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knowledge/technology/internet/TCP.md
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2024-06-02 20:43:53 +02:00

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concept https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9293

TCP

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol (IP) suite. It operates at the transport layer and provides reliable, connection-oriented communication between devices on a network. TCP ensures the ordered and error-checked delivery of data, making it suitable for applications where accuracy and reliability are paramount.

Key Characteristics

1. Connection-Oriented:

  • TCP establishes a connection between two devices before data exchange. This connection is maintained throughout the communication session.

2. Reliability:

  • TCP ensures the reliable delivery of data by using acknowledgments and retransmissions. If a segment is not acknowledged, it is retransmitted to ensure data integrity.

3. Ordered Data Delivery:

  • Data sent over a TCP connection is delivered in the same order in which it was sent. This is achieved through sequence numbers assigned to each segment.

4. Flow Control:

  • TCP incorporates flow control mechanisms to prevent a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver. It uses a sliding window mechanism to manage the flow of data.

5. Full-Duplex Communication:

  • TCP supports full-duplex communication, allowing data to be sent and received simultaneously by both communicating devices.

TCP Operation

1. Three-Way Handshake:

  • TCP begins with a three-way handshake to establish a connection. This involves SYN (synchronize), SYN-ACK (synchronize acknowledgment), and ACK (acknowledge) segments.

2. Data Transfer:

  • Once the connection is established, data can be transferred between the devices. Each segment is acknowledged, and retransmissions occur in case of lost or corrupted data.

3. Connection Termination:

  • TCP ensures a reliable connection termination through a four-way handshake involving FIN (finish) and ACK segments.

TCP Header

The TCP header includes various fields, including:

  • Source and Destination Port Numbers: Identify the source and destination applications on the devices.
  • Sequence Number and Acknowledgment Number: Manage the ordering and acknowledgment of data segments.
  • Window Size: Specifies the size of the sender's receive window for flow control.
  • Checksum: Ensures the integrity of the TCP header and data.