mirror of
https://github.com/git/git
synced 2024-09-13 05:14:36 +00:00
279 lines
8.7 KiB
Plaintext
279 lines
8.7 KiB
Plaintext
Everyday GIT With 20 Commands Or So
|
|
===================================
|
|
|
|
GIT suite has over 100 commands, and the manual page for each of
|
|
them discusses what the command does and how it is used in
|
|
detail, but until you know what command should be used in order
|
|
to achieve what you want to do, you cannot tell which manual
|
|
page to look at, and if you know that already you do not need
|
|
the manual.
|
|
|
|
Does that mean you need to know all of them before you can use
|
|
git? Not at all. Depending on the role you play, the set of
|
|
commands you need to know is slightly different, but in any case
|
|
what you need to learn is far smaller than the full set of
|
|
commands to carry out your day-to-day work. This document is to
|
|
serve as a cheat-sheet and a set of pointers for people playing
|
|
various roles.
|
|
|
|
<<Basic Repository>> commands are needed by people who has a
|
|
repository --- that is everybody, because every working tree of
|
|
git is a repository.
|
|
|
|
In addition, <<Individual Developer (Standalone)>> commands are
|
|
essential for anybody who makes a commit, even for somebody who
|
|
works alone.
|
|
|
|
If you work with other people, you will need commands listed in
|
|
<<Individual Developer (Participant)>> section as well.
|
|
|
|
People who play <<Integrator>> role need to learn some more
|
|
commands in addition to the above.
|
|
|
|
<<Repository Administration>> commands are for system
|
|
administrators who are responsible to care and feed git
|
|
repositories to support developers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic Repository[[Basic Repository]]
|
|
------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
Everybody uses these commands to feed and care git repositories.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-init-db[1] or gitlink:git-clone[1] to create a
|
|
new repository.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-fsck-objects[1] to validate the repository.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-prune[1] to garbage collect crufts in the
|
|
repository.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-repack[1] to pack loose objects for efficiency.
|
|
|
|
Individual Developer (Standalone)[[Individual Developer (Standalone)]]
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
A standalone individual developer does not exchange patches with
|
|
other poeple, and works alone in a single repository, using the
|
|
following commands.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-show-branch[1] to see where you are.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-log[1] to see what happened.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-whatchanged[1] to find out where things have
|
|
come from.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-checkout[1] and gitlink:git-branch[1] to switch
|
|
branches.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-add[1] and gitlink:git-update-index[1] to manage
|
|
the index file.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-diff[1] and gitlink:git-status[1] to see what
|
|
you are in the middle of doing.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-commit[1] to advance the current branch.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-reset[1] and gitlink:git-checkout[1] (with
|
|
pathname parameters) to undo changes.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-pull[1] with "." as the remote to merge between
|
|
local branches.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-rebase[1] to maintain topic branches.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-tag[1] to mark known point.
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
* Extract a tarball and create a working tree and a new repository to keep track of it.
|
|
------------
|
|
$ tar zxf frotz.tar.gz
|
|
$ cd frotz
|
|
$ git-init-db
|
|
$ git add . <1>
|
|
$ git commit -m 'import of frotz source tree.'
|
|
$ git tag v2.43 <2>
|
|
|
|
<1> add everything under the current directory.
|
|
<2> make a lightweight, unannotated tag.
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
* Create a topic branch and develop
|
|
------------
|
|
$ git checkout -b alsa-audio <1>
|
|
$ edit/compile/test
|
|
$ git checkout -- curses/ux_audio_oss.c <2>
|
|
$ git add curses/ux_audio_alsa.c <3>
|
|
$ edit/compile/test
|
|
$ git diff <4>
|
|
$ git commit -a -s <5>
|
|
$ edit/compile/test
|
|
$ git reset --soft HEAD^ <6>
|
|
$ edit/compile/test
|
|
$ git diff ORIG_HEAD <7>
|
|
$ git commit -a -c ORIG_HEAD <8>
|
|
$ git checkout master <9>
|
|
$ git pull . alsa-audio <10>
|
|
$ git log --since='3 days ago' <11>
|
|
$ git log v2.43.. curses/ <12>
|
|
|
|
<1> create a new topic branch.
|
|
<2> revert your botched changes in "curses/ux_audio_oss.c".
|
|
<3> you need to tell git if you added a new file; removal and
|
|
modification will be caught if you do "commit -a" later.
|
|
<4> to see what changes you are committing.
|
|
<5> commit everything as you have tested, with your sign-off.
|
|
<6> take the last commit back, keeping what is in the working tree.
|
|
<7> look at the changes since the premature commit we took back.
|
|
<8> redo the commit undone in the previous step, using the message
|
|
you originally wrote.
|
|
<9> switch to the master branch.
|
|
<10> merge a topic branch into your master branch
|
|
<11> or --since='aug 1', --max-count=10
|
|
<12> view only the changes that touch what's in curses/
|
|
directory, since v2.43 tag.
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
Individual Developer (Participant)[[Individual Developer (Participant)]]
|
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
A developer working as a participant in a group project needs to
|
|
learn how to communicate with others, and uses these commands in
|
|
addition to the ones needed by a standalone developer.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-pull[1] from "origin" to keep up-to-date with
|
|
the upstream.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-push[1] to shared repository if you adopt CVS
|
|
style shared repository workflow.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-format-patch[1] to prepare e-mail submission, if
|
|
you adopt Linux kernel-style public forum workflow.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
* Clone the upstream and work on it. Feed changes to upstream.
|
|
------------
|
|
$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6 my2.6
|
|
$ cd my2.6
|
|
$ edit/compile/test; git commit -a -s <1>
|
|
$ git format-patch master <2>
|
|
$ git pull <3>
|
|
$ git whatchanged -p ORIG_HEAD.. arch/i386 include/asm-i386 <4>
|
|
$ git pull git://git.kernel.org/pub/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git ALL <5>
|
|
$ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <6>
|
|
$ git prune <7>
|
|
|
|
<1> repeat as needed.
|
|
<2> extract patches from your branch for e-mail submission.
|
|
<3> "pull" fetches from "origin" by default and merges.
|
|
<4> look at the changes since last time we checked, only in the
|
|
area we are interested in.
|
|
<5> fetch from a specific branch from a specific repository and and merge.
|
|
<6> revert the pull.
|
|
<7> garbage collect leftover objects from reverted pull.
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
* Branch off of a specific tag.
|
|
------------
|
|
$ git checkout -b private2.6.14 v2.6.14 <1>
|
|
$ edit/compile/test; git commit -a
|
|
$ git checkout master
|
|
$ git format-patch -k -m --stdout v2.6.14..private2.6.14 |
|
|
git am -3 -k <2>
|
|
|
|
<1> create a private branch based on a well known (but somewhat behind)
|
|
tag.
|
|
<2> forward port all changes in private2.6.14 branch to master branch
|
|
without a formal "merging".
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
Integrator[[Integrator]]
|
|
------------------------
|
|
|
|
A fairly central person acting as the integrator in a group
|
|
project receives changes made by others, reviews and integrates
|
|
them and publishes the result for others to use, using these
|
|
commands in addition to the ones needed by participants.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-am[1] to apply patches e-mailed in from your
|
|
contributors.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-pull[1] to merge from your trusted lieutenants.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-format-patch[1] to prepare and send suggested
|
|
alternative to contributors.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-revert[1] to undo botched commits.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-push[1] to publish the bleeding edge.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
* My typical GIT day.
|
|
------------
|
|
$ git status <1>
|
|
$ git show-branch <2>
|
|
$ mailx <3>
|
|
& s 2 3 4 5 ./+to-apply
|
|
& s 7 8 ./+hold-linus
|
|
& q
|
|
$ git checkout master
|
|
$ git am -3 -i -s -u ./+to-apply <4>
|
|
$ compile/test
|
|
$ git checkout -b hold/linus && git am -3 -i -s -u ./+hold-linus <5>
|
|
$ git checkout pu && git reset --hard master <6>
|
|
$ git pull . topic/one topic/two && git pull . hold/linus <7>
|
|
$ git fetch ko master:refs/tags/ko-master &&
|
|
git show-branch master ko-master <8>
|
|
$ git push ko <9>
|
|
$ git checkout maint
|
|
$ git cherry-pick master~4 <10>
|
|
$ compile/test
|
|
$ git tag -s -m 'GIT 0.99.9x' v0.99.9x <11>
|
|
$ git push ko v0.99.9x <12>
|
|
|
|
<1> see what I was in the middle of doing, if any.
|
|
<2> see what topic branches I have and think about how ready
|
|
they are.
|
|
<3> read mails, save ones that are applicable, and save others
|
|
that are not quite ready.
|
|
<4> apply them, interactively, with my sign-offs.
|
|
<5> create topic branch as needed and apply, again with my
|
|
sign-offs.
|
|
<6> restart "pu" every time from the master.
|
|
<7> and bundle topic branches still cooking.
|
|
<8> make sure I did not accidentally rewound master beyond what I
|
|
already pushed out.
|
|
<9> push out the bleeding edge.
|
|
<10> backport a critical fix.
|
|
<11> create a signed tag.
|
|
<12> push the tag out.
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
Repository Administration[[Repository Administration]]
|
|
------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
A repository administrator uses the following tools to set up
|
|
and maintain access to the repository by developers.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-daemon[1] to allow anonymous download from
|
|
repository.
|
|
|
|
* gitlink:git-shell[1] can be used as a 'restricted login shell'
|
|
for shared central repository users.
|
|
|
|
* link:howto/update-hook-example.txt[update hook howto] has a
|
|
good example of managing a shared central repository.
|
|
|