors of a path. Don't try to construct it yourself.""" __slots__ = ('_path', '_drv', '_root', '_tail') def __init__(self, path): self._path = path self._drv = path.drive self._root = path.root self._tail = path._tail def __len__(self): return len(self._tail) def __getitem__(self, idx): if isinstance(idx, slice): return tuple(self[i] for i in range(*idx.indices(len(self)))) if idx >= len(self) or idx < -len(self): raise IndexError(idx) if idx < 0: idx += len(self) return self._path._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, self._tail[:-idx - 1]) def __repr__(self): return "<{}.parents>".format(type(self._path).__name__) class PurePath: """Base class for manipulating paths without I/O. PurePath represents a filesystem path and offers operations which don't imply any actual filesystem I/O. Depending on your system, instantiating a PurePath will return either a PurePosixPath or a PureWindowsPath object. You can also instantiate either of these classes directly, regardless of your system. """ __slots__ = ( # The `_raw_paths` slot stores unnormalized string paths. This is set # in the `__init__()` method. '_raw_paths', # The `_drv`, `_root` and `_tail_cached` slots store parsed and # normalized parts of the path. They are set when any of the `drive`, # `root` or `_tail` properties are accessed for the first time. The # three-part division corresponds to the result of # `os.path.splitroot()`, except that the tail is further split on path # separators (i.e. it is a list of strings), and that the root and # tail are normalized. '_drv', '_root', '_tail_cached', # The `_str` slot stores the string representation of the path, # computed from the drive, root and tail when `__str__()` is called # for the first time. It's used to implement `_str_normcase` '_str', # The `_str_normcase_cached` slot stores the string path with # normalized case. It is set when the `_str_normcase` property is # accessed for the first time. It's used to implement `__eq__()` # `__hash__()`, and `_parts_normcase` '_str_normcase_cached', # The `_parts_normcase_cached` slot stores the case-normalized # string path after splitting on path separators. It's set when the # `_parts_normcase` property is accessed for the first time. It's used # to implement comparison methods like `__lt__()`. '_parts_normcase_cached', # The `_lines_cached` slot stores the string path with path separators # and newlines swapped. This is used to implement `match()`. '_lines_cached', # The `_hash` slot stores the hash of the case-normalized string # path. It's set when `__hash__()` is called for the first time. '_hash', # The '_resolving' slot stores a boolean indicating whether the path # is being processed by `_PathBase.resolve()`. This prevents duplicate # work from occurring when `resolve()` calls `stat()` or `readlink()`. '_resolving', ) pathmod = os.path def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): """Construct a PurePath from one or several strings and or existing PurePath objects. The strings and path objects are combined so as to yield a canonicalized path, which is incorporated into the new PurePath object. """ if cls is PurePath: cls = PureWindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PurePosixPath return object.__new__(cls) def __reduce__(self): # Using the parts tuple helps share interned path parts # when pickling related paths. return (self.__class__, self.parts) def __init__(self, *args): paths = [] for arg in args: if isinstance(arg, PurePath): if arg.pathmod is ntpath and self.pathmod is posixpath: # GH-103631: Convert separators for backwards compatibility. paths.extend(path.replace('\\', '/') for path in arg._raw_paths) else: paths.extend(arg._raw_paths) else: try: path = os.fspath(arg) except TypeError: path = arg if not isinstance(path, str): raise TypeError( "argument should be a str or an os.PathLike " "object where __fspath__ returns a str, " f"not {type(path).__name__!r}") paths.append(path) self._raw_paths = paths self._resolving = False def with_segments(self, *pathsegments): """Construct a new path object from any number of path-like objects. Subclasses may override this method to customize how new path objects are created from methods like `iterdir()`. """ return type(self)(*pathsegments) @classmethod def _parse_path(cls, path): if not path: return '', '', [] sep = cls.pathmod.sep altsep = cls.pathmod.altsep if altsep: path = path.replace(altsep, sep) drv, root, rel = cls.pathmod.splitroot(path) if not root and drv.startswith(sep) and not drv.endswith(sep): drv_parts = drv.split(sep) if len(drv_parts) == 4 and drv_parts[2] not in '?.': # e.g. //server/share root = sep elif len(drv_parts) == 6: # e.g. //?/unc/server/share root = sep parsed = [sys.intern(str(x)) for x in rel.split(sep) if x and x != '.'] return drv, root, parsed def _load_parts(self): paths = self._raw_paths if len(paths) == 0: path = '' elif len(paths) == 1: path = paths[0] else: path = self.pathmod.join(*paths) drv, root, tail = self._parse_path(path) self._drv = drv self._root = root self._tail_cached = tail def _from_parsed_parts(self, drv, root, tail): path_str = self._format_parsed_parts(drv, root, tail) path = self.with_segments(path_str) path._str = path_str or '.' path._drv = drv path._root = root path._tail_cached = tail return path @classmethod def _format_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, tail): if drv or root: return drv + root + cls.pathmod.sep.join(tail) elif tail and cls.pathmod.splitdrive(tail[0])[0]: tail = ['.'] + tail return cls.pathmod.sep.join(tail) def __str__(self): """Return the string representation of the path, suitable for passing to system calls.""" try: return self._str except AttributeError: self._str = self._format_parsed_parts(self.drive, self.root, self._tail) or '.' return self._str def __fspath__(self): return str(self) def as_posix(self): """Return the string representation of the path with forward (/) slashes.""" return str(self).replace(self.pathmod.sep, '/') def __bytes__(self): """Return the bytes representation of the path. This is only recommended to use under Unix.""" return os.fsencode(self) def __repr__(self): return "{}({!r})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.as_posix()) def as_uri(self): """Return the path as a URI.""" if not self.is_absolute(): raise ValueError("relative path can't be expressed as a file URI") drive = self.drive if len(drive) == 2 and drive[1] == ':': # It's a path on a local drive => 'file:///c:/a/b' prefix = 'file:///' + drive path = self.as_posix()[2:] elif drive: # It's a path on a network drive => 'file://host/share/a/b' prefix = 'file:' path = self.as_posix() else: # It's a posix path => 'file:///etc/hosts' prefix = 'file://' path = str(self) from urllib.parse import quote_from_bytes return prefix + quote_from_bytes(os.fsencode(path)) @property def _str_normcase(self): # String with normalized case, for hashing and equality checks try: return self._str_normcase_cached except AttributeError: if _is_case_sensitive(self.pathmod): self._str_normcase_cached = str(self) else: self._str_normcase_cached = str(self).lower() return self._str_normcase_cached @property def _parts_normcase(self): # Cached parts with normalized case, for comparisons. try: return self._parts_normcase_cached except AttributeError: self._parts_normcase_cached = self._str_normcase.split(self.pathmod.sep) return self._parts_normcase_cached @property def _lines(self): # Path with separators and newlines swapped, for pattern matching. try: return self._lines_cached except AttributeError: path_str = str(self) if path_str == '.': self._lines_cached = '' else: trans = _SWAP_SEP_AND_NEWLINE[self.pathmod.sep] self._lines_cached = path_str.translate(trans) return self._lines_cached def __eq__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath): return NotImplemented return self._str_normcase == other._str_normcase and self.pathmod is other.pathmod def __hash__(self): try: return self._hash except AttributeError: self._hash = hash(self._str_normcase) return self._hash def __lt__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self.pathmod is not other.pathmod: return NotImplemented return self._parts_normcase < other._parts_normcase def __le__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self.pathmod is not other.pathmod: return NotImplemented return self._parts_normcase <= other._parts_normcase def __gt__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self.pathmod is not other.pathmod: return NotImplemented return self._parts_normcase > other._parts_normcase def __ge__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self.pathmod is not other.pathmod: return NotImplemented return self._parts_normcase >= other._parts_normcase @property def drive(self): """The drive prefix (letter or UNC path), if any.""" try: return self._drv except AttributeError: self._load_parts() return self._drv @property def root(self): """The root of the path, if any.""" try: return self._root except AttributeError: self._load_parts() return self._root @property def _tail(self): try: return self._tail_cached except AttributeError: self._load_parts() return self._tail_cached @property def anchor(self): """The concatenation of the drive and root, or ''.""" anchor = self.drive + self.root return anchor @property def name(self): """The final path component, if any.""" tail = self._tail if not tail: return '' return tail[-1] @property def suffix(self): """ The final component's last suffix, if any. This includes the leading period. For example: '.txt' """ name = self.name i = name.rfind('.') if 0 < i < len(name) - 1: return name[i:] else: return '' @property def suffixes(self): """ A list of the final component's suffixes, if any. These include the leading periods. For example: ['.tar', '.gz'] """ name = self.name if name.endswith('.'): return [] name = name.lstrip('.') return ['.' + suffix for suffix in name.split('.')[1:]] @property def stem(self): """The final path component, minus its last suffix.""" name = self.name i = name.rfind('.') if 0 < i < len(name) - 1: return name[:i] else: return name def with_name(self, name): """Return a new path with the file name changed.""" if not self.name: raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,)) m = self.pathmod drv, root, tail = m.splitroot(name) if drv or root or not tail or m.sep in tail or (m.altsep and m.altsep in tail): raise ValueError("Invalid name %r" % (name)) return self._from_parsed_parts(self.drive, self.root, self._tail[:-1] + [name]) def with_stem(self, stem): """Return a new path with the stem changed.""" return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix) def with_suffix(self, suffix): """Return a new path with the file suffix changed. If the path has no suffix, add given suffix. If the given suffix is an empty string, remove the suffix from the path. """ m = self.pathmod if m.sep in suffix or m.altsep and m.altsep in suffix: raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix,)) if suffix and not suffix.startswith('.') or suffix == '.': raise ValueError("Invalid suffix %r" % (suffix)) name = self.name if not name: raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,)) old_suffix = self.suffix if not old_suffix: name = name + suffix else: name = name[:-len(old_suffix)] + suffix return self._from_parsed_parts(self.drive, self.root, self._tail[:-1] + [name]) def relative_to(self, other, /, *_deprecated, walk_up=False): """Return the relative path to another path identified by the passed arguments. If the operation is not possible (because this is not related to the other path), raise ValueError. The *walk_up* parameter controls whether `..` may be used to resolve the path. """ if _deprecated: msg = ("support for supplying more than one positional argument " "to pathlib.PurePath.relative_to() is deprecated and " "scheduled for removal in Python {remove}") warnings._deprecated("pathlib.PurePath.relative_to(*args)", msg, remove=(3, 14)) other = self.with_segments(other, *_deprecated) for step, path in enumerate([other] + list(other.parents)): if self.is_relative_to(path): break elif not walk_up: raise ValueError(f"{str(self)!r} is not in the subpath of {str(other)!r}") elif path.name == '..': raise ValueError(f"'..' segment in {str(other)!r} cannot be walked") else: raise ValueError(f"{str(self)!r} and {str(other)!r} have different anchors") parts = ['..'] * step + self._tail[len(path._tail):] return self.with_segments(*parts) def is_relative_to(self, other, /, *_deprecated): """Return True if the path is relative to another path or False. """ if _deprecated: msg = ("support for supplying more than one argument to " "pathlib.PurePath.is_relative_to() is deprecated and " "scheduled for removal in Python {remove}") warnings._deprecated("pathlib.PurePath.is_relative_to(*args)", msg, remove=(3, 14)) other = self.with_segments(other, *_deprecated) return other == self or other in self.parents @property def parts(self): """An object providing sequence-like access to the components in the filesystem path.""" if self.drive or self.root: return (self.drive + self.root,) + tuple(self._tail) else: return tuple(self._tail) def joinpath(self, *pathsegments): """Combine this path with one or several arguments, and return a new path representing either a subpath (if all arguments are relative paths) or a totally different path (if one of the arguments is anchored). """ return self.with_segments(self, *pathsegments) def __truediv__(self, key): try: return self.joinpath(key) except TypeError: return NotImplemented def __rtruediv__(self, key): try: return self.with_segments(key, self) except TypeError: return NotImplemented @property def parent(self): """The logical parent of the path.""" drv = self.drive root = self.root tail = self._tail if not tail: return self path = self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, tail[:-1]) path._resolving = self._resolving return path @property def parents(self): """A sequence of this path's logical parents.""" # The value of this property should not be cached on the path object, # as doing so would introduce a reference cycle. return _PathParents(self) def is_absolute(self): """True if the path is absolute (has both a root and, if applicable, a drive).""" if self.pathmod is ntpath: # ntpath.isabs() is defective - see GH-44626. return bool(self.drive and self.root) elif self.pathmod is posixpath: # Optimization: work with raw paths on POSIX. for path in self._raw_paths: if path.startswith('/'): return True return False else: return self.pathmod.isabs(str(self)) def is_reserved(self): """Return True if the path contains one of the special names reserved by the system, if any.""" if self.pathmod is posixpath or not self._tail: return False # NOTE: the rules for reserved names seem somewhat complicated # (e.g. r"..\NUL" is reserved but not r"foo\NUL" if "foo" does not # exist). We err on the side of caution and return True for paths # which are not considered reserved by Windows. if self.drive.startswith('\\\\'): # UNC paths are never reserved. return False name = self._tail[-1].partition('.')[0].partition(':')[0].rstrip(' ') return name.upper() in _WIN_RESERVED_NAMES def match(self, path_pattern, *, case_sensitive=None): """ Return True if this path matches the given pattern. """ if not isinstance(path_pattern, PurePath): path_pattern = self.with_segments(path_pattern) if case_sensitive is None: case_sensitive = _is_case_sensitive(self.pathmod) pattern = _compile_pattern_lines(path_pattern._lines, case_sensitive) if path_pattern.drive or path_pattern.root: return pattern.match(self._lines) is not None elif path_pattern._tail: return pattern.search(self._lines) is not None else: raise ValueError("empty pattern") # Subclassing os.PathLike makes isinstance() checks slower, # which in turn makes Path construction slower. Register instead! os.PathLike.register(PurePath) class PurePosixPath(PurePath): """PurePath subclass for non-Windows systems. On a POSIX system, instantiating a PurePath should return this object. However, you can also instantiate it directly on any system. """ pathmod = posixpath __slots__ = () class PureWindowsPath(PurePath): """PurePath subclass for Windows systems. On a Windows system, instantiating a PurePath should return this object. However, you can also instantiate it directly on any system. """ pathmod = ntpath __slots__ = () # Filesystem-accessing classes class _PathBase(PurePath): """Base class for concrete path objects. This class provides dummy implementations for many methods that derived classes can override selectively; the default implementations raise UnsupportedOperation. The most basic methods, such as stat() and open(), directly raise UnsupportedOperation; these basic methods are called by other methods such as is_dir() and read_text(). The Path class derives this class to implement local filesystem paths. Users may derive their own classes to implement virtual filesystem paths, such as paths in archive files or on remote storage systems. """ __slots__ = () __bytes__ = None __fspath__ = None # virtual paths have no local file system representation @classmethod def _unsupported(cls, method_name): msg = f"{cls.__name__}.{method_name}() is unsupported" if issubclass(cls, Path): msg += " on this system" raise UnsupportedOperation(msg) def stat(self, *, follow_symlinks=True): """ Return the result of the stat() system call on this path, like os.stat() does. """ self._unsupported("stat") def lstat(self): """ Like stat(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's status information is returned, rather than its target's. """ return self.stat(follow_symlinks=False) # Convenience functions for querying the stat results def exists(self, *, follow_symlinks=True): """ Whether this path exists. This method normally follows symlinks; to check whether a symlink exists, add the argument follow_symlinks=False. """ try: self.stat(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False return True def is_dir(self, *, follow_symlinks=True): """ Whether this path is a directory. """ try: return S_ISDIR(self.stat(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks).st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ ) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_file(self, *, follow_symlinks=True): """ Whether this path is a regular file (also True for symlinks pointing to regular files). """ try: return S_ISREG(self.stat(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks).st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ ) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_mount(self): """ Check if this path is a mount point """ # Need to exist and be a dir if not self.exists() or not self.is_dir(): return False try: parent_dev = self.parent.stat().st_dev except OSError: return False dev = self.stat().st_dev if dev != parent_dev: return True ino = self.stat().st_ino parent_ino = self.parent.stat().st_ino return ino == parent_ino def is_symlink(self): """ Whether this path is a symbolic link. """ try: return S_ISLNK(self.lstat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_junction(self): """ Whether this path is a junction. """ # Junctions are a Windows-only feature, not present in POSIX nor the # majority of virtual filesystems. There is no cross-platform idiom # to check for junctions (using stat().st_mode). return False def is_block_device(self): """ Whether this path is a block device. """ try: return S_ISBLK(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ ) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_char_device(self): """ Whether this path is a character device. """ try: return S_ISCHR(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ ) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_fifo(self): """ Whether this path is a FIFO. """ try: return S_ISFIFO(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ ) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def is_socket(self): """ Whether this path is a socket. """ try: return S_ISSOCK(self.stat().st_mode) except OSError as e: if not _ignore_error(e): raise # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ ) return False except ValueError: # Non-encodable path return False def samefile(self, other_path): """Return whether other_path is the same or not as this file (as returned by os.path.samefile()). """ st = self.stat() try: other_st = other_path.stat() except AttributeError: other_st = self.with_segments(other_path).stat() return (st.st_ino == other_st.st_ino and st.st_dev == other_st.st_dev) def open(self, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None): """ Open the file pointed by this path and return a file object, as the built-in open() function does. """ self._unsupported("open") def read_bytes(self): """ Open the file in bytes mode, read it, and close the file. """ with self.open(mode='rb') as f: return f.read() def read_text(self, encoding=None, errors=None): """ Open the file in text mode, read it, and close the file. """ encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding) with self.open(mode='r', encoding=encoding, errors=errors) as f: return f.read() def write_bytes(self, data): """ Open the file in bytes mode, write to it, and close the file. """ # type-check for the buffer interface before truncating the file view = memoryview(data) with self.open(mode='wb') as f: return f.write(view) def write_text(self, data, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None): """ Open the file in text mode, write to it, and close the file. """ if not isinstance(data, str): raise TypeError('data must be str, not %s' % data.__class__.__name__) encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding) with self.open(mode='w', encoding=encoding, errors=errors, newline=newline) as f: return f.write(data) def iterdir(self): """Yield path objects of the directory contents. The children are yielded in arbitrary order, and the special entries '.' and '..' are not included. """ self._unsupported("iterdir") def _scandir(self): # Emulate os.scandir(), which returns an object that can be used as a # context manager. This method is called by walk() and glob(). return contextlib.nullcontext(self.iterdir()) def _make_child_relpath(self, name): sep = self.pathmod.sep lines_name = name.replace('\n', sep) lines_str = self._lines path_str = str(self) tail = self._tail if tail: path_str = f'{path_str}{sep}{name}' lines_str = f'{lines_str}\n{lines_name}' elif path_str != '.': path_str = f'{path_str}{name}' lines_str = f'{lines_str}{lines_name}' else: path_str = name lines_str = lines_name path = self.with_segments(path_str) path._str = path_str path._drv = self.drive path._root = self.root path._tail_cached = tail + [name] path._lines_cached = lines_str return path def glob(self, pattern, *, case_sensitive=None, follow_symlinks=None): """Iterate over this subtree and yield all existing files (of any kind, including directories) matching the given relative pattern. """ sys.audit("pathlib.Path.glob", self, pattern) return self._glob(pattern, case_sensitive, follow_symlinks) def rglob(self, pattern, *, case_sensitive=None, follow_symlinks=None): """Recursively yield all existing files (of any kind, including directories) matching the given relative pattern, anywhere in this subtree. """ sys.audit("pathlib.Path.rglob", self, pattern) return self._glob(f'**/{pattern}', case_sensitive, follow_symlinks) def _glob(self, pattern, case_sensitive, follow_symlinks): path_pattern = self.with_segments(pattern) if path_pattern.drive or path_pattern.root: raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported") elif not path_pattern._tail: raise ValueError("Unacceptable pattern: {!r}".format(pattern)) pattern_parts = list(path_pattern._tail) if pattern[-1] in (self.pathmod.sep, self.pathmod.altsep): # GH-65238: pathlib doesn't preserve trailing slash. Add it back. pattern_parts.append('') if pattern_parts[-1] == '**': # GH-70303: '**' only matches directories. Add trailing slash. warnings.warn( "Pattern ending '**' will match files and directories in a " "future Python release. Add a trailing slash to match only " "directories and remove this warning.", FutureWarning, 3) pattern_parts.append('') if case_sensitive is None: # TODO: evaluate case-sensitivity of each directory in _select_children(). case_sensitive = _is_case_sensitive(self.pathmod) # If symlinks are handled consistently, and the pattern does not # contain '..' components, then we can use a 'walk-and-match' strategy # when expanding '**' wildcards. When a '**' wildcard is encountered, # all following pattern parts are immediately consumed and used to # build a `re.Pattern` object. This pattern is used to filter the # recursive walk. As a result, pattern parts following a '**' wildcard # do not perform any filesystem access, which can be much faster! filter_paths = follow_symlinks is not None and '..' not in pattern_parts deduplicate_paths = False paths = iter([self] if self.is_dir() else []) part_idx = 0 while part_idx < len(pattern_parts): part = pattern_parts[part_idx] part_idx += 1 if part == '': # Trailing slash. pass elif part == '..': paths = (path._make_child_relpath('..') for path in paths) elif part == '**': # Consume adjacent '**' components. while part_idx < len(pattern_parts) and pattern_parts[part_idx] == '**': part_idx += 1 if filter_paths and part_idx < len(pattern_parts) and pattern_parts[part_idx] != '': dir_only = pattern_parts[-1] == '' paths = _select_recursive(paths, dir_only, follow_symlinks) # Filter out paths that don't match pattern. prefix_len = len(self._make_child_relpath('_')._lines) - 1 match = _compile_pattern_lines(path_pattern._lines, case_sensitive).match paths = (path for path in paths if match(path._lines[prefix_len:])) return paths dir_only = part_idx < len(pattern_parts) paths = _select_recursive(paths, dir_only, follow_symlinks) if deduplicate_paths: # De-duplicate if we've already seen a '**' component. paths = _select_unique(paths) deduplicate_paths = True elif '**' in part: raise ValueError("Invalid pattern: '**' can only be an entire path component") else: dir_only = part_idx < len(pattern_parts) match = _compile_pattern(part, case_sensitive) paths = _select_children(paths, dir_only, follow_symlinks, match) return paths def walk(self, top_down=True, on_error=None, follow_symlinks=False): """Walk the directory tree from this directory, similar to os.walk().""" sys.audit("pathlib.Path.walk", self, on_error, follow_symlinks) paths = [self] while paths: path = paths.pop() if isinstance(path, tuple): yield path continue # We may not have read permission for self, in which case we can't # get a list of the files the directory contains. os.walk() # always suppressed the exception in that instance, rather than # blow up for a minor reason when (say) a thousand readable # directories are still left to visit. That logic is copied here. try: scandir_obj = path._scandir() except OSError as error: if on_error is not None: on_error(error) continue with scandir_obj as scandir_it: dirnames = [] filenames = [] for entry in scandir_it: try: is_dir = entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks) except OSError: # Carried over from os.path.isdir(). is_dir = False if is_dir: dirnames.append(entry.name) else: filenames.append(entry.name) if top_down: yield path, dirnames, filenames else: paths.append((path, dirnames, filenames)) paths += [path._make_child_relpath(d) for d in reversed(dirnames)] def absolute(self): """Return an absolute version of this path No normalization or symlink resolution is performed. Use resolve() to resolve symlinks and remove '..' segments. """ self._unsupported("absolute") @classmethod def cwd(cls): """Return a new path pointing to the current working directory.""" # We call 'absolute()' rather than using 'os.getcwd()' directly to # enable users to replace the implementation of 'absolute()' in a # subclass and benefit from the new behaviour here. This works because # os.path.abspath('.') == os.getcwd(). return cls().absolute() def expanduser(self): """ Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs (as returned by os.path.expanduser) """ self._unsupported("expanduser") @classmethod def home(cls): """Return a new path pointing to expanduser('~'). """ return cls("~").expanduser() def readlink(self): """ Return the path to which the symbolic link points. """ self._unsupported("readlink") readlink._supported = False def _split_stack(self): """ Split the path into a 2-tuple (anchor, parts), where *anchor* is the uppermost parent of the path (equivalent to path.parents[-1]), and *parts* is a reversed list of parts following the anchor. """ return self._from_parsed_parts(self.drive, self.root, []), self._tail[::-1] def resolve(self, strict=False): """ Make the path absolute, resolving all symlinks on the way and also normalizing it. """ if self._resolving: return self try: path = self.absolute() except UnsupportedOperation: path = self # If the user has *not* overridden the `readlink()` method, then symlinks are unsupported # and (in non-strict mode) we can improve performance by not calling `stat()`. querying = strict or getattr(self.readlink, '_supported', True) link_count = 0 stat_cache = {} target_cache = {} path, parts = path._split_stack() while parts: part = parts.pop() if part == '..': if not path._tail: if path.root: # Delete '..' segment immediately following root continue elif path._tail[-1] != '..': # Delete '..' segment and its predecessor path = path.parent continue # Join the current part onto the path. path_parent = path path = path._make_child_relpath(part) if querying and part != '..': path._resolving = True try: st = stat_cache.get(path) if st is None: st = stat_cache[path] = path.stat(follow_symlinks=False) if S_ISLNK(st.st_mode): # Like Linux and macOS, raise OSError(errno.ELOOP) if too many symlinks are # encountered during resolution. link_count += 1 if link_count >= _MAX_SYMLINKS: raise OSError(ELOOP, "Too many symbolic links in path", str(path)) target = target_cache.get(path) if target is None: target = target_cache[path] = path.readlink() target, target_parts = target._split_stack() # If the symlink target is absolute (like '/etc/hosts'), set the current # path to its uppermost parent (like '/'). If not, the symlink target is # relative to the symlink parent, which we recorded earlier. path = target if target.root else path_parent # Add the symlink target's reversed tail parts (like ['hosts', 'etc']) to # the stack of unresolved path parts. parts.extend(target_parts) elif parts and not S_ISDIR(st.st_mode): raise NotADirectoryError(ENOTDIR, "Not a directory", str(path)) except OSError: if strict: raise else: querying = False path._resolving = False return path def symlink_to(self, target, target_is_directory=False): """ Make this path a symlink pointing to the target path. Note the order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse of os.symlink. """ self._unsupported("symlink_to") def hardlink_to(self, target): """ Make this path a hard link pointing to the same file as *target*. Note the order of arguments (self, target) is the reverse of os.link's. """ self._unsupported("hardlink_to") def touch(self, mode=0o666, exist_ok=True): """ Create this file with the given access mode, if it doesn't exist. """ self._unsupported("touch") def mkdir(self, mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False): """ Create a new directory at this given path. """ self._unsupported("mkdir") def rename(self, target): """ Rename this path to the target path. The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the directory of the Path object. Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path. """ self._unsupported("rename") def replace(self, target): """ Rename this path to the target path, overwriting if that path exists. The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the directory of the Path object. Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path. """ self._unsupported("replace") def chmod(self, mode, *, follow_symlinks=True): """ Change the permissions of the path, like os.chmod(). """ self._unsupported("chmod") def lchmod(self, mode): """ Like chmod(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's permissions are changed, rather than its target's. """ self.chmod(mode, follow_symlinks=False) def unlink(self, missing_ok=False): """ Remove this file or link. If the path is a directory, use rmdir() instead. """ self._unsupported("unlink") def rmdir(self): """ Remove this directory. The directory must be empty. """ self._unsupported("rmdir") def owner(self): """ Return the login name of the file owner. """ self._unsupported("owner") def group(self): """ Return the group name of the file gid. """ self._unsupported("group") @classmethod def from_uri(cls, uri): """Return a new path from the given 'file' URI.""" cls._unsupported("from_uri") def as_uri(self): """Return the path as a URI.""" self._unsupported("as_uri") class Path(_PathBase): """PurePath subclass that can make system calls. Path represents a filesystem path but unlike PurePath, also offers methods to do system calls on path objects. Depending on your system, instantiating a Path will return either a PosixPath or a WindowsPath object. You can also instantiate a PosixPath or WindowsPath directly, but cannot instantiate a WindowsPath on a POSIX system or vice versa. """ __slots__ = () __bytes__ = PurePath.__bytes__ __fspath__ = PurePath.__fspath__ as_uri = PurePath.as_uri def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): if kwargs: msg = ("support for supplying keyword arguments to pathlib.PurePath " "is deprecated and scheduled for removal in Python {remove}") warnings._deprecated("pathlib.PurePath(**kwargs)", msg, remove=(3, 14)) super().__init__(*args) def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if cls is Path: cls = WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PosixPath return object.__new__(cls) def stat(self, *, follow_symlinks=True): """ Return the result of the stat() system call on this path, like os.stat() does. """ return os.stat(self, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks) def is_mount(self): """ Check if this path is a mount point """ return os.path.ismount(self) def is_junction(self): """ Whether this path is a junction. """ return os.path.isjunction(self) def open(self, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None): """ Open the file pointed by this path and return a file object, as the built-in open() function does. """ if "b" not in mode: encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding) return io.open(self, mode, buffering, encoding, errors, newline) def iterdir(self): """Yield path objects of the directory contents. The children are yielded in arbitrary order, and the special entries '.' and '..' are not included. """ return (self._make_child_relpath(name) for name in os.listdir(self)) def _scandir(self): return os.scandir(self) def absolute(self): """Return an absolute version of this path No normalization or symlink resolution is performed. Use resolve() to resolve symlinks and remove '..' segments. """ if self.is_absolute(): return self elif self.drive: # There is a CWD on each drive-letter drive. cwd = os.path.abspath(self.drive) else: cwd = os.getcwd() # Fast path for "empty" paths, e.g. Path("."), Path("") or Path(). # We pass only one argument to with_segments() to avoid the cost # of joining, and we exploit the fact that getcwd() returns a # fully-normalized string by storing it in _str. This is used to # implement Path.cwd(). if not self.root and not self._tail: result = self.with_segments(cwd) result._str = cwd return result return self.with_segments(cwd, self) def resolve(self, strict=False): """ Make the path absolute, resolving all symlinks on the way and also normalizing it. """ return self.with_segments(os.path.realpath(self, strict=strict)) if pwd: def owner(self): """ Return the login name of the file owner. """ return pwd.getpwuid(self.stat().st_uid).pw_name if grp: def group(self): """ Return the group name of the file gid. """ return grp.getgrgid(self.stat().st_gid).gr_name if hasattr(os, "readlink"): def readlink(self): """ Return the path to which the symbolic link points. """ return self.with_segments(os.readlink(self)) def touch(self, mode=0o666, exist_ok=True): """ Create this file with the given access mode, if it doesn't exist. """ if exist_ok: # First try to bump modification time # Implementation note: GNU touch uses the UTIME_NOW option of # the utimensat() / futimens() functions. try: os.utime(self, None) except OSError: # Avoid exception chaining pass else: return flags = os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY if not exist_ok: flags |= os.O_EXCL fd = os.open(self, flags, mode) os.close(fd) def mkdir(self, mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False): """ Create a new directory at this given path. """ try: os.mkdir(self, mode) except FileNotFoundError: if not parents or self.parent == self: raise self.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True) self.mkdir(mode, parents=False, exist_ok=exist_ok) except OSError: # Cannot rely on checking for EEXIST, since the operating system # could give priority to other errors like EACCES or EROFS if not exist_ok or not self.is_dir(): raise def chmod(self, mode, *, follow_symlinks=True): """ Change the permissions of the path, like os.chmod(). """ os.chmod(self, mode, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks) def unlink(self, missing_ok=False): """ Remove this file or link. If the path is a directory, use rmdir() instead. """ try: os.unlink(self) except FileNotFoundError: if not missing_ok: raise def rmdir(self): """ Remove this directory. The directory must be empty. """ os.rmdir(self) def rename(self, target): """ Rename this path to the target path. The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the directory of the Path object. Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path. """ os.rename(self, target) return self.with_segments(target) def replace(self, target): """ Rename this path to the target path, overwriting if that path exists. The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the directory of the Path object. Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path. """ os.replace(self, target) return self.with_segments(target) if hasattr(os, "symlink"): def symlink_to(self, target, target_is_directory=False): """ Make this path a symlink pointing to the target path. Note the order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse of os.symlink. """ os.symlink(target, self, target_is_directory) if hasattr(os, "link"): def hardlink_to(self, target): """ Make this path a hard link pointing to the same file as *target*. Note the order of arguments (self, target) is the reverse of os.link's. """ os.link(target, self) def expanduser(self): """ Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs (as returned by os.path.expanduser) """ if (not (self.drive or self.root) and self._tail and self._tail[0][:1] == '~'): homedir = os.path.expanduser(self._tail[0]) if homedir[:1] == "~": raise RuntimeError("Could not determine home directory.") drv, root, tail = self._parse_path(homedir) return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, tail + self._tail[1:]) return self @classmethod def from_uri(cls, uri): """Return a new path from the given 'file' URI.""" if not uri.startswith('file:'): raise ValueError(f"URI does not start with 'file:': {uri!r}") path = uri[5:] if path[:3] == '///': # Remove empty authority path = path[2:] elif path[:12] == '//localhost/': # Remove 'localhost' authority path = path[11:] if path[:3] == '///' or (path[:1] == '/' and path[2:3] in ':|'): # Remove slash before DOS device/UNC path path = path[1:] if path[1:2] == '|': # Replace bar with colon in DOS drive path = path[:1] + ':' + path[2:] from urllib.parse import unquote_to_bytes path = cls(os.fsdecode(unquote_to_bytes(path))) if not path.is_absolute(): raise ValueError(f"URI is not absolute: {uri!r}") return path class PosixPath(Path, PurePosixPath): """Path subclass for non-Windows systems. On a POSIX system, instantiating a Path should return this object. """ __slots__ = () if os.name == 'nt': def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): raise UnsupportedOperation( f"cannot instantiate {cls.__name__!r} on your system") class WindowsPath(Path, PureWindowsPath): """Path subclass for Windows systems. On a Windows system, instantiating a Path should return this object. """ __slots__ = () if os.name != 'nt': def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): raise UnsupportedOperation( f"cannot instantiate {cls.__name__!r} on your system")