mirror of
https://github.com/git/git
synced 2024-10-31 01:43:41 +00:00
d78e5aecf9
Since a807328 (connect.c: add a way for git-daemon to pass an error
back to client), git client recognizes "ERR" line and prints a
friendly message to user if an error happens at server side.
Document this.
Signed-off-by: Nguyễn Thái Ngọc Duy <pclouds@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
546 lines
21 KiB
Text
546 lines
21 KiB
Text
Packfile transfer protocols
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===========================
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Git supports transferring data in packfiles over the ssh://, git:// and
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file:// transports. There exist two sets of protocols, one for pushing
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data from a client to a server and another for fetching data from a
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server to a client. All three transports (ssh, git, file) use the same
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protocol to transfer data.
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The processes invoked in the canonical Git implementation are 'upload-pack'
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on the server side and 'fetch-pack' on the client side for fetching data;
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then 'receive-pack' on the server and 'send-pack' on the client for pushing
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data. The protocol functions to have a server tell a client what is
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currently on the server, then for the two to negotiate the smallest amount
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of data to send in order to fully update one or the other.
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Transports
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----------
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There are three transports over which the packfile protocol is
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initiated. The Git transport is a simple, unauthenticated server that
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takes the command (almost always 'upload-pack', though Git
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servers can be configured to be globally writable, in which 'receive-
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pack' initiation is also allowed) with which the client wishes to
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communicate and executes it and connects it to the requesting
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process.
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In the SSH transport, the client just runs the 'upload-pack'
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or 'receive-pack' process on the server over the SSH protocol and then
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communicates with that invoked process over the SSH connection.
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The file:// transport runs the 'upload-pack' or 'receive-pack'
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process locally and communicates with it over a pipe.
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Git Transport
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-------------
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The Git transport starts off by sending the command and repository
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on the wire using the pkt-line format, followed by a NUL byte and a
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hostname parameter, terminated by a NUL byte.
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0032git-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0
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--
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git-proto-request = request-command SP pathname NUL [ host-parameter NUL ]
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request-command = "git-upload-pack" / "git-receive-pack" /
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"git-upload-archive" ; case sensitive
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pathname = *( %x01-ff ) ; exclude NUL
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host-parameter = "host=" hostname [ ":" port ]
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--
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Only host-parameter is allowed in the git-proto-request. Clients
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MUST NOT attempt to send additional parameters. It is used for the
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git-daemon name based virtual hosting. See --interpolated-path
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option to git daemon, with the %H/%CH format characters.
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Basically what the Git client is doing to connect to an 'upload-pack'
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process on the server side over the Git protocol is this:
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$ echo -e -n \
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"0039git-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0" |
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nc -v example.com 9418
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If the server refuses the request for some reasons, it could abort
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gracefully with an error message.
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----
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error-line = PKT-LINE("ERR" SP explanation-text)
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----
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SSH Transport
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-------------
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Initiating the upload-pack or receive-pack processes over SSH is
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executing the binary on the server via SSH remote execution.
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It is basically equivalent to running this:
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$ ssh git.example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'"
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For a server to support Git pushing and pulling for a given user over
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SSH, that user needs to be able to execute one or both of those
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commands via the SSH shell that they are provided on login. On some
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systems, that shell access is limited to only being able to run those
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two commands, or even just one of them.
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In an ssh:// format URI, it's absolute in the URI, so the '/' after
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the host name (or port number) is sent as an argument, which is then
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read by the remote git-upload-pack exactly as is, so it's effectively
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an absolute path in the remote filesystem.
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git clone ssh://user@example.com/project.git
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v
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ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'"
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In a "user@host:path" format URI, its relative to the user's home
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directory, because the Git client will run:
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git clone user@example.com:project.git
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v
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ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack 'project.git'"
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The exception is if a '~' is used, in which case
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we execute it without the leading '/'.
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ssh://user@example.com/~alice/project.git,
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v
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ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '~alice/project.git'"
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A few things to remember here:
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- The "command name" is spelled with dash (e.g. git-upload-pack), but
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this can be overridden by the client;
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- The repository path is always quoted with single quotes.
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Fetching Data From a Server
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===========================
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When one Git repository wants to get data that a second repository
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has, the first can 'fetch' from the second. This operation determines
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what data the server has that the client does not then streams that
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data down to the client in packfile format.
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Reference Discovery
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-------------------
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When the client initially connects the server will immediately respond
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with a listing of each reference it has (all branches and tags) along
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with the object name that each reference currently points to.
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$ echo -e -n "0039git-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0" |
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nc -v example.com 9418
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00887217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 HEAD\0multi_ack thin-pack side-band side-band-64k ofs-delta shallow no-progress include-tag
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00441d3fcd5ced445d1abc402225c0b8a1299641f497 refs/heads/integration
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003f7217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 refs/heads/master
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003cb88d2441cac0977faf98efc80305012112238d9d refs/tags/v0.9
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003c525128480b96c89e6418b1e40909bf6c5b2d580f refs/tags/v1.0
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003fe92df48743b7bc7d26bcaabfddde0a1e20cae47c refs/tags/v1.0^{}
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0000
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Server SHOULD terminate each non-flush line using LF ("\n") terminator;
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client MUST NOT complain if there is no terminator.
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The returned response is a pkt-line stream describing each ref and
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its current value. The stream MUST be sorted by name according to
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the C locale ordering.
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If HEAD is a valid ref, HEAD MUST appear as the first advertised
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ref. If HEAD is not a valid ref, HEAD MUST NOT appear in the
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advertisement list at all, but other refs may still appear.
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The stream MUST include capability declarations behind a NUL on the
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first ref. The peeled value of a ref (that is "ref^{}") MUST be
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immediately after the ref itself, if presented. A conforming server
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MUST peel the ref if it's an annotated tag.
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----
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advertised-refs = (no-refs / list-of-refs)
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flush-pkt
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no-refs = PKT-LINE(zero-id SP "capabilities^{}"
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NUL capability-list LF)
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list-of-refs = first-ref *other-ref
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first-ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP refname
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NUL capability-list LF)
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other-ref = PKT-LINE(other-tip / other-peeled)
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other-tip = obj-id SP refname LF
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other-peeled = obj-id SP refname "^{}" LF
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capability-list = capability *(SP capability)
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capability = 1*(LC_ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_")
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LC_ALPHA = %x61-7A
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----
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Server and client MUST use lowercase for obj-id, both MUST treat obj-id
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as case-insensitive.
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See protocol-capabilities.txt for a list of allowed server capabilities
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and descriptions.
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Packfile Negotiation
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--------------------
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After reference and capabilities discovery, the client can decide to
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terminate the connection by sending a flush-pkt, telling the server it can
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now gracefully terminate, and disconnect, when it does not need any pack
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data. This can happen with the ls-remote command, and also can happen when
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the client already is up-to-date.
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Otherwise, it enters the negotiation phase, where the client and
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server determine what the minimal packfile necessary for transport is,
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by telling the server what objects it wants, its shallow objects
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(if any), and the maximum commit depth it wants (if any). The client
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will also send a list of the capabilities it wants to be in effect,
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out of what the server said it could do with the first 'want' line.
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----
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upload-request = want-list
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*shallow-line
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*1depth-request
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flush-pkt
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want-list = first-want
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*additional-want
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shallow-line = PKT_LINE("shallow" SP obj-id)
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depth-request = PKT_LINE("deepen" SP depth)
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first-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id SP capability-list LF)
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additional-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id LF)
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depth = 1*DIGIT
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----
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Clients MUST send all the obj-ids it wants from the reference
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discovery phase as 'want' lines. Clients MUST send at least one
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'want' command in the request body. Clients MUST NOT mention an
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obj-id in a 'want' command which did not appear in the response
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obtained through ref discovery.
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The client MUST write all obj-ids which it only has shallow copies
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of (meaning that it does not have the parents of a commit) as
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'shallow' lines so that the server is aware of the limitations of
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the client's history. Clients MUST NOT mention an obj-id which
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it does not know exists on the server.
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The client now sends the maximum commit history depth it wants for
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this transaction, which is the number of commits it wants from the
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tip of the history, if any, as a 'deepen' line. A depth of 0 is the
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same as not making a depth request. The client does not want to receive
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any commits beyond this depth, nor objects needed only to complete
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those commits. Commits whose parents are not received as a result are
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defined as shallow and marked as such in the server. This information
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is sent back to the client in the next step.
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Once all the 'want's and 'shallow's (and optional 'deepen') are
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transferred, clients MUST send a flush-pkt, to tell the server side
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that it is done sending the list.
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Otherwise, if the client sent a positive depth request, the server
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will determine which commits will and will not be shallow and
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send this information to the client. If the client did not request
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a positive depth, this step is skipped.
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----
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shallow-update = *shallow-line
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*unshallow-line
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flush-pkt
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shallow-line = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id)
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unshallow-line = PKT-LINE("unshallow" SP obj-id)
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----
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If the client has requested a positive depth, the server will compute
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the set of commits which are no deeper than the desired depth, starting
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at the client's wants. The server writes 'shallow' lines for each
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commit whose parents will not be sent as a result. The server writes
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an 'unshallow' line for each commit which the client has indicated is
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shallow, but is no longer shallow at the currently requested depth
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(that is, its parents will now be sent). The server MUST NOT mark
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as unshallow anything which the client has not indicated was shallow.
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Now the client will send a list of the obj-ids it has using 'have'
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lines, so the server can make a packfile that only contains the objects
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that the client needs. In multi_ack mode, the canonical implementation
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will send up to 32 of these at a time, then will send a flush-pkt. The
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canonical implementation will skip ahead and send the next 32 immediately,
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so that there is always a block of 32 "in-flight on the wire" at a time.
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----
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upload-haves = have-list
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compute-end
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have-list = *have-line
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have-line = PKT-LINE("have" SP obj-id LF)
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compute-end = flush-pkt / PKT-LINE("done")
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----
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If the server reads 'have' lines, it then will respond by ACKing any
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of the obj-ids the client said it had that the server also has. The
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server will ACK obj-ids differently depending on which ack mode is
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chosen by the client.
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In multi_ack mode:
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* the server will respond with 'ACK obj-id continue' for any common
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commits.
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* once the server has found an acceptable common base commit and is
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ready to make a packfile, it will blindly ACK all 'have' obj-ids
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back to the client.
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* the server will then send a 'NACK' and then wait for another response
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from the client - either a 'done' or another list of 'have' lines.
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In multi_ack_detailed mode:
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* the server will differentiate the ACKs where it is signaling
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that it is ready to send data with 'ACK obj-id ready' lines, and
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signals the identified common commits with 'ACK obj-id common' lines.
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Without either multi_ack or multi_ack_detailed:
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* upload-pack sends "ACK obj-id" on the first common object it finds.
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After that it says nothing until the client gives it a "done".
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* upload-pack sends "NAK" on a flush-pkt if no common object
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has been found yet. If one has been found, and thus an ACK
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was already sent, it's silent on the flush-pkt.
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After the client has gotten enough ACK responses that it can determine
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that the server has enough information to send an efficient packfile
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(in the canonical implementation, this is determined when it has received
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enough ACKs that it can color everything left in the --date-order queue
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as common with the server, or the --date-order queue is empty), or the
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client determines that it wants to give up (in the canonical implementation,
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this is determined when the client sends 256 'have' lines without getting
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any of them ACKed by the server - meaning there is nothing in common and
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the server should just send all of its objects), then the client will send
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a 'done' command. The 'done' command signals to the server that the client
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is ready to receive its packfile data.
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However, the 256 limit *only* turns on in the canonical client
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implementation if we have received at least one "ACK %s continue"
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during a prior round. This helps to ensure that at least one common
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ancestor is found before we give up entirely.
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Once the 'done' line is read from the client, the server will either
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send a final 'ACK obj-id' or it will send a 'NAK'. The server only sends
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ACK after 'done' if there is at least one common base and multi_ack or
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multi_ack_detailed is enabled. The server always sends NAK after 'done'
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if there is no common base found.
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Then the server will start sending its packfile data.
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----
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server-response = *ack_multi ack / nak
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ack_multi = PKT-LINE("ACK" SP obj-id ack_status LF)
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ack_status = "continue" / "common" / "ready"
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ack = PKT-LINE("ACK SP obj-id LF)
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nak = PKT-LINE("NAK" LF)
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----
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A simple clone may look like this (with no 'have' lines):
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----
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C: 0054want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\0multi_ack \
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side-band-64k ofs-delta\n
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C: 0032want 7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe\n
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C: 0032want 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a\n
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C: 0032want 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01\n
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C: 0032want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n
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C: 0000
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C: 0009done\n
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S: 0008NAK\n
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S: [PACKFILE]
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----
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An incremental update (fetch) response might look like this:
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----
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C: 0054want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\0multi_ack \
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side-band-64k ofs-delta\n
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C: 0032want 7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe\n
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C: 0032want 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a\n
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C: 0000
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C: 0032have 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01\n
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C: [30 more have lines]
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C: 0032have 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n
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C: 0000
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S: 003aACK 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01 continue\n
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S: 003aACK 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d continue\n
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S: 0008NAK\n
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C: 0009done\n
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S: 0031ACK 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n
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S: [PACKFILE]
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----
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Packfile Data
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-------------
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Now that the client and server have finished negotiation about what
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the minimal amount of data that needs to be sent to the client is, the server
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will construct and send the required data in packfile format.
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See pack-format.txt for what the packfile itself actually looks like.
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If 'side-band' or 'side-band-64k' capabilities have been specified by
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the client, the server will send the packfile data multiplexed.
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Each packet starting with the packet-line length of the amount of data
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that follows, followed by a single byte specifying the sideband the
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following data is coming in on.
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In 'side-band' mode, it will send up to 999 data bytes plus 1 control
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code, for a total of up to 1000 bytes in a pkt-line. In 'side-band-64k'
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mode it will send up to 65519 data bytes plus 1 control code, for a
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total of up to 65520 bytes in a pkt-line.
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The sideband byte will be a '1', '2' or a '3'. Sideband '1' will contain
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packfile data, sideband '2' will be used for progress information that the
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client will generally print to stderr and sideband '3' is used for error
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information.
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If no 'side-band' capability was specified, the server will stream the
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entire packfile without multiplexing.
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Pushing Data To a Server
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========================
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Pushing data to a server will invoke the 'receive-pack' process on the
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server, which will allow the client to tell it which references it should
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update and then send all the data the server will need for those new
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references to be complete. Once all the data is received and validated,
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the server will then update its references to what the client specified.
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Authentication
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--------------
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The protocol itself contains no authentication mechanisms. That is to be
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handled by the transport, such as SSH, before the 'receive-pack' process is
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invoked. If 'receive-pack' is configured over the Git transport, those
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repositories will be writable by anyone who can access that port (9418) as
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that transport is unauthenticated.
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Reference Discovery
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-------------------
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The reference discovery phase is done nearly the same way as it is in the
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fetching protocol. Each reference obj-id and name on the server is sent
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in packet-line format to the client, followed by a flush-pkt. The only
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real difference is that the capability listing is different - the only
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possible values are 'report-status', 'delete-refs' and 'ofs-delta'.
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Reference Update Request and Packfile Transfer
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----------------------------------------------
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Once the client knows what references the server is at, it can send a
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list of reference update requests. For each reference on the server
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that it wants to update, it sends a line listing the obj-id currently on
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the server, the obj-id the client would like to update it to and the name
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of the reference.
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This list is followed by a flush-pkt and then the packfile that should
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contain all the objects that the server will need to complete the new
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references.
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
update-request = command-list [pack-file]
|
|
|
|
command-list = PKT-LINE(command NUL capability-list LF)
|
|
*PKT-LINE(command LF)
|
|
flush-pkt
|
|
|
|
command = create / delete / update
|
|
create = zero-id SP new-id SP name
|
|
delete = old-id SP zero-id SP name
|
|
update = old-id SP new-id SP name
|
|
|
|
old-id = obj-id
|
|
new-id = obj-id
|
|
|
|
pack-file = "PACK" 28*(OCTET)
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
If the receiving end does not support delete-refs, the sending end MUST
|
|
NOT ask for delete command.
|
|
|
|
The pack-file MUST NOT be sent if the only command used is 'delete'.
|
|
|
|
A pack-file MUST be sent if either create or update command is used,
|
|
even if the server already has all the necessary objects. In this
|
|
case the client MUST send an empty pack-file. The only time this
|
|
is likely to happen is if the client is creating
|
|
a new branch or a tag that points to an existing obj-id.
|
|
|
|
The server will receive the packfile, unpack it, then validate each
|
|
reference that is being updated that it hasn't changed while the request
|
|
was being processed (the obj-id is still the same as the old-id), and
|
|
it will run any update hooks to make sure that the update is acceptable.
|
|
If all of that is fine, the server will then update the references.
|
|
|
|
Report Status
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
After receiving the pack data from the sender, the receiver sends a
|
|
report if 'report-status' capability is in effect.
|
|
It is a short listing of what happened in that update. It will first
|
|
list the status of the packfile unpacking as either 'unpack ok' or
|
|
'unpack [error]'. Then it will list the status for each of the references
|
|
that it tried to update. Each line is either 'ok [refname]' if the
|
|
update was successful, or 'ng [refname] [error]' if the update was not.
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
report-status = unpack-status
|
|
1*(command-status)
|
|
flush-pkt
|
|
|
|
unpack-status = PKT-LINE("unpack" SP unpack-result LF)
|
|
unpack-result = "ok" / error-msg
|
|
|
|
command-status = command-ok / command-fail
|
|
command-ok = PKT-LINE("ok" SP refname LF)
|
|
command-fail = PKT-LINE("ng" SP refname SP error-msg LF)
|
|
|
|
error-msg = 1*(OCTECT) ; where not "ok"
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
Updates can be unsuccessful for a number of reasons. The reference can have
|
|
changed since the reference discovery phase was originally sent, meaning
|
|
someone pushed in the meantime. The reference being pushed could be a
|
|
non-fast-forward reference and the update hooks or configuration could be
|
|
set to not allow that, etc. Also, some references can be updated while others
|
|
can be rejected.
|
|
|
|
An example client/server communication might look like this:
|
|
|
|
----
|
|
S: 007c74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/local\0report-status delete-refs ofs-delta\n
|
|
S: 003e7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe refs/heads/debug\n
|
|
S: 003f74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/master\n
|
|
S: 003f74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/team\n
|
|
S: 0000
|
|
|
|
C: 003e7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/debug\n
|
|
C: 003e74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a refs/heads/master\n
|
|
C: 0000
|
|
C: [PACKDATA]
|
|
|
|
S: 000eunpack ok\n
|
|
S: 0018ok refs/heads/debug\n
|
|
S: 002ang refs/heads/master non-fast-forward\n
|
|
----
|