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![J. Bruce Fields](/assets/img/avatar_default.png)
Manual clean-up of cross-references, and also clean up a few definitions (e.g. git-rebase). Signed-off-by: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@citi.umich.edu>
406 lines
18 KiB
Plaintext
406 lines
18 KiB
Plaintext
GIT Glossary
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============
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[[def_alternate_object_database]]alternate object database::
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Via the alternates mechanism, a <<def_repository,repository>> can
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inherit part of its <<def_object_database,object database>> from another
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<<def_object_database,object database>>, which is called "alternate".
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[[def_bare_repository]]bare repository::
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A <<def_bare_repository,bare repository>> is normally an appropriately
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named <<def_directory,directory>> with a `.git` suffix that does not
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have a locally checked-out copy of any of the files under
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<<def_revision,revision>> control. That is, all of the `git`
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administrative and control files that would normally be present in the
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hidden `.git` sub-directory are directly present in the
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`repository.git` directory instead,
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and no other files are present and checked out. Usually publishers of
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public repositories make bare repositories available.
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[[def_blob_object]]blob object::
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Untyped <<def_object,object>>, e.g. the contents of a file.
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[[def_branch]]branch::
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A non-cyclical graph of revisions, i.e. the complete history of a
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particular <<def_revision,revision>>, which is called the
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branch <<def_head,head>>. The heads
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are stored in `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/`.
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[[def_cache]]cache::
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Obsolete for: <<def_index,index>>.
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[[def_chain]]chain::
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A list of objects, where each <<def_object,object>> in the list contains
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a reference to its successor (for example, the successor of a
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<<def_commit,commit>> could be one of its parents).
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[[def_changeset]]changeset::
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BitKeeper/cvsps speak for "<<def_commit,commit>>". Since git does not
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store changes, but states, it really does not make sense to use the term
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"changesets" with git.
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[[def_checkout]]checkout::
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The action of updating the <<def_working_tree,working tree>> to a
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<<def_revision,revision>> which was stored in the
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<<def_object_database,object database>>.
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[[def_cherry-picking]]cherry-picking::
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In <<def_SCM,SCM>> jargon, "cherry pick" means to choose a subset of
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changes out of a series of changes (typically commits) and record them
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as a new series of changes on top of different codebase. In GIT, this is
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performed by "git cherry-pick" command to extract the change introduced
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by an existing <<def_commit,commit>> and to record it based on the tip
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of the current <<def_branch,branch>> as a new <<def_commit,commit>>.
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[[def_clean]]clean::
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A <<def_working_tree,working tree>> is <<def_clean,clean>>, if it
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corresponds to the <<def_revision,revision>> referenced by the current
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<<def_head,head>>. Also see "<<def_dirty,dirty>>".
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[[def_commit]]commit::
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As a verb: The action of storing the current state of the
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<<def_index,index>> in the <<def_object_database,object database>>. The
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result is a <<def_revision,revision>>. As a noun: Short hand for
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<<def_commit_object,commit object>>.
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[[def_commit_object]]commit object::
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An <<def_object,object>> which contains the information about a
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particular <<def_revision,revision>>, such as parents, committer,
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author, date and the <<def_tree_object,tree object>> which corresponds
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to the top <<def_directory,directory>> of the stored
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<<def_revision,revision>>.
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[[def_core_git]]core git::
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Fundamental data structures and utilities of git. Exposes only limited
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source code management tools.
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[[def_DAG]]DAG::
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Directed acyclic graph. The <<def_commit,commit>> objects form a
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directed acyclic graph, because they have parents (directed), and the
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graph of <<def_commit,commit>> objects is acyclic (there is no
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<<def_chain,chain>> which begins and ends with the same
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<<def_object,object>>).
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[[def_dangling_object]]dangling object::
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An <<def_unreachable_object,unreachable object>> which is not
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<<def_reachable,reachable>> even from other unreachable objects; a
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<<def_dangling_object,dangling object>> has no references to it from any
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reference or <<def_object,object>> in the <<def_repository,repository>>.
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[[def_dircache]]dircache::
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You are *waaaaay* behind.
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[[def_directory]]directory::
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The list you get with "ls" :-)
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[[def_dirty]]dirty::
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A <<def_working_tree,working tree>> is said to be <<def_dirty,dirty>> if
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it contains modifications which have not been committed to the current
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<<def_branch,branch>>.
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[[def_ent]]ent::
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Favorite synonym to "<<def_tree-ish,tree-ish>>" by some total geeks. See
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`http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent_(Middle-earth)` for an in-depth
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explanation. Avoid this term, not to confuse people.
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[[def_fast_forward]]fast forward::
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A fast-forward is a special type of <<def_merge,merge>> where you have a
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<<def_revision,revision>> and you are "merging" another
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<<def_branch,branch>>'s changes that happen to be a descendant of what
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you have. In such these cases, you do not make a new <<def_merge,merge>>
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<<def_commit,commit>> but instead just update to his
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<<def_revision,revision>>. This will happen frequently on a
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<<def_tracking_branch,tracking branch>> of a remote
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<<def_repository,repository>>.
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[[def_fetch]]fetch::
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Fetching a <<def_branch,branch>> means to get the
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<<def_branch,branch>>'s <<def_head_ref,head ref>> from a remote
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<<def_repository,repository>>, to find out which objects are missing
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from the local <<def_object_database,object database>>, and to get them,
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too.
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[[def_file_system]]file system::
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Linus Torvalds originally designed git to be a user space file system,
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i.e. the infrastructure to hold files and directories. That ensured the
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efficiency and speed of git.
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[[def_git_archive]]git archive::
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Synonym for <<def_repository,repository>> (for arch people).
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[[def_grafts]]grafts::
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Grafts enables two otherwise different lines of development to be joined
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together by recording fake ancestry information for commits. This way
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you can make git pretend the set of parents a <<def_commit,commit>> has
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is different from what was recorded when the <<def_commit,commit>> was
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created. Configured via the `.git/info/grafts` file.
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[[def_hash]]hash::
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In git's context, synonym to <<def_object_name,object name>>.
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[[def_head]]head::
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The top of a <<def_branch,branch>>. It contains a <<def_ref,ref>> to the
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corresponding <<def_commit_object,commit object>>.
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[[def_head_ref]]head ref::
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A <<def_ref,ref>> pointing to a <<def_head,head>>. Often, this is
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abbreviated to "<<def_head,head>>". Head refs are stored in
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`$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/`.
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[[def_hook]]hook::
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During the normal execution of several git commands, call-outs are made
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to optional scripts that allow a developer to add functionality or
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checking. Typically, the hooks allow for a command to be pre-verified
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and potentially aborted, and allow for a post-notification after the
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operation is done. The <<def_hook,hook>> scripts are found in the
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`$GIT_DIR/hooks/` <<def_directory,directory>>, and are enabled by simply
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making them executable.
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[[def_index]]index::
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A collection of files with stat information, whose contents are stored
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as objects. The <<def_index,index>> is a stored version of your working
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<<def_tree,tree>>. Truth be told, it can also contain a second, and even
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a third version of a <<def_working_tree,working tree>>, which are used
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when merging.
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[[def_index_entry]]index entry::
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The information regarding a particular file, stored in the
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<<def_index,index>>. An <<def_index_entry,index entry>> can be unmerged,
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if a <<def_merge,merge>> was started, but not yet finished (i.e. if the
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<<def_index,index>> contains multiple versions of that file).
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[[def_master]]master::
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The default development <<def_branch,branch>>. Whenever you create a git
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<<def_repository,repository>>, a <<def_branch,branch>> named
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"<<def_master,master>>" is created, and becomes the active
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<<def_branch,branch>>. In most cases, this contains the local
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development, though that is purely conventional and not required.
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[[def_merge]]merge::
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To <<def_merge,merge>> branches means to try to accumulate the changes
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since a common ancestor and apply them to the first
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<<def_branch,branch>>. An automatic <<def_merge,merge>> uses heuristics
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to accomplish that. Evidently, an automatic <<def_merge,merge>> can
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fail.
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[[def_object]]object::
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The unit of storage in git. It is uniquely identified by the
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<<def_SHA1,SHA1>> of its contents. Consequently, an
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<<def_object,object>> can not be changed.
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[[def_object_database]]object database::
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Stores a set of "objects", and an individual <<def_object,object>> is
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identified by its <<def_object_name,object name>>. The objects usually
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live in `$GIT_DIR/objects/`.
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[[def_object_identifier]]object identifier::
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Synonym for <<def_object_name,object name>>.
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[[def_object_name]]object name::
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The unique identifier of an <<def_object,object>>. The <<def_hash,hash>>
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of the <<def_object,object>>'s contents using the Secure Hash Algorithm
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1 and usually represented by the 40 character hexadecimal encoding of
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the <<def_hash,hash>> of the <<def_object,object>> (possibly followed by
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a white space).
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[[def_object_type]]object type::
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One of the identifiers
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"<<def_commit,commit>>","<<def_tree,tree>>","<<def_tag,tag>>" or "<<def_blob_object,blob>>"
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describing the type of an <<def_object,object>>.
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[[def_octopus]]octopus::
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To <<def_merge,merge>> more than two branches. Also denotes an
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intelligent predator.
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[[def_origin]]origin::
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The default upstream <<def_repository,repository>>. Most projects have
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at least one upstream project which they track. By default
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'<<def_origin,origin>>' is used for that purpose. New upstream updates
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will be fetched into remote tracking branches named
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origin/name-of-upstream-branch, which you can see using
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"git <<def_branch,branch>> -r".
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[[def_pack]]pack::
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A set of objects which have been compressed into one file (to save space
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or to transmit them efficiently).
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[[def_pack_index]]pack index::
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The list of identifiers, and other information, of the objects in a
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<<def_pack,pack>>, to assist in efficiently accessing the contents of a
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<<def_pack,pack>>.
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[[def_parent]]parent::
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A <<def_commit_object,commit object>> contains a (possibly empty) list
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of the logical predecessor(s) in the line of development, i.e. its
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parents.
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[[def_pickaxe]]pickaxe::
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The term <<def_pickaxe,pickaxe>> refers to an option to the diffcore
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routines that help select changes that add or delete a given text
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string. With the --pickaxe-all option, it can be used to view the full
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<<def_changeset,changeset>> that introduced or removed, say, a
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particular line of text. See gitlink:git-diff[1].
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[[def_plumbing]]plumbing::
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Cute name for <<def_core_git,core git>>.
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[[def_porcelain]]porcelain::
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Cute name for programs and program suites depending on
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<<def_core_git,core git>>, presenting a high level access to
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<<def_core_git,core git>>. Porcelains expose more of a <<def_SCM,SCM>>
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interface than the <<def_plumbing,plumbing>>.
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[[def_pull]]pull::
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Pulling a <<def_branch,branch>> means to <<def_fetch,fetch>> it and
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<<def_merge,merge>> it.
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[[def_push]]push::
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Pushing a <<def_branch,branch>> means to get the <<def_branch,branch>>'s
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<<def_head_ref,head ref>> from a remote <<def_repository,repository>>,
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find out if it is an ancestor to the <<def_branch,branch>>'s local
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<<def_head_ref,head ref>> is a direct, and in that case, putting all
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objects, which are <<def_reachable,reachable>> from the local
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<<def_head_ref,head ref>>, and which are missing from the remote
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<<def_repository,repository>>, into the remote
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<<def_object_database,object database>>, and updating the remote
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<<def_head_ref,head ref>>. If the remote <<def_head,head>> is not an
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ancestor to the local <<def_head,head>>, the <<def_push,push>> fails.
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[[def_reachable]]reachable::
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All of the ancestors of a given <<def_commit,commit>> are said to be
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<<def_reachable,reachable>> from that <<def_commit,commit>>. More
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generally, one <<def_object,object>> is <<def_reachable,reachable>> from
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another if we can reach the one from the other by a <<def_chain,chain>>
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that follows <<def_tag,tags>> to whatever they tag,
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<<def_commit_object,commits>> to their parents or trees, and
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<<def_tree_object,trees>> to the trees or <<def_blob_object,blobs>>
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that they contain.
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[[def_rebase]]rebase::
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To reapply a series of changes from a <<def_branch,branch>> to a
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different base, and reset the <<def_head,head>> of that branch
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to the result.
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[[def_ref]]ref::
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A 40-byte hex representation of a <<def_SHA1,SHA1>> or a name that
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denotes a particular <<def_object,object>>. These may be stored in
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`$GIT_DIR/refs/`.
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[[def_refspec]]refspec::
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A <<def_refspec,refspec>> is used by <<def_fetch,fetch>> and
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<<def_push,push>> to describe the mapping between remote <<def_ref,ref>>
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and local <<def_ref,ref>>. They are combined with a colon in the format
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<src>:<dst>, preceded by an optional plus sign, +. For example: `git
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fetch $URL refs/heads/master:refs/heads/origin` means
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"grab the master <<def_branch,branch>> <<def_head,head>>
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from the $URL and store it as my origin
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<<def_branch,branch>> <<def_head,head>>". And `git <<def_push,push>>
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$URL refs/heads/master:refs/heads/to-upstream` means
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"publish my master <<def_branch,branch>>
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<<def_head,head>> as to-upstream <<def_branch,branch>> at $URL". See
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also gitlink:git-push[1]
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[[def_repository]]repository::
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A collection of refs together with an <<def_object_database,object
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database>> containing all objects which are <<def_reachable,reachable>>
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from the refs, possibly accompanied by meta data from one or more
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porcelains. A <<def_repository,repository>> can share an
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<<def_object_database,object database>> with other repositories.
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[[def_resolve]]resolve::
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The action of fixing up manually what a failed automatic
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<<def_merge,merge>> left behind.
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[[def_revision]]revision::
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A particular state of files and directories which was stored in the
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<<def_object_database,object database>>. It is referenced by a
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<<def_commit_object,commit object>>.
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[[def_rewind]]rewind::
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To throw away part of the development, i.e. to assign the
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<<def_head,head>> to an earlier <<def_revision,revision>>.
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[[def_SCM]]SCM::
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Source code management (tool).
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[[def_SHA1]]SHA1::
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Synonym for <<def_object_name,object name>>.
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[[def_shallow_repository]]shallow repository::
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A <<def_shallow_repository,shallow repository>> has an incomplete
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history some of whose commits have parents cauterized away (in other
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words, git is told to pretend that these commits do not have the
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parents, even though they are recorded in the <<def_commit_object,commit
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object>>). This is sometimes useful when you are interested only in the
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recent history of a project even though the real history recorded in the
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upstream is much larger. A <<def_shallow_repository,shallow repository>>
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is created by giving the `--depth` option to gitlink:git-clone[1], and
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its history can be later deepened with gitlink:git-fetch[1].
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[[def_symref]]symref::
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Symbolic reference: instead of containing the <<def_SHA1,SHA1>> id
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itself, it is of the format 'ref: refs/some/thing' and when
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referenced, it recursively dereferences to this reference. 'HEAD' is a
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prime example of a <<def_symref,symref>>. Symbolic references are
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manipulated with the gitlink:git-symbolic-ref[1] command.
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[[def_tag]]tag::
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A <<def_ref,ref>> pointing to a <<def_tag,tag>> or
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<<def_commit_object,commit object>>. In contrast to a <<def_head,head>>,
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a tag is not changed by a <<def_commit,commit>>. Tags (not
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<<def_tag_object,tag objects>>) are stored in `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/`. A
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git tag has nothing to do with a Lisp tag (which would be
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called an <<def_object_type,object type>> in git's context). A
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tag is most typically used to mark a particular point in the
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<<def_commit,commit>> ancestry <<def_chain,chain>>.
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[[def_tag_object]]tag object::
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An <<def_object,object>> containing a <<def_ref,ref>> pointing to
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another <<def_object,object>>, which can contain a message just like a
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<<def_commit_object,commit object>>. It can also contain a (PGP)
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signature, in which case it is called a "signed <<def_tag_object,tag
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object>>".
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[[def_topic_branch]]topic branch::
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A regular git <<def_branch,branch>> that is used by a developer to
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identify a conceptual line of development. Since branches are very easy
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and inexpensive, it is often desirable to have several small branches
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that each contain very well defined concepts or small incremental yet
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related changes.
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[[def_tracking_branch]]tracking branch::
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A regular git <<def_branch,branch>> that is used to follow changes from
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another <<def_repository,repository>>. A <<def_tracking_branch,tracking
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branch>> should not contain direct modifications or have local commits
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made to it. A <<def_tracking_branch,tracking branch>> can usually be
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identified as the right-hand-side <<def_ref,ref>> in a Pull:
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<<def_refspec,refspec>>.
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[[def_tree]]tree::
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Either a <<def_working_tree,working tree>>, or a <<def_tree_object,tree
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object>> together with the dependent blob and <<def_tree,tree>> objects
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(i.e. a stored representation of a <<def_working_tree,working tree>>).
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[[def_tree_object]]tree object::
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An <<def_object,object>> containing a list of file names and modes along
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with refs to the associated blob and/or tree objects. A
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<<def_tree,tree>> is equivalent to a <<def_directory,directory>>.
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[[def_tree-ish]]tree-ish::
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A <<def_ref,ref>> pointing to either a <<def_commit_object,commit
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object>>, a <<def_tree_object,tree object>>, or a <<def_tag_object,tag
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object>> pointing to a <<def_tag,tag>> or <<def_commit,commit>> or
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<<def_tree_object,tree object>>.
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[[def_unmerged_index]]unmerged index::
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An <<def_index,index>> which contains unmerged
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<<def_index_entry,index entries>>.
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[[def_unreachable_object]]unreachable object::
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An <<def_object,object>> which is not <<def_reachable,reachable>> from a
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<<def_branch,branch>>, <<def_tag,tag>>, or any other reference.
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[[def_working_tree]]working tree::
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The set of files and directories currently being worked on, i.e. you can
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work in your <<def_working_tree,working tree>> without using git at all.
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