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![Jacob Keller](/assets/img/avatar_default.png)
Both fetch and push support pattern refspecs which allow fetching or pushing references that match a specific pattern. Because these patterns are globs, they have somewhat limited ability to express more complex situations. For example, suppose you wish to fetch all branches from a remote except for a specific one. To allow this, you must setup a set of refspecs which match only the branches you want. Because refspecs are either explicit name matches, or simple globs, many patterns cannot be expressed. Add support for a new type of refspec, referred to as "negative" refspecs. These are prefixed with a '^' and mean "exclude any ref matching this refspec". They can only have one "side" which always refers to the source. During a fetch, this refers to the name of the ref on the remote. During a push, this refers to the name of the ref on the local side. With negative refspecs, users can express more complex patterns. For example: git fetch origin refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/* ^refs/heads/dontwant will fetch all branches on origin into remotes/origin, but will exclude fetching the branch named dontwant. Refspecs today are commutative, meaning that order doesn't expressly matter. Rather than forcing an implied order, negative refspecs will always be applied last. That is, in order to match, a ref must match at least one positive refspec, and match none of the negative refspecs. This is similar to how negative pathspecs work. Signed-off-by: Jacob Keller <jacob.keller@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
120 lines
5.3 KiB
Plaintext
120 lines
5.3 KiB
Plaintext
<repository>::
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The "remote" repository that is the source of a fetch
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or pull operation. This parameter can be either a URL
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(see the section <<URLS,GIT URLS>> below) or the name
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of a remote (see the section <<REMOTES,REMOTES>> below).
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ifndef::git-pull[]
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<group>::
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A name referring to a list of repositories as the value
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of remotes.<group> in the configuration file.
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(See linkgit:git-config[1]).
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endif::git-pull[]
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<refspec>::
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Specifies which refs to fetch and which local refs to update.
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When no <refspec>s appear on the command line, the refs to fetch
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are read from `remote.<repository>.fetch` variables instead
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ifndef::git-pull[]
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(see <<CRTB,CONFIGURED REMOTE-TRACKING BRANCHES>> below).
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endif::git-pull[]
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ifdef::git-pull[]
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(see the section "CONFIGURED REMOTE-TRACKING BRANCHES"
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in linkgit:git-fetch[1]).
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endif::git-pull[]
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+
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The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus
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`+`, followed by the source <src>, followed
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by a colon `:`, followed by the destination ref <dst>.
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The colon can be omitted when <dst> is empty. <src> is
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typically a ref, but it can also be a fully spelled hex object
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name.
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+
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A <refspec> may contain a `*` in its <src> to indicate a simple pattern
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match. Such a refspec functions like a glob that matches any ref with the
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same prefix. A pattern <refspec> must have a `*` in both the <src> and
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<dst>. It will map refs to the destination by replacing the `*` with the
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contents matched from the source.
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+
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If a refspec is prefixed by `^`, it will be interpreted as a negative
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refspec. Rather than specifying which refs to fetch or which local refs to
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update, such a refspec will instead specify refs to exclude. A ref will be
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considered to match if it matches at least one positive refspec, and does
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not match any negative refspec. Negative refspecs can be useful to restrict
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the scope of a pattern refspec so that it will not include specific refs.
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Negative refspecs can themselves be pattern refspecs. However, they may only
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contain a <src> and do not specify a <dst>. Fully spelled out hex object
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names are also not supported.
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+
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`tag <tag>` means the same as `refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>`;
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it requests fetching everything up to the given tag.
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+
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The remote ref that matches <src>
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is fetched, and if <dst> is not an empty string, an attempt
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is made to update the local ref that matches it.
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+
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Whether that update is allowed without `--force` depends on the ref
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namespace it's being fetched to, the type of object being fetched, and
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whether the update is considered to be a fast-forward. Generally, the
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same rules apply for fetching as when pushing, see the `<refspec>...`
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section of linkgit:git-push[1] for what those are. Exceptions to those
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rules particular to 'git fetch' are noted below.
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+
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Until Git version 2.20, and unlike when pushing with
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linkgit:git-push[1], any updates to `refs/tags/*` would be accepted
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without `+` in the refspec (or `--force`). When fetching, we promiscuously
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considered all tag updates from a remote to be forced fetches. Since
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Git version 2.20, fetching to update `refs/tags/*` works the same way
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as when pushing. I.e. any updates will be rejected without `+` in the
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refspec (or `--force`).
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+
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Unlike when pushing with linkgit:git-push[1], any updates outside of
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`refs/{tags,heads}/*` will be accepted without `+` in the refspec (or
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`--force`), whether that's swapping e.g. a tree object for a blob, or
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a commit for another commit that's doesn't have the previous commit as
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an ancestor etc.
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+
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Unlike when pushing with linkgit:git-push[1], there is no
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configuration which'll amend these rules, and nothing like a
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`pre-fetch` hook analogous to the `pre-receive` hook.
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+
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As with pushing with linkgit:git-push[1], all of the rules described
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above about what's not allowed as an update can be overridden by
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adding an the optional leading `+` to a refspec (or using `--force`
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command line option). The only exception to this is that no amount of
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forcing will make the `refs/heads/*` namespace accept a non-commit
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object.
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+
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[NOTE]
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When the remote branch you want to fetch is known to
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be rewound and rebased regularly, it is expected that
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its new tip will not be descendant of its previous tip
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(as stored in your remote-tracking branch the last time
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you fetched). You would want
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to use the `+` sign to indicate non-fast-forward updates
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will be needed for such branches. There is no way to
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determine or declare that a branch will be made available
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in a repository with this behavior; the pulling user simply
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must know this is the expected usage pattern for a branch.
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ifdef::git-pull[]
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+
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[NOTE]
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There is a difference between listing multiple <refspec>
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directly on 'git pull' command line and having multiple
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`remote.<repository>.fetch` entries in your configuration
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for a <repository> and running a
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'git pull' command without any explicit <refspec> parameters.
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<refspec>s listed explicitly on the command line are always
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merged into the current branch after fetching. In other words,
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if you list more than one remote ref, 'git pull' will create
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an Octopus merge. On the other hand, if you do not list any
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explicit <refspec> parameter on the command line, 'git pull'
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will fetch all the <refspec>s it finds in the
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`remote.<repository>.fetch` configuration and merge
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only the first <refspec> found into the current branch.
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This is because making an
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Octopus from remote refs is rarely done, while keeping track
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of multiple remote heads in one-go by fetching more than one
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is often useful.
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endif::git-pull[]
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