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---
obj: application
website: https://imagemagick.org
repo: https://github.com/imagemagick/imagemagick
---
# ImageMagick
ImageMagick is a collection of command-line tools that can be used to modify and manipulate images. While many people are used to using graphical user interfaces (GUIs) like [Gimp](images/GIMP.md) or Photoshop to edit images individually, these tools may not always be practical. For instance, if you need to process an image dynamically from a web script or apply the same operations to multiple images, or if you need to repeat a specific operation on the same or different images at different times, using a command-line utility like ImageMagick may be more efficient.
## Usage
```shell
magick tool [ {option} | {image} ... ] {output_image}
magick convert [image] [option]... [output]
```
You can manipulate the image with a chain of options which get executed one by one resulting in a final output image.
### Options
#### `-background color`
This option sets a background color
#### `-black-threshold value{%}`
Force to black all pixels below the threshold while leaving all pixels at or above the threshold unchanged.
The threshold value can be given as a percentage or as an absolute integer value.
#### `-blend geometry`
Blend an image into another by the given absolute value or percent.
Blend will average the images together ('plus') according to the percentages given and each pixels transparency. If only a single percentage value is given it sets the weight of the composite or 'source' image, while the background image is weighted by the exact opposite amount. That is a `-blend 30%` merges 30% of the 'source' image with 70% of the 'destination' image. Thus it is equivalent to `-blend 30x70%`.
#### `-blur radius`
Convolve the image with a Gaussian or normal distribution using the given Sigma value.
#### `-border geometry`
Surround the image with a border of color.
#### `-bordercolor color`
Set the border color.
#### `-borderwidth geometry`
Set the border width.
#### `-brightness-contrast brightness{xcontrast}{%}`
Brightness and Contrast values apply changes to the input image. They are not absolute settings. A brightness or contrast value of zero means no change. The range of values is -100 to +100 on each. Positive values increase the brightness or contrast and negative values decrease the brightness or contrast. To control only contrast, set the brightness=0. To control only brightness, set contrast=0 or just leave it off.
#### `-channel type`
Specify those image color channels to which subsequent operators are limited.
The channels above can also be specified as a comma-separated list or can be abbreviated as a concatenation of the letters 'R', 'G', 'B', 'A', 'O', 'C', 'M', 'Y', 'K'.
#### `-chop geometry`
Remove pixels from the interior of an image.
#### `-colorize value`
Colorize the image by an amount specified by value using the color specified by the most recent `-fill` setting.
Specify the amount of colorization as a percentage. Separate colorization values can be applied to the red, green, and blue channels of the image with a comma-delimited list of colorization values (e.g., `-colorize 0,0,50`).
#### `-composite`
Take the first image 'destination' and overlay the second 'source' image. The location of the 'source' or 'overlay' image is controlled according to `-gravity`, and `-geometry` settings.
#### `-contrast`
Enhance or reduce the image contrast.
#### `-copy geometry offset`
Copy pixels from one area of an image to another.
#### `-crop geometry{@}{!}`
Cut out one or more rectangular regions of the image.
#### `-draw string`
Annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives.
The shape primitives:
- `point x,y`
- `line x0,y0 x1,y1`
- `rectangle x0,y0 x1,y1`
- `roundRectangle x0,y0 x1,y1 wc,hc`
- `arc x0,y0 x1,y1 a0,a1`
- `ellipse x0,y0 rx,ry a0,a1`
- `circle x0,y0 x1,y1`
- `polyline x0,y0 ... xn,yn`
- `polygon x0,y0 ... xn,yn`
- `bezier x0,y0 ... xn,yn`
- `image operator x0,y0 w,h filename`
#### `-extract geometry`
Extract the specified area from image.
#### `-fill color`
Color to use when filling a graphic primitive.
#### `-flip`
Create a mirror image
reflect the scanlines in the vertical direction. The image will be mirrored upside-down.
#### `-flop`
Create a mirror image.
Reflect the scanlines in the horizontal direction, just like the image in a vertical mirror.
#### `-gaussian-blur radius`
Blur the image with a Gaussian operator.
#### `-geometry geometry`
Set the preferred size and location of the image.
#### `-gravity type`
Sets the current gravity suggestion for various other settings and options.
Choices include: `NorthWest`, `North`, `NorthEast`, `West`, `Center`, `East`, `SouthWest`, `South`, `SouthEast`.
#### `-negate`
Replace each pixel with its complementary color.
#### `-region geometry`
Set a region in which subsequent operations apply.
#### `-resize geometry`
Resize an image.
#### `-size width[xheight][+offset]`
Set the width and height of the image.
#### `-sort-pixels`
sorts pixels within each scanline in ascending order of intensity.
#### `-stroke color`
Color to use when stroking a graphic primitive.
#### `-strokewidth value`
Set the stroke width.
### Composite images
```shell
magick composite -geometry +100+200 overlay.png input.jpg output.jpg
```

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---
obj: application
os:
- linux
website: https://mpv.io/
flatpak-id: io.mpv.Mpv
---
# MPV
mpv is a based media player. It supports a wide variety of video [file formats](../../files/File%20Formats.md), audio and video codecs, and subtitle types. Special input [URL](../../internet/URL.md) types are available to read input from a variety of sources other than disk files. Depending on platform, a variety of different video and audio output methods are supported.
## Usage
Usage: `mpv [options] [file|URL|PLAYLIST|-]`
## Default Input
| Input | Action |
| --------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `LEFT` and `RIGHT` | Seek backward/forward 5 seconds. Shift+arrow does a 1 second exact seek. |
| `UP` and `DOWN` | Seek forward/backward 1 minute. Shift+arrow does a 5 second exact seek. |
| `Ctrl+LEFT` and `Ctrl+RIGHT` | Seek to the previous/next subtitle. Subject to some restrictions and might not always work |
| `Ctrl+Shift+LEFT` and `Ctrl+Shift+RIGHT` | Adjust subtitle delay so that the next or previous subtitle is displayed now. This is especially useful to sync subtitles to audio. |
| `[` and `]` | Decrease/increase current playback speed by 10%. |
| `{` and `}` | Halve/double current playback speed. |
| `BACKSPACE` | Reset playback speed to normal. |
| `Shift+BACKSPACE` | Undo the last seek. This works only if the playlist entry was not changed. Hitting it a second time will go back to the original position. |
| `Shift+Ctrl+BACKSPACE` | Mark the current position. This will then be used by Shift+BACKSPACE as revert position (once you seek back, the marker will be reset). You can use this to seek around in the file and then return to the exact position where you left off. |
| `<` and `>` | Go backward/forward in the playlist. |
| `ENTER` | Go forward in the playlist. |
| `p` and `SPACE` | Pause (pressing again unpauses). |
| `.` | Step forward. Pressing once will pause, every consecutive press will play one frame and then go into pause mode again. |
| `,` | Step backward. Pressing once will pause, every consecutive press will play one frame in reverse and then go into pause mode again. |
| `q` | Stop playing and quit. |
| `Q` | Like q, but store the current playback position. Playing the same file later will resume at the old playback position if possible. |
| `/` and `*` | Decrease/increase volume. |
| `9` and `0` | Decrease/increase volume. |
| `m` | Mute sound. |
| `_` | Cycle through the available video tracks. |
| `#` | Cycle through the available audio tracks. |
| `E` | Cycle through the available Editions. |
| `f` | Toggle fullscreen |
| `ESC` | Exit fullscreen mode. |
| `T` | Toggle stay-on-top (see also --ontop). |
| `o` and `P` | Show progression bar, elapsed time and total duration on the OSD. |
| `O` | Toggle OSD states between normal and playback time/duration. |
| `v` | Toggle subtitle visibility. |
| `j` and `J` | Cycle through the available subtitles. |
| `z` and `Z` | Adjust subtitle delay by +/- 0.1 seconds. |
| `l` | Set/clear A-B loop points. See ab-loop command for details. |
| `L` | Toggle infinite looping. |
| `Ctrl++` and `Ctrl+-` | Adjust audio delay (A/V sync) by +/- 0.1 seconds. |
| `Shift+g` and `Shift+f` | Adjust subtitle font size by +/- 10%. |
| `r` and `R` | Move subtitles up/down. |
| `s` | Take a screenshot. |
| `S` | Take a screenshot, without subtitles. |
| `Ctrl+s` | Take a screenshot, as the window shows it (with subtitles, OSD, and scaled video). |
| `PGUP` and `PGDWN` | Seek to the beginning of the previous/next chapter. In most cases, "previous" will actually go to the beginning of the current chapter. |
| `Alt+LEFT`, `Alt+RIGHT`, `Alt+UP`, `Alt+DOWN` | Move the video rectangle (panning). |
| `Alt++` and `Alt+-` | Combining `Alt` with the `+` or `-` keys changes video zoom. |
| `Alt+BACKSPACE` | Reset the pan/zoom settings. |
| `F8` | Show the playlist and the current position in it (useful only if a UI window is used, broken on the terminal). |
| `F9` | Show the list of audio and subtitle streams (useful only if a UI window is used, broken on the terminal). |
| `i` and `I` | Show/toggle an overlay displaying statistics about the currently playing file such as codec, framerate, number of dropped frames and so on. |
| `DEL` | Cycle OSC visibility between never / auto (mouse-move) / always |
| \` | Show the console. (`ESC` closes it again) |
| `1` and `2` | Adjust contrast. |
| `3` and `4` | Adjust brightness. |
| `5` and `6` | Adjust gamma. |
| `7` and `8` | Adjust saturation. |
## Options
### Track Selection
- `--alang=<languagecode[,languagecode,...]>`
Specify a priority list of audio languages to use, as IETF language tags. Equivalent ISO 639-1 two-letter and ISO 639-2 three-letter codes are treated the same. The first tag in the list whose language matches a track in the file will be used.
- `--slang=<languagecode[,languagecode,...]>`
Equivalent to `--alang`, for subtitle tracks.
- `--vlang=<...>`
Equivalent to `--alang` and `--slang`, for video tracks.
- `--aid=<ID|auto|no>`
Select audio track. `auto` selects the default, `no` disables audio. See also `--alang`. mpv normally prints available audio tracks on the terminal when starting playback of a file.
`--audio` is an alias for `--aid`.
- `--sid=<ID|auto|no>`
Display the subtitle stream specified by `<ID>`. `auto` selects the default, `no` disables subtitles.
`--sub` is an alias for `--sid`.
- `--vid=<ID|auto|no>`
Select video channel. `auto` selects the default, `no` disables video.
`--video` is an alias for `--vid`.
### Playback Control
- `--start=<relative time>`
Seek to given time position.
The general format for times is `[+|-][[hh:]mm:]ss[.ms]`. If the time is prefixed with `-`, the time is considered relative from the end of the file (as signaled by the demuxer/the file). A `+` is usually ignored.
The following alternative time specifications are recognized:
- `pp%` seeks to percent position pp (0-100).
- `#c` seeks to chapter number `c`. (Chapters start from 1.)
- `none` resets any previously set option (useful for libmpv).
- `--end=<relative time>`
Stop at given time. Use `--length` if the time should be relative to `--start`. See `--start` for valid option values and examples.
- `--length=<relative time>`
Stop after a given time relative to the start time. See `--start` for valid option values and examples.
If both `--end` and `--length` are provided, playback will stop when it reaches either of the two endpoints.
- `--speed=<0.01-100>`
Slow down or speed up playback by the factor given as parameter.
If `--audio-pitch-correction` (on by default) is used, playing with a speed higher than normal automatically inserts the `scaletempo2` audio filter.
- `--pause`
Start the player in paused state.
- `--shuffle`
Play files in random order.
- `--playlist-start=<auto|index>`
Set which file on the internal playlist to start playback with. The index is an integer, with 0 meaning the first file. The value auto means that the selection of the entry to play is left to the playback resume mechanism (default).
- `--loop-playlist=<N|inf|force|no>, --loop-playlist`
Loops playback `N` times. A value of 1 plays it one time (default), 2 two times, etc. `inf` means forever. `no` is the same as 1 and disables looping. If several files are specified on command line, the entire playlist is looped. `--loop-playlist` is the same as `--loop-playlist=inf`.
- `--loop-file=<N|inf|no>, --loop=<N|inf|no>`
Loop a single file `N` times. `inf` means forever, `no` means normal playback. For compatibility, `--loop-file` and `--loop-file=yes` are also accepted, and are the same as `--loop-file=inf`.
The difference to `--loop-playlist` is that this doesn't loop the playlist, just the file itself. If the playlist contains only a single file, the difference between the two option is that this option performs a seek on loop, instead of reloading the file.
- `--ab-loop-a=<time>, --ab-loop-b=<time>`
Set loop points. If playback passes the b timestamp, it will seek to the a timestamp. Seeking past the b point doesn't loop (this is intentional).
If a is after b, the behavior is as if the points were given in the right order, and the player will seek to b after crossing through a. This is different from old behavior, where looping was disabled (and as a bug, looped back to a on the end of the file).
- `--ab-loop-count=<N|inf>`
Run A-B loops only `N` times, then ignore the A-B loop points (default: `inf`). Every finished loop iteration will decrement this option by 1 (unless it is set to `inf` or 0). `inf` means that looping goes on forever. If this option is set to 0, A-B looping is ignored, and even the ab-loop command will not enable looping again
- `--play-direction=<forward|+|backward|->`
Control the playback direction (default: `forward`). Setting `backward` will attempt to play the file in reverse direction, with decreasing playback time. If this is set on playback starts, playback will start from the end of the file. If this is changed at during playback, a hr-seek will be issued to change the direction.
`+` and `-` are aliases for forward and backward.
### Program Behaviour
- `--no-config`
Do not load default configuration or any user files. This prevents loading of both the user-level and system-wide `mpv.conf` and `input.conf` files.
- `--list-options`
Prints all available options.
- `--list-properties`
Print a list of the available properties.
- `--list-protocols`
Print a list of the supported protocols.
- `--idle=<no|yes|once>`
Makes mpv wait idly instead of quitting when there is no file to play. Mostly useful in input mode, where mpv can be controlled through input commands. (Default: `no`)
- `--include=<configuration-file>`
Specify configuration file to be parsed after the default ones.
- `--load-scripts=<yes|no>`
If set to `no`, don't auto-load scripts from the scripts configuration subdirectory
- `--script=<filename>, --scripts=file1.lua:file2.lua:...`
Load a Lua script. The second option allows you to load multiple scripts by separating them with the path separator (`:` on Unix, `;` on [Windows](../../windows/Windows.md)).
- `--profile=<profile1,profile2,...>`
Use the given profile(s), `--profile=help` displays a list of the defined profiles.
- `--show-profile=<profile>`
Show the description and content of a profile. Lists all profiles if no parameter is provided.
- `--ytdl-format=<ytdl|best|worst|mp4|webm|...>`
Video format/quality that is directly passed to youtube-dl.
- `--ytdl-raw-options=<key>=<value>[,<key>=<value>[,...]]`
Pass arbitrary options to youtube-dl.
### Video
- `--vf=<filter1[=parameter1:parameter2:...],filter2,...>`
Specify a list of video filters to apply to the video stream. See VIDEO FILTERS for details and descriptions of the available filters. The option variants `--vf-add`, `--vf-pre`, and `--vf-clr` exist to modify a previously specified list, but you should not need these for typical use.
- `--video-aspect-override=<ratio|no>`
Override video aspect ratio, in case aspect information is incorrect or missing in the file being played.
- `--video-pan-x=<value>, --video-pan-y=<value>`
Moves the displayed video rectangle by the given value in the X or Y direction. The unit is in fractions of the size of the scaled video (the full size, even if parts of the video are not visible due to panscan or other options).
- `--video-rotate=<0-359|no>`
Rotate the video clockwise, in degrees. If `no` is given, the video is never rotated, even if the file has rotation metadata. (The rotation value is added to the rotation metadata, which means the value 0 would rotate the video according to the rotation metadata.)
- `--video-crop=<[W[xH]][+x+y]>, --video-crop=<x:y>`
Crop the video by starting at the x, y offset for w, h pixels. The crop is applied to the source video rectangle (before anamorphic stretch) by the VO. A crop rectangle that is not within the video rectangle will be ignored.
- `--video-zoom=<value>`
Adjust the video display scale factor by the given value. The parameter is given log 2. For example, `--video-zoom=0` is unscaled, `--video-zoom=1` is twice the size, `--video-zoom=-2` is one fourth of the size, and so on.
- `--video-scale-x=<value>, --video-scale-y=<value>`
Multiply the video display size with the given value (default: 1.0). If a non-default value is used, this will be different from the window size, so video will be either cut off, or black bars are added.
- `--video-align-x=<-1-1>, --video-align-y=<-1-1>`
Moves the video rectangle within the black borders, which are usually added to pad the video to screen if video and screen aspect ratios are different. `--video-align-y=-1` would move the video to the top of the screen (leaving a border only on the bottom), a value of 0 centers it (default), and a value of 1 would put the video at the bottom of the screen.
- `--video-margin-ratio-left=<val>, --video-margin-ratio-right=<val>, --video-margin-ratio-top=<val>, --video-margin-ratio-bottom=<val>`
Set extra video margins on each border (default: 0). Each value is a ratio of the window size, using a range 0.0-1.0. For example, setting the option `--video-margin-ratio-right=0.2` at a window size of 1000 pixels will add a 200 pixels border on the right side of the window.
The video is "boxed" by these margins. The window size is not changed. In particular it does not enlarge the window, and the margins will cause the video to be downscaled by default. This may or may not change in the future.
- `--frames=<number>`
Play/convert only first `<number>` video frames, then quit.
### Audio
- `--audio-pitch-correction=<yes|no>`
If this is enabled (default), playing with a speed different from normal automatically inserts the `scaletempo2` audio filter.
- `--audio-device=<name>`
Use the given audio device. This consists of the audio output name, e.g. alsa, followed by /, followed by the audio output specific device name. The default value for this option is `auto`, which tries every audio output in preference order with the default device.
You can list audio devices with `--audio-device=help`. This outputs the device name in quotes, followed by a description. The device name is what you have to pass to the `--audio-device` option.
- `--af=<filter1[=parameter1:parameter2:...],filter2,...>`
Specify a list of audio filters to apply to the audio stream.
- `--volume=<value>`
Set the startup volume. 0 means silence, 100 means no volume reduction or amplification. Negative values can be passed for compatibility, but are treated as 0.
- `--audio-delay=<sec>`
Audio delay in seconds (positive or negative float value). Positive values delay the audio, and negative values delay the video.
- `--mute=<yes|no|auto>`
Set startup audio mute status (default: `no`).
- `--audio-files=<files>`
Play audio from an external file while viewing a video.
- `--audio-file=<file>`
CLI/config file only alias for `--audio-files-append`. Each use of this option will add a new audio track. The details are similar to how `--sub-file` works.
### Subtitles
- `--sub-delay=<sec>`
Delays subtitles by `<sec>` seconds. Can be negative.
- `--sub-files=<file-list>, --sub-file=<filename>`
Add a subtitle file to the list of external subtitles.
If you use `--sub-file` only once, this subtitle file is displayed by default.
If `--sub-file` is used multiple times, the subtitle to use can be switched at runtime by cycling subtitle tracks. It's possible to show two subtitles at once: use `--sid` to select the first subtitle index, and `--secondary-sid` to select the second index. (The index is printed on the terminal output after the `--sid=` in the list of streams.)
- `--secondary-sid=<ID|auto|no>`
Select a secondary subtitle stream. This is similar to `--sid`. If a secondary subtitle is selected, it will be rendered as toptitle (i.e. on the top of the screen) alongside the normal subtitle, and provides a way to render two subtitles at once.
- `--sub-scale=<0-100>`
Factor for the text subtitle font size (default: 1).
This affects ASS subtitles as well, and may lead to incorrect subtitle rendering. Use with care, or use `--sub-font-size` instead.
- `--sub-pos=<0-150>`
Specify the position of subtitles on the screen. The value is the vertical position of the subtitle in % of the screen height. 100 is the original position, which is often not the absolute bottom of the screen, but with some margin between the bottom and the subtitle. Values above 100 move the subtitle further down.
- `--sub-speed=<0.1-10.0>`
Multiply the subtitle event timestamps with the given value. Can be used to fix the playback speed for frame-based subtitle formats. Affects text subtitles only.
- `--sub-fix-timing=<yes|no>`
Adjust subtitle timing is to remove minor gaps or overlaps between subtitles (if the difference is smaller than 210 ms, the gap or overlap is removed).
- `--sub-font-size=<size>`
Specify the sub font size. The unit is the size in scaled pixels at a window height of 720. The actual pixel size is scaled with the window height: if the window height is larger or smaller than 720, the actual size of the text increases or decreases as well.
- `--sub-shadow-offset=<size>`
Displacement of the sub text shadow in scaled pixels (see --sub-font-size for details). A value of 0 disables shadows.
### Window
- `--title=<string>`
Set the window title. This is used for the video window, and if possible, also sets the audio stream title. Properties are expanded.
- `--screen=<default|0-32>`
In multi-monitor configurations (i.e. a single desktop that spans across multiple displays), this option tells mpv which screen to display the video on.
- `--fullscreen, --fs`
Fullscreen playback.
- `--keep-open=<yes|no|always>`
Do not terminate when playing or seeking beyond the end of the file, and there is no next file to be played (and `--loop` is not used). Instead, pause the player. When trying to seek beyond end of the file, the player will attempt to seek to the last frame.
- `--image-display-duration=<seconds|inf>`
If the current file is an image, play the image for the given amount of seconds (default: 1). `inf` means the file is kept open forever (until the user stops playback manually).
- `--ontop`
Makes the player window stay on top of other windows.
On [Windows](../../windows/Windows.md), if combined with fullscreen mode, this causes mpv to be treated as exclusive fullscreen window that bypasses the Desktop Window Manager.
- `--geometry=<[W[xH]][+-x+-y][/WS]>, --geometry=<x:y>`
Adjust the initial window position or size. `W` and `H` set the window size in pixels. `x` and `y` set the window position, measured in pixels from the top-left corner of the screen to the top-left corner of the image being displayed. If a percentage sign (`%`) is given after the argument, it turns the value into a percentage of the screen size in that direction.
- `--autofit=<[W[xH]]>`
Set the initial window size to a maximum size specified by `WxH`, without changing the window's aspect ratio. The size is measured in pixels, or if a number is followed by a percentage sign (`%`) in percents of the screen size.
- `--window-scale=<factor>`
Resize the video window to a multiple (or fraction) of the video size. This option is applied before `--autofit` and other options are applied (so they override this option).
- `--auto-window-resize=<yes|no>`
By default, mpv will automatically resize itself if the video's size changes (i.e. advancing forward in a playlist). Setting this to no disables this behavior so the window size never changes automatically.
### Equalizer
- `--brightness=<-100-100>`
Adjust the brightness of the video signal (default: 0). Not supported by all video output drivers.
- `--contrast=<-100-100>`
Adjust the contrast of the video signal (default: 0). Not supported by all video output drivers.
- `--saturation=<-100-100>`
Adjust the saturation of the video signal (default: 0). You can get grayscale output with this option. Not supported by all video output drivers.
- `--gamma=<-100-100>`
Adjust the gamma of the video signal (default: 0). Not supported by all video output drivers.
- `--hue=<-100-100>`
Adjust the hue of the video signal (default: 0). You can get a colored negative of the image with this option. Not supported by all video output drivers.
### Demuxer
- `--directory-mode=<auto|lazy|recursive|ignore>`
When opening a directory, open subdirectories lazily, recursively or not at all. The default is `auto`, which behaves like `recursive` with `--shuffle`, and like `lazy` otherwise.
### Input
- `--input-conf=<filename>`
Specify input configuration file other than the default location in the mpv configuration directory (usually `~/.config/mpv/input.conf`).
- `--input-keylist`
Prints all keys that can be bound to commands.
- `--input-gamepad=<yes|no>`
Enable/disable SDL2 Gamepad support. Disabled by default.
### On Screen Controller
- `--osc, --no-osc`
Whether to load the on-screen-controller (default: yes).
- `--no-osd-bar, --osd-bar`
Disable display of the OSD bar.
- `--osd-font-size=<size>`
Specify the OSD font size. See `--sub-font-size` for details.
### Screenshot
- `--screenshot-format=<type>`
Set the image file type used for saving screenshots.
Available choices:
- `png`: [PNG](../../media/image/PNG.md)
- `jpg`: JPEG (default)
- `jpeg`: JPEG (alias for jpg)
- `webp`: WebP
- `jxl`: JPEG XL
- `avif`: [AVIF](../../media/image/AVIF.md)
- `--screenshot-template=<template>`
Specify the filename template used to save screenshots. The template specifies the filename without file extension, and can contain format specifiers, which will be substituted when taking a screenshot. By default, the template is `mpv-shot%n`, which results in filenames like `mpv-shot0012.png` for example.
The template can start with a relative or absolute path, in order to specify a directory location where screenshots should be saved.
Allowed format specifiers:
| Format | Description |
| -------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `%[#][0X]n` | A sequence number, padded with zeros to length X (default: 04). E.g. passing the format %04n will yield 0012 on the 12th screenshot. The number is incremented every time a screenshot is taken or if the file already exists. The length X must be in the range 0-9. With the optional # sign, mpv will use the lowest available number. For example, if you take three screenshots--0001, 0002, 0003--and delete the first two, the next two screenshots will not be 0004 and 0005, but 0001 and 0002 again. |
| `%f` | Filename of the currently played video. |
| `%F` | Same as %f, but strip the file extension, including the dot. |
| `%x` | Directory path of the currently played video. If the video is not on the filesystem (but e.g. `http://`), this expand to an empty string. |
| `%X{fallback}` | Same as `%x`, but if the video file is not on the filesystem, return the fallback string inside the `{...}`. |
| `%p` | Current playback time, in the same format as used in the OSD. The result is a string of the form `HH:MM:SS`. For example, if the video is at the time position 5 minutes and 34 seconds, `%p` will be replaced with `00:05:34`. |
| `%P` | Similar to `%p`, but extended with the playback time in milliseconds. It is formatted as `HH:MM:SS.mmm`, with `mmm` being the millisecond part of the playback time. |
| `%wX` | Specify the current playback time using the format string `X`. `%p` is like `%wH:%wM:%wS`, and `%P` is like `%wH:%wM:%wS.%wT`.<br>Valid format specifiers:<br>- `%wH`: hour (padded with 0 to two digits)<br>- `%wh`: hour (not padded)<br>- `%wM`: minutes (00-59)<br>- `%wm`: total minutes (includes hours, unlike %wM)<br>- `%wS`: seconds (00-59)<br>- `%ws`: total seconds (includes hours and minutes)<br>- `%wf`: like %ws, but as float<br>- `%wT`: milliseconds (000-999) |
| `%tX` | Specify the current local date/time using the format `X`. This format specifier uses the UNIX `strftime()` function internally, and inserts the result of passing `%X` to `strftime`. For example, `%tm` will insert the number of the current month as number. You have to use multiple `%tX` specifiers to build a full date/time string. |
| `%%` | Replaced with the % character itself. |
- `--screenshot-dir=<path>`
Store screenshots in this directory. This path is joined with the filename generated by `--screenshot-template`. If the template filename is already absolute, the directory is ignored.
If the directory does not exist, it is created on the first screenshot. If it is not a directory, an error is generated when trying to write a screenshot.
### Cache
- `--cache=<yes|no|auto>`
Decide whether to use network cache settings (default: `auto`).
- `--cache-secs=<seconds>`
How many seconds of audio/video to prefetch if the cache is active.
### Network
- `--user-agent=<string>`
Use `<string>` as user agent for [HTTP](../../internet/HTTP.md) streaming.
- `--cookies, --no-cookies`
Support cookies when making [HTTP](../../internet/HTTP.md) requests. Disabled by default.
- `--cookies-file=<filename>`
Read [HTTP](../../internet/HTTP.md) [cookies](../../internet/Cookie.md) from `<filename>`. The file is assumed to be in Netscape format.
- `--http-header-fields=<field1,field2>`
Set custom [HTTP](../../internet/HTTP.md) fields when accessing [HTTP](../../internet/HTTP.md) stream.
- `--http-proxy=<proxy>`
[URL](../../internet/URL.md) of the HTTP/HTTPS proxy. If this is set, the `http_proxy` environment is ignored. The `no_proxy` environment variable is still respected. This option is silently ignored if it does not start with `http://`. Proxies are not used for https URLs. Setting this option does not try to make the ytdl script use the proxy.
## Video Filters
#todo -> $ mpv -vf=help
To see a list of all available video filters: `mpv -vf=help`
## Audio Filters
#todo -> $ mpv -af=help
To see a list of all available audio filters: `mpv -af=help`
## Encoding
You can encode files from one format/codec to another using this facility. This is useful if you want to apply filters to a file.
- `--o=<filename>`
Enables encoding mode and specifies the output file name.
- `--of=<format>`
Specifies the output format (overrides autodetection by the file name extension of the file specified by `-o`). See `--of=help` for a full list of supported formats.
- `--oac=<codec>`
Specifies the output audio codec. See `--oac=help` for a full list of supported [codecs](../../media/Codecs.md).
- `--oacopts=<options>`
Specifies the output audio codec options for libavcodec. See `--oacopts=help` for a full list of supported options.
Example:
```
# selects 128 kbps MP3 encoding.
--oac=libmp3lame --oacopts=b=128000
```
- `--ovc=<codec>`
Specifies the output video codec. See `--ovc=help` for a full list of supported [codecs](../../media/Codecs.md).
- `--ovcopts=<options>`
Specifies the output video codec options for libavcodec. See `--ovcopts=help` for a full list of supported options.
## Command Interface & Input Mapping
The keymap file is located in the mpv configuration directory (normally at `~/.config/mpv/input.conf` depending on platform). The default bindings are defined [here](https://github.com/mpv-player/mpv/blob/master/etc/input.conf).
The `input.conf` file consists of a list of key bindings, for example:
```
s screenshot # take a screenshot with the s key
LEFT seek 15 # map the left-arrow key to seeking forward by 15 seconds
```
Each line maps a key to an input command. Keys are specified with their literal value (upper case if combined with Shift), or a name for special keys. For example, `a` maps to the `a` key without `shift`, and `A` maps to `a` with shift.
Syntax: `[Shift+][Ctrl+][Alt+][Meta+]<key> [{<section>}] <command> ( ; <command> )*`
### List of Input Commands
#todo -> https://mpv.io/manual/stable/#list-of-input-commands
### List of Properties
#todo -> https://mpv.io/manual/stable/#property-list
## Configuration
You can put all of the options in configuration files which will be read every time mpv is run. The system-wide configuration file 'mpv.conf' is in your configuration directory (e.g. `/etc/mpv` or `/usr/local/etc/mpv`), the user-specific one is `~/.config/mpv/mpv.conf`.
Almost all command line options can be put into the configuration file. Here is a small guide:
| Option | Configuration file entry |
| ----------------- | ------------------------ |
| --flag | flag |
| -opt val | opt=val |
| --opt=val | opt=val |
| -opt "has spaces" | opt=has spaces |
### Profiles
To ease working with different configurations, profiles can be defined in the configuration files. A profile starts with its name in square brackets, e.g. `[my-profile]`. All following options will be part of the profile. A description (shown by `--profile=help`) can be defined with the `profile-desc` option. To end the profile, start another one or use the profile name `default` to continue with normal options.
You can list profiles with `--profile=help`, and show the contents of a profile with `--show-profile=<name>` (replace `<name>` with the profile name). You can apply profiles on start with the `--profile=<name>` option, or at runtime with the `apply-profile <name>` command.
### Conditional Profiles
Profiles which have the `profile-cond` option set are applied automatically if the associated condition matches (unless auto profiles are disabled). The option takes a string, which is interpreted as Lua expression. If the expression evaluates as truthy, the profile is applied. If the expression errors or evaluates as falsy, the profile is not applied. This Lua code execution is not sandboxed.
Make only HD video look funny:
```
[something]
profile-desc=HD video
profile-cond=width >= 1280
hue=-50
```
Make only videos containing "youtube" or "youtu.be" in their path brighter:
```
[youtube]
profile-cond=path:find('youtu%.?be')
gamma=20
```
If you want the profile to be reverted if the condition goes to false again, you can set profile-restore:
```
[something]
profile-desc=Mess up video when entering fullscreen
profile-cond=fullscreen
profile-restore=copy
vf-add=rotate=PI/2 # rotate by 90 degrees
```
This appends the rotate filter to the video filter chain when entering fullscreen. When leaving fullscreen, the vf option is set to the value it had before entering fullscreen. Note that this would also remove any other filters that were added during fullscreen mode by the user. Avoiding this is trickier, and could for example be solved by adding a second profile with an inverse condition and operation:
```
[something]
profile-cond=fullscreen
vf-add=@rot:rotate=PI/2
[something-inv]
profile-cond=not fullscreen
vf-remove=@rot
```
## Lua Scripting
MPV can load Lua scripts.
mpv provides the built-in module mp, which contains functions to send commands to the mpv core and to retrieve information about playback state, user settings, file information, and so on.
Scripts can be passed to the `--script` option, and are automatically loaded from the scripts subdirectory of the mpv configuration directory (usually `~/.config/mpv/scripts/`).
Example - A script which leaves fullscreen mode when the player is paused:
```lua
function on_pause_change(name, value)
if value == true then
mp.set_property("fullscreen", "no")
end
end
mp.observe_property("pause", "bool", on_pause_change)
```
### mp functions
The mp module is preloaded, although it can be loaded manually with `require 'mp'`. It provides the core client API.
- `mp.command(string)`
Run the given command. This is similar to the commands used in `input.conf`.
Returns `true` on success, or `nil`, `error` on error.
- `mp.commandv(arg1, arg2, ...)`
Similar to `mp.command`, but pass each command argument as separate parameter. This has the advantage that you don't have to care about quoting and escaping in some cases.
Example:
```lua
mp.command("loadfile " .. filename .. " append")
mp.commandv("loadfile", filename, "append")
```
These two commands are equivalent, except that the first version breaks if the filename contains spaces or certain special characters.
Note that properties are not expanded. You can use either `mp.command`, the `expand-properties` prefix, or the `mp.get_property` family of functions.
Unlike `mp.command`, this will not use OSD by default either (except for some OSD-specific commands).
- `mp.del_property(name)`
Delete the given property. See `mp.get_property` and Properties for more information about properties. Most properties cannot be deleted.
Returns `true` on success, or `nil`, `error` on error.
- `mp.get_property(name [,def])`
Return the value of the given property as string. These are the same properties as used in `input.conf`. See Properties for a list of properties. The returned string is formatted similar to `${=name}`.
Returns the string on success, or def, error on error. def is the second parameter provided to the function, and is nil if it's missing.
- `mp.get_property_osd(name [,def])`
Similar to `mp.get_property`, but return the property value formatted for OSD. This is the same string as printed with `${name}` when used in `input.conf`.
Returns the string on success, or def, error on error. def is the second parameter provided to the function, and is an empty string if it's missing. Unlike `get_property()`, assigning the return value to a variable will always result in a string.
- `mp.get_property_bool(name [,def])`
Similar to `mp.get_property`, but return the property value as Boolean.
Returns a Boolean on success, or def, error on error.
- `mp.get_property_number(name [,def])`
Similar to `mp.get_property`, but return the property value as number.
Note that while Lua does not distinguish between integers and floats, mpv internals do. This function simply request a double float from mpv, and mpv will usually convert integer property values to float.
Returns a number on success, or def, error on error.
- `mp.get_property_native(name [,def])`
Similar to `mp.get_property`, but return the property value using the best Lua type for the property. Most time, this will return a string, Boolean, or number. Some properties (for example chapter-list) are returned as tables.
Returns a value on success, or def, error on error. Note that nil might be a possible, valid value too in some corner cases.
- `mp.set_property(name, value)`
Set the given property to the given string value.
Returns true on success, or nil, error on error.
- `mp.set_property_bool(name, value)`
Similar to `mp.set_property`, but set the given property to the given Boolean value.
- `mp.set_property_number(name, value)`
Similar to `mp.set_property`, but set the given property to the given numeric value.
Note that while Lua does not distinguish between integers and floats, mpv internals do. This function will test whether the number can be represented as integer, and if so, it will pass an integer value to mpv, otherwise a double float.
- `mp.set_property_native(name, value)`
Similar to `mp.set_property`, but set the given property using its native type.
Since there are several data types which cannot represented natively in Lua, this might not always work as expected. For example, while the Lua wrapper can do some guesswork to decide whether a Lua table is an array or a map, this would fail with empty tables. Also, there are not many properties for which it makes sense to use this, instead of set_property, set_property_bool, set_property_number. For these reasons, this function should probably be avoided for now, except for properties that use tables natively.
- `mp.get_time()`
Return the current mpv internal time in seconds as a number. This is basically the system time, with an arbitrary offset.
- `mp.add_key_binding(key, name|fn [,fn [,flags]])`
Register callback to be run on a key binding. The binding will be mapped to the given key, which is a string describing the physical key. This uses the same key names as in `input.conf`, and also allows combinations (e.g. `ctrl+a`). If the key is empty or `nil`, no physical key is registered, but the user still can create own bindings (see below).
After calling this function, key presses will cause the function fn to be called (unless the user remapped the key with another binding).
The name argument should be a short symbolic string. It allows the user to remap the key binding via `input.conf` using the `script-message` command, and the name of the key binding (see below for an example). The name should be unique across other bindings in the same script - if not, the previous binding with the same name will be overwritten. You can omit the name, in which case a random name is generated internally. (Omitting works as follows: either pass `nil` for name, or pass the fn argument in place of the name. The latter is not recommended and is handled for compatibility only.)
The last argument is used for optional flags. This is a table, which can have the following entries:
- repeatable
If set to true, enables key repeat for this specific binding.
- complex
If set to true, then fn is called on both key up and down events (as well as key repeat, if enabled), with the first argument being a table. This table has the following entries (and may contain undocumented ones):
- event
Set to one of the strings down, repeat, up or press (the latter if key up/down can't be tracked).
- is_mouse
Boolean Whether the event was caused by a mouse button.
- key_name
The name of they key that triggered this, or nil if invoked artificially. If the key name is unknown, it's an empty string.
- key_text
Text if triggered by a text key, otherwise nil. See description of script-binding command for details (this field is equivalent to the 5th argument).
Internally, key bindings are dispatched via the `script-message-to` or `script-binding` input commands and `mp.register_script_message`.
Example:
```lua
function something_handler()
print("the key was pressed")
end
mp.add_key_binding("x", "something", something_handler)
```
This will print the message the key was pressed when x was pressed.
The user can remap these key bindings. Then the user has to put the following into their `input.conf` to remap the command to the y key:
```
y script-binding something
```
This will print the message when the key y is pressed. (x will still work, unless the user remaps it.)
You can also explicitly send a message to a named script only. Assume the above script was using the filename `fooscript.lua`:
```
y script-binding fooscript/something
```
- `mp.remove_key_binding(name)`
Remove a key binding added with `mp.add_key_binding`. Use the same name as you used when adding the bindings. It's not possible to remove bindings for which you omitted the name.
- `mp.observe_property(name, type, fn)`
Watch a property for changes. If the property name is changed, then the function `fn(name)` will be called. type can be nil, or be set to one of none, native, bool, string, or number. none is the same as nil. For all other values, the new value of the property will be passed as second argument to fn, using `mp.get_property_<type>` to retrieve it. This means if type is for example string, fn is roughly called as in fn(name, mp.get_property_string(name)).
If possible, change events are coalesced. If a property is changed a bunch of times in a row, only the last change triggers the change function. (The exact behavior depends on timing and other things.)
If a property is unavailable, or on error, the value argument to fn is nil. (The `observe_property()` call always succeeds, even if a property does not exist.)
In some cases the function is not called even if the property changes. This depends on the property, and it's a valid feature request to ask for better update handling of a specific property.
If the type is none or nil, sporadic property change events are possible. This means the change function fn can be called even if the property doesn't actually change.
You always get an initial change notification. This is meant to initialize the user's state to the current value of the property.
- `mp.unobserve_property(fn)`
Undo `mp.observe_property(..., fn)`. This removes all property handlers that are equal to the fn parameter. This uses normal Lua == comparison, so be careful when dealing with closures.
- `mp.add_timeout(seconds, fn [, disabled])`
Call the given function fn when the given number of seconds has elapsed. Note that the number of seconds can be fractional. For now, the timer's resolution may be as low as 50 ms, although this will be improved in the future.
If the disabled argument is set to true or a truthy value, the timer will wait to be manually started with a call to its resume() method.
This is a one-shot timer: it will be removed when it's fired.
Returns a timer object. See `mp.add_periodic_timer` for details.
- `mp.add_periodic_timer(seconds, fn [, disabled])`
Call the given function periodically. This is like `mp.add_timeout`, but the timer is re-added after the function fn is run.
Returns a timer object. The timer object provides the following methods:
- `stop()`
Disable the timer. Does nothing if the timer is already disabled. This will remember the current elapsed time when stopping, so that `resume()` essentially unpauses the timer.
- `kill()`
Disable the timer. Resets the elapsed time. `resume()` will restart the timer.
- `resume()`
Restart the timer. If the timer was disabled with `stop()`, this will resume at the time it was stopped. If the timer was disabled with `kill()`, or if it's a previously fired one-shot timer (added with `add_timeout()`), this starts the timer from the beginning, using the initially configured timeout.
- `is_enabled()`
Whether the timer is currently enabled or was previously disabled (e.g. by `stop()` or `kill()`).
- `timeout` (RW)
This field contains the current timeout period. This value is not updated as time progresses. It's only used to calculate when the timer should fire next when the timer expires.
If you write this, you can call `t:kill() ; t:resume()` to reset the current timeout to the new one. (`t:stop()` won't use the new timeout.)
- `oneshot` (RW)
Whether the timer is periodic (false) or fires just once (true). This value is used when the timer expires (but before the timer callback function fn is run).
> Note that these are methods, and you have to call them using : instead of . (Refer to https://www.lua.org/manual/5.2/manual.html#3.4.9 .)
Example:
```lua
seconds = 0
timer = mp.add_periodic_timer(1, function()
print("called every second")
# stop it after 10 seconds
seconds = seconds + 1
if seconds >= 10 then
timer:kill()
end
end)
```
- `mp.osd_message(text [,duration])`
Show an OSD message on the screen. duration is in seconds, and is optional.
#### mp.utils
This built-in module provides generic helper functions for Lua, and have strictly speaking nothing to do with mpv or video/audio playback. They are provided for convenience. Most compensate for Lua's scarce standard library.
Be warned that any of these functions might disappear any time. They are not strictly part of the guaranteed API.
- `utils.getcwd()`
Returns the directory that mpv was launched from. On error, nil, error is returned.
- `utils.readdir(path [, filter])`
Enumerate all entries at the given path on the filesystem, and return them as array. Each entry is a directory entry (without the path). The list is unsorted (in whatever order the operating system returns it).
If the filter argument is given, it must be one of the following strings:
- `files`
List regular files only. This excludes directories, special files (like UNIX device files or FIFOs), and dead symlinks. It includes UNIX symlinks to regular files.
- `dirs`
List directories only, or symlinks to directories. `.` and `..` are not included.
- `normal`
Include the results of both files and dirs. (This is the default.)
- `all`
List all entries, even device files, dead symlinks, FIFOs, and the . and .. entries.
On error, nil, error is returned.
- `utils.file_info(path)`
Stats the given path for information and returns a table with the following entries:
- `mode`
protection bits
- `size`
size in bytes
- `atime`
time of last access
- `mtime`
time of last modification
- `ctime`
time of last metadata change
- `is_file`
Whether path is a regular file (boolean)
- `is_dir`
Whether path is a directory (boolean)
`mode` and `size` are integers. Timestamps (`atime`, `mtime` and `ctime`) are integer seconds since the Unix epoch (Unix time). The booleans `is_file` and `is_dir` are provided as a convenience; they can be and are derived from `mode`.
On error (e.g. path does not exist), nil, error is returned.
- `utils.split_path(path)`
Split a path into directory component and filename component, and return them. The first return value is always the directory. The second return value is the trailing part of the path, the directory entry.
- `utils.join_path(p1, p2)`
Return the concatenation of the 2 paths. Tries to be clever. For example, if `p2` is an absolute path, `p2` is returned without change.
- `utils.get_env_list()`
Returns the C environment as a list of strings.
- `utils.parse_json(str [, trail])`
Parses the given string argument as [JSON](../../files/JSON.md), and returns it as a Lua table. On error, returns nil, error. (Currently, error is just a string reading error, because there is no fine-grained error reporting of any kind.)
The returned value uses similar conventions as `mp.get_property_native()` to distinguish empty objects and arrays.
If the trail parameter is true (or any value equal to true), then trailing non-whitespace text is tolerated by the function, and the trailing text is returned as 3rd return value. (The 3rd return value is always there, but with trail set, no error is raised.)
- `utils.format_json(v)`
Format the given Lua table (or value) as a [JSON](../../files/JSON.md) string and return it. On error, returns nil, error. (Errors usually only happen on value types incompatible with [JSON](../../files/JSON.md).)
The argument value uses similar conventions as `mp.set_property_native()` to distinguish empty objects and arrays.
- `utils.to_string(v)`
Turn the given value into a string. Formats tables and their contents. This doesn't do anything special; it is only needed because Lua is terrible.
### [User Scripts](https://github.com/mpv-player/mpv/wiki/User-Scripts)
- **[autoloop](https://github.com/zc62/mpv-scripts/blob/master/autoloop.lua)**: Automatically loops files that are under a given duration (default 5 seconds).
- **[copyTime](https://github.com/Arieleg/mpv-copyTime)**: Get the current time of the video and copy it to the clipboard with the format `HH:MM:SS.MS`.

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---
obj: application
flatpak-id: com.valvesoftware.Steam
website: https://store.steampowered.com/
---
# Steam
Steam is a video game digital distribution service and storefront developed by Valve Corporation. It was launched as a software client in September 2003 to provide game updates automatically for Valve's games, and expanded to distributing third-party titles in late 2005. Steam offers various features, like game server matchmaking with Valve Anti-Cheat measures, social networking, and game streaming services. Steam client's functions include game update automation, cloud storage for game progress, and community features such as direct messaging, in-game overlay functions and a virtual collectable marketplace.

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---
obj: application
os: linux
repo: https://github.com/dylanaraps/pywal
---
# pywal
Pywal is a tool that generates a color palette from the dominant colors in an image. It then applies the colors system-wide and on-the-fly in all of your favourite programs.
There are currently 5 supported color generation backends, each providing a different palette of colors from each image. You're bound to find an appealing color-scheme.
Pywal also supports predefined themes and has over 250 themes built-in. You can also create your own theme files to share with others.
The goal of Pywal was to be as out of the way as possible. It doesn't modify any of your existing configuration files. Instead it works around them and provides tools to integrate your system as you see fit.
Terminal emulators and TTYs have their color-schemes updated in real-time with no delay. With minimal configuration this functionality can be extended to almost anything running on your system.
## Customization
### [dwm](../../desktops/dwm.md)
[dwm](../../desktops/dwm.md) is configured in source code. the color palette is exported to `~/.cache/wal/colors-wal-dwm.h`
### dmenu
dmenu color palette is at `~/.cache/wal/colors-wal-dmenu.h`
### [alacritty](../../cli/alacritty.md)
color configs for [alacritty](../../cli/alacritty.md) can be generated with [this script](https://github.com/egeesin/alacritty-color-export). One must manually convert the output to [TOML](../../../files/TOML.md) though.
### [JSON](../../../files/JSON.md) & YAML
Generic color palettes are available as [JSON](../../../files/JSON.md) and YAML at:
`~/.cache/wal/colors.json` & `~/.cache/wal/colors.yml`

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---
obj: application
os:
- linux
repo: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp
---
# yt-dlp
[Repo](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp)
yt-dlp is a website media downloader. It can be used with [MPV](MPV.md).
## Usage
### Network Options
| Option | Description |
| ----------- | ---------------------------------------- |
| --proxy URL | Use the specified [HTTP](../../internet/HTTP.md)/HTTPS/SOCKS proxy |
### Video Selection Options
| Option | Description |
| ----------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| --date DATE | Download only videos uploaded on this date.<br>The date can be "YYYYMMDD" or in the format \[now\|today\|yesterday]\[-N\[day\|week\|month\|year]].<br>E.g. --date today-2weeks |
| --datebefore DATE | Download only videos uploaded on or before this date |
| --dateafter DATE | Download only videos uploaded on or after this date |
| --no-playlist | Download only the video, if the URL refers to a video and a playlist |
| --yes-playlist | Download the playlist, if the URL refers to a video and a playlist |
| --download-archive FILE | Download only videos not listed in the archive file. Record the IDs of all downloaded videos in it |
| --max-downloads NUMBER | Abort after downloading NUMBER files |
### Download Options
| Option | Description |
| ---------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| -N, --concurrent-fragments N | Number of fragments of a dash/hlsnative video that should be downloaded concurrently |
| -r, --limit-rate RATE | Maximum download rate in bytes per second, e.g. 50K or 4.2M |
| -R, --retries RETRIES | Number of retries (default is 10) |
| --downloader \[PROTO:]NAME | Name or path of the external downloader to use (optionally) prefixed by the protocols ([http](../../internet/HTTP.md), ftp, m3u8, dash, rstp, rtmp, mms) to use it for.<br>Currently supports native, aria2c, avconv, axel, [curl](../cli/curl.md), [ffmpeg](../../media/ffmpeg.md), [httpie](../development/HTTPie.md), wget. You can use this option multiple times to set different downloaders for different protocols.<br>E.g. --downloader aria2c --downloader "dash,m3u8:native" will use aria2c for [http](../../internet/HTTP.md)/ftp downloads, and the native downloader for dash/m3u8 downloads |
### Filesystem Options
| Option | Description |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| -a, --batch-file FILE | File containing URLs to download ("-" for stdin), one URL per line. Lines starting with "#", ";" or "]" are considered as comments and ignored |
| -o, --output [TYPES:]TEMPLATE | Output filename template; see "OUTPUT TEMPLATE" for details |
| --restrict-filenames | Restrict filenames to only [ASCII](../../files/ASCII.md) characters and avoid "&" and spaces in filenames |
| --write-description | Write video description to a .description file |
| --write-info-json | Write video metadata to a .info.json file |
| --write-comments | Retrieve video comments to be placed in the infojson. The comments are fetched even without this option if the extraction is known to be quick |
| --cookies FILE | Netscape formatted file to read cookies from and dump cookie jar in |
| --cookies-from-browser BROWSER\[+KEYRING]\[:PROFILE]\[::CONTAINER] | The name of the browser to load cookies from. Currently supported browsers are: [brave](../network/browsers/Brave.md), chrome, chromium, edge, [firefox](../network/browsers/Firefox.md), opera, safari, vivaldi. Optionally, the KEYRING used for decrypting Chromium cookies on [Linux](../../linux/Linux.md), the name/path of the PROFILE to load cookies from, and the CONTAINER name (if [Firefox](../network/browsers/Firefox.md)) ("none" for no container) can be given with their respective seperators. By default, all containers of the most recently accessed profile are used. Currently supported keyrings are: basictext, gnomekeyring, kwallet |
### Thumbnail Options
| Option | Description |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------------------- |
| --write-thumbnail | Write thumbnail image to disk |
| --write-all-thumbnails | Write all thumbnail image formats to disk |
### Video Format Options
| Option | Description |
| ---------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| -f, --format FORMAT | Video format code, see "FORMAT SELECTION" for more details |
| -F, --list-formats | List available formats of each video. Simulate unless --no-simulate is used |
| --merge-output-format FORMAT | Containers that may be used when merging formats, separated by "/", e.g. "mp4/[mkv](../../media/Matroska.md)". Ignored if no merge is required. (currently supported: avi, flv, [mkv](../../media/Matroska.md), mov, mp4, webm) |
### Subtitle Options
| Option | Description |
| ------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| --write-subs | Write subtitle file |
| --list-subs | List available subtitles of each video. Simulate unless --no-simulate is used |
| --sub-format FORMAT | Subtitle format; accepts formats preference, e.g. "srt" or "ass/srt/best" |
| --sub-langs LANGS | Languages of the subtitles to download (can be regex) or "all" separated by commas, e.g. --sub-langs "en.\*,ja". You can prefix the language code with a "-" to exclude it from the requested languages, e.g. --sub-langs all,-live_chat. Use --list-subs for a list of available language tags |
### Post-Processing Options
| Option | Description |
| --------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| -x, --extract-audio | Convert video files to audio-only files (requires [ffmpeg](../../media/ffmpeg.md) and ffprobe) |
| --audio-format FORMAT | Format to convert the audio to when -x is used. (currently supported: best (default), aac, alac, [flac](../../media/audio/FLAC.md), m4a, mp3, [opus](../../media/audio/Opus.md), vorbis, [wav](../../media/audio/WAV.md)) |
| --remux-video FORMAT | Remux the video into another container if necessary (currently supported: avi, flv, [mkv](../../media/Matroska.md), mov, mp4, webm, aac, aiff, alac, [flac](../../media/audio/FLAC.md), m4a, mka, mp3, ogg, [opus](../../media/audio/Opus.md), vorbis, [wav](../../media/audio/WAV.md)) |
| --embed-subs | Embed subtitles in the video (only for mp4, webm and [mkv](../../media/Matroska.md) videos) |
| --embed-thumbnail | Embed thumbnail in the video as cover art |
| --embed-metadata | Embed metadata to the video file. Also embeds chapters/infojson if present unless --no-embed-chapters/--no-embed-info-json are used |
| --embed-chapters | Add chapter markers to the video file |
| --embed-info-json | Embed the infojson as an attachment to [mkv](../../media/Matroska.md)/mka video files |
| --convert-subs FORMAT | Convert the subtitles to another format (currently supported: ass, lrc, srt, vtt) |
| --convert-thumbnails FORMAT | Convert the thumbnails to another format (currently supported: jpg, [png](../../media/image/PNG.md), webp) |
| --split-chapters | Split video into multiple files based on internal chapters. |
## OUTPUT TEMPLATE
The `-o` option is used to indicate a template for the output file names while `-P` option is used to specify the path each type of file should be saved to.
**tl;dr:** [navigate me to examples](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp#output-template-examples).
The simplest usage of `-o` is not to set any template arguments when downloading a single file, like in `yt-dlp -o funny_video.flv "https://some/video"` (hard-coding file extension like this is _not_ recommended and could break some post-processing).
It may however also contain special sequences that will be replaced when downloading each video. The special sequences may be formatted according to [Python string formatting operations](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting), e.g. `%(NAME)s` or `%(NAME)05d`. To clarify, that is a percent symbol followed by a name in parentheses, followed by formatting operations.
The field names themselves (the part inside the parenthesis) can also have some special formatting:
1. **Object traversal**: The dictionaries and lists available in metadata can be traversed by using a dot `.` separator; e.g. `%(tags.0)s`, `%(subtitles.en.-1.ext)s`. You can do Python slicing with colon `:`; E.g. `%(id.3:7:-1)s`, `%(formats.:.format_id)s`. Curly braces `{}` can be used to build dictionaries with only specific keys; e.g. `%(formats.:.{format_id,height})#j`. An empty field name `%()s` refers to the entire infodict; e.g. `%(.{id,title})s`. Note that all the fields that become available using this method are not listed below. Use `-j` to see such fields
2. **Addition**: Addition and subtraction of numeric fields can be done using `+` and `-` respectively. E.g. `%(playlist_index+10)03d`, `%(n_entries+1-playlist_index)d`
3. **Date/time Formatting**: Date/time fields can be formatted according to [strftime formatting](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-format-codes) by specifying it separated from the field name using a `>`. E.g. `%(duration>%H-%M-%S)s`, `%(upload_date>%Y-%m-%d)s`, `%(epoch-3600>%H-%M-%S)s`
4. **Alternatives**: Alternate fields can be specified separated with a `,`. E.g. `%(release_date>%Y,upload_date>%Y|Unknown)s`
5. **Replacement**: A replacement value can be specified using a `&` separator. If the field is _not_ empty, this replacement value will be used instead of the actual field content. This is done after alternate fields are considered; thus the replacement is used if _any_ of the alternative fields is _not_ empty.
6. **Default**: A literal default value can be specified for when the field is empty using a `|` separator. This overrides `--output-na-placeholder`. E.g. `%(uploader|Unknown)s`
7. **More Conversions**: In addition to the normal format types `diouxXeEfFgGcrs`, yt-dlp additionally supports converting to `B` = **B**ytes, `j` = **j**son (flag `#` for pretty-printing, `+` for Unicode), `h` = HTML escaping, `l` = a comma separated **l**ist (flag `#` for `\n` newline-separated), `q` = a string **q**uoted for the terminal (flag `#` to split a list into different arguments), `D` = add **D**ecimal suffixes (e.g. 10M) (flag `#` to use 1024 as factor), and `S` = **S**anitize as filename (flag `#` for restricted)
8. **Unicode normalization**: The format type `U` can be used for NFC [Unicode normalization](https://docs.python.org/3/library/unicodedata.html#unicodedata.normalize). The alternate form flag (`#`) changes the normalization to NFD and the conversion flag `+` can be used for NFKC/NFKD compatibility equivalence normalization. E.g. `%(title)+.100U` is NFKC
To summarize, the general syntax for a field is:
```
%(name[.keys][addition][>strf][,alternate][&replacement][|default])[flags][width][.precision][length]type
```
Additionally, you can set different output templates for the various metadata files separately from the general output template by specifying the type of file followed by the template separated by a colon `:`. The different file types supported are `subtitle`, `thumbnail`, `description`, `annotation` (deprecated), `infojson`, `link`, `pl_thumbnail`, `pl_description`, `pl_infojson`, `chapter`, `pl_video`. E.g. `-o "%(title)s.%(ext)s" -o "thumbnail:%(title)s\%(title)s.%(ext)s"` will put the thumbnails in a folder with the same name as the video. If any of the templates is empty, that type of file will not be written. E.g. `--write-thumbnail -o "thumbnail:"` will write thumbnails only for playlists and not for video.
Note: Due to post-processing (i.e. merging etc.), the actual output filename might differ. Use `--print after_move:filepath` to get the name after all post-processing is complete.
The available fields are:
- `id` (string): Video identifier
- `title` (string): Video title
- `fulltitle` (string): Video title ignoring live timestamp and generic title
- `ext` (string): Video filename extension
- `alt_title` (string): A secondary title of the video
- `description` (string): The description of the video
- `display_id` (string): An alternative identifier for the video
- `uploader` (string): Full name of the video uploader
- `license` (string): License name the video is licensed under
- `creator` (string): The creator of the video
- `timestamp` (numeric): UNIX timestamp of the moment the video became available
- `upload_date` (string): Video upload date in UTC (YYYYMMDD)
- `release_timestamp` (numeric): UNIX timestamp of the moment the video was released
- `release_date` (string): The date (YYYYMMDD) when the video was released in UTC
- `modified_timestamp` (numeric): UNIX timestamp of the moment the video was last modified
- `modified_date` (string): The date (YYYYMMDD) when the video was last modified in UTC
- `uploader_id` (string): Nickname or id of the video uploader
- `channel` (string): Full name of the channel the video is uploaded on
- `channel_id` (string): Id of the channel
- `channel_follower_count` (numeric): Number of followers of the channel
- `location` (string): Physical location where the video was filmed
- `duration` (numeric): Length of the video in seconds
- `duration_string` (string): Length of the video (HH:mm:ss)
- `view_count` (numeric): How many users have watched the video on the platform
- `concurrent_view_count` (numeric): How many users are currently watching the video on the platform.
- `like_count` (numeric): Number of positive ratings of the video
- `dislike_count` (numeric): Number of negative ratings of the video
- `repost_count` (numeric): Number of reposts of the video
- `average_rating` (numeric): Average rating give by users, the scale used depends on the webpage
- `comment_count` (numeric): Number of comments on the video (For some extractors, comments are only downloaded at the end, and so this field cannot be used)
- `age_limit` (numeric): Age restriction for the video (years)
- `live_status` (string): One of "not_live", "is_live", "is_upcoming", "was_live", "post_live" (was live, but VOD is not yet processed)
- `is_live` (boolean): Whether this video is a live stream or a fixed-length video
- `was_live` (boolean): Whether this video was originally a live stream
- `playable_in_embed` (string): Whether this video is allowed to play in embedded players on other sites
- `availability` (string): Whether the video is "private", "premium_only", "subscriber_only", "needs_auth", "unlisted" or "public"
- `start_time` (numeric): Time in seconds where the reproduction should start, as specified in the URL
- `end_time` (numeric): Time in seconds where the reproduction should end, as specified in the URL
- `extractor` (string): Name of the extractor
- `extractor_key` (string): Key name of the extractor
- `epoch` (numeric): Unix epoch of when the information extraction was completed
- `autonumber` (numeric): Number that will be increased with each download, starting at `--autonumber-start`
- `video_autonumber` (numeric): Number that will be increased with each video
- `n_entries` (numeric): Total number of extracted items in the playlist
- `playlist_id` (string): Identifier of the playlist that contains the video
- `playlist_title` (string): Name of the playlist that contains the video
- `playlist` (string): `playlist_id` or `playlist_title`
- `playlist_count` (numeric): Total number of items in the playlist. May not be known if entire playlist is not extracted
- `playlist_index` (numeric): Index of the video in the playlist padded with leading zeros according the final index
- `playlist_autonumber` (numeric): Position of the video in the playlist download queue padded with leading zeros according to the total length of the playlist
- `playlist_uploader` (string): Full name of the playlist uploader
- `playlist_uploader_id` (string): Nickname or id of the playlist uploader
- `webpage_url` (string): A URL to the video webpage which if given to yt-dlp should allow to get the same result again
- `webpage_url_basename` (string): The basename of the webpage URL
- `webpage_url_domain` (string): The domain of the webpage URL
- `original_url` (string): The URL given by the user (or same as `webpage_url` for playlist entries)
All the fields in [Filtering Formats](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp#filtering-formats) can also be used
Available for the video that belongs to some logical chapter or section:
- `chapter` (string): Name or title of the chapter the video belongs to
- `chapter_number` (numeric): Number of the chapter the video belongs to
- `chapter_id` (string): Id of the chapter the video belongs to
Available for the video that is an episode of some series or programme:
- `series` (string): Title of the series or programme the video episode belongs to
- `season` (string): Title of the season the video episode belongs to
- `season_number` (numeric): Number of the season the video episode belongs to
- `season_id` (string): Id of the season the video episode belongs to
- `episode` (string): Title of the video episode
- `episode_number` (numeric): Number of the video episode within a season
- `episode_id` (string): Id of the video episode
Available for the media that is a track or a part of a music album:
- `track` (string): Title of the track
- `track_number` (numeric): Number of the track within an album or a disc
- `track_id` (string): Id of the track
- `artist` (string): Artist(s) of the track
- `genre` (string): Genre(s) of the track
- `album` (string): Title of the album the track belongs to
- `album_type` (string): Type of the album
- `album_artist` (string): List of all artists appeared on the album
- `disc_number` (numeric): Number of the disc or other physical medium the track belongs to
- `release_year` (numeric): Year (YYYY) when the album was released
Available only when using `--download-sections` and for `chapter:` prefix when using `--split-chapters` for videos with internal chapters:
- `section_title` (string): Title of the chapter
- `section_number` (numeric): Number of the chapter within the file
- `section_start` (numeric): Start time of the chapter in seconds
- `section_end` (numeric): End time of the chapter in seconds
Available only when used in `--print`:
- `urls` (string): The URLs of all requested formats, one in each line
- `filename` (string): Name of the video file. Note that the [actual filename may differ](https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp#outtmpl-postprocess-note)
- `formats_table` (table): The video format table as printed by `--list-formats`
- `thumbnails_table` (table): The thumbnail format table as printed by `--list-thumbnails`
- `subtitles_table` (table): The subtitle format table as printed by `--list-subs`
- `automatic_captions_table` (table): The automatic subtitle format table as printed by `--list-subs`
Available only in `--sponsorblock-chapter-title`:
- `start_time` (numeric): Start time of the chapter in seconds
- `end_time` (numeric): End time of the chapter in seconds
- `categories` (list): The [SponsorBlock categories](https://wiki.sponsor.ajay.app/w/Types#Category) the chapter belongs to
- `category` (string): The smallest SponsorBlock category the chapter belongs to
- `category_names` (list): Friendly names of the categories
- `name` (string): Friendly name of the smallest category
- `type` (string): The [SponsorBlock action type](https://wiki.sponsor.ajay.app/w/Types#Action_Type) of the chapter
Each aforementioned sequence when referenced in an output template will be replaced by the actual value corresponding to the sequence name. E.g. for `-o %(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s` and an mp4 video with title `yt-dlp test video` and id `BaW_jenozKc`, this will result in a `yt-dlp test video-BaW_jenozKc.mp4` file created in the current directory.
Note that some of the sequences are not guaranteed to be present since they depend on the metadata obtained by a particular extractor. Such sequences will be replaced with placeholder value provided with `--output-na-placeholder` (`NA` by default).
**Tip**: Look at the `-j` output to identify which fields are available for the particular URL
For numeric sequences you can use [numeric related formatting](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting); e.g. `%(view_count)05d` will result in a string with view count padded with zeros up to 5 characters, like in `00042`.
Output templates can also contain arbitrary hierarchical path, e.g. `-o "%(playlist)s/%(playlist_index)s - %(title)s.%(ext)s"` which will result in downloading each video in a directory corresponding to this path template. Any missing directory will be automatically created for you.
To use percent literals in an output template use `%%`. To output to stdout use `-o -`.
The current default template is `%(title)s [%(id)s].%(ext)s`.
In some cases, you don't want special characters such as 中, spaces, or &, such as when transferring the downloaded filename to a Windows system or the filename through an 8bit-unsafe channel. In these cases, add the `--restrict-filenames` flag to get a shorter title.
#### Output template examples
```shell
$ yt-dlp --print filename -o "test video.%(ext)s" BaW_jenozKc
test video.webm # Literal name with correct extension
$ yt-dlp --print filename -o "%(title)s.%(ext)s" BaW_jenozKc
youtube-dl test video ''_ä↭𝕐.webm # All kinds of weird characters
$ yt-dlp --print filename -o "%(title)s.%(ext)s" BaW_jenozKc --restrict-filenames
youtube-dl_test_video_.webm # Restricted file name
# Download YouTube playlist videos in separate directory indexed by video order in a playlist
$ yt-dlp -o "%(playlist)s/%(playlist_index)s - %(title)s.%(ext)s" "https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwiyx1dc3P2JR9N8gQaQN_BCvlSlap7re"
# Download YouTube playlist videos in separate directories according to their uploaded year
$ yt-dlp -o "%(upload_date>%Y)s/%(title)s.%(ext)s" "https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwiyx1dc3P2JR9N8gQaQN_BCvlSlap7re"
# Prefix playlist index with " - " separator, but only if it is available
$ yt-dlp -o '%(playlist_index|)s%(playlist_index& - |)s%(title)s.%(ext)s' BaW_jenozKc "https://www.youtube.com/user/TheLinuxFoundation/playlists"
# Download all playlists of YouTube channel/user keeping each playlist in separate directory:
$ yt-dlp -o "%(uploader)s/%(playlist)s/%(playlist_index)s - %(title)s.%(ext)s" "https://www.youtube.com/user/TheLinuxFoundation/playlists"
# Download Udemy course keeping each chapter in separate directory under MyVideos directory in your home
$ yt-dlp -u user -p password -P "~/MyVideos" -o "%(playlist)s/%(chapter_number)s - %(chapter)s/%(title)s.%(ext)s" "https://www.udemy.com/java-tutorial"
# Download entire series season keeping each series and each season in separate directory under C:/MyVideos
$ yt-dlp -P "C:/MyVideos" -o "%(series)s/%(season_number)s - %(season)s/%(episode_number)s - %(episode)s.%(ext)s" "https://videomore.ru/kino_v_detalayah/5_sezon/367617"
# Download video as "C:\MyVideos\uploader\title.ext", subtitles as "C:\MyVideos\subs\uploader\title.ext"
# and put all temporary files in "C:\MyVideos\tmp"
$ yt-dlp -P "C:/MyVideos" -P "temp:tmp" -P "subtitle:subs" -o "%(uploader)s/%(title)s.%(ext)s" BaW_jenoz --write-subs
# Download video as "C:\MyVideos\uploader\title.ext" and subtitles as "C:\MyVideos\uploader\subs\title.ext"
$ yt-dlp -P "C:/MyVideos" -o "%(uploader)s/%(title)s.%(ext)s" -o "subtitle:%(uploader)s/subs/%(title)s.%(ext)s" BaW_jenozKc --write-subs
# Stream the video being downloaded to stdout
$ yt-dlp -o - BaW_jenozKc
```