mirror of
https://github.com/git/git
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713 lines
22 KiB
Text
713 lines
22 KiB
Text
gitattributes(5)
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================
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NAME
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----
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gitattributes - defining attributes per path
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SYNOPSIS
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--------
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$GIT_DIR/info/attributes, .gitattributes
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DESCRIPTION
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-----------
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A `gitattributes` file is a simple text file that gives
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`attributes` to pathnames.
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Each line in `gitattributes` file is of form:
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pattern attr1 attr2 ...
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That is, a pattern followed by an attributes list,
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separated by whitespaces. When the pattern matches the
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path in question, the attributes listed on the line are given to
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the path.
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Each attribute can be in one of these states for a given path:
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Set::
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The path has the attribute with special value "true";
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this is specified by listing only the name of the
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attribute in the attribute list.
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Unset::
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The path has the attribute with special value "false";
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this is specified by listing the name of the attribute
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prefixed with a dash `-` in the attribute list.
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Set to a value::
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The path has the attribute with specified string value;
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this is specified by listing the name of the attribute
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followed by an equal sign `=` and its value in the
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attribute list.
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Unspecified::
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No pattern matches the path, and nothing says if
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the path has or does not have the attribute, the
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attribute for the path is said to be Unspecified.
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When more than one pattern matches the path, a later line
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overrides an earlier line. This overriding is done per
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attribute. The rules how the pattern matches paths are the
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same as in `.gitignore` files; see linkgit:gitignore[5].
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When deciding what attributes are assigned to a path, git
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consults `$GIT_DIR/info/attributes` file (which has the highest
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precedence), `.gitattributes` file in the same directory as the
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path in question, and its parent directories up to the toplevel of the
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work tree (the further the directory that contains `.gitattributes`
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is from the path in question, the lower its precedence).
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If you wish to affect only a single repository (i.e., to assign
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attributes to files that are particular to one user's workflow), then
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attributes should be placed in the `$GIT_DIR/info/attributes` file.
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Attributes which should be version-controlled and distributed to other
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repositories (i.e., attributes of interest to all users) should go into
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`.gitattributes` files.
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Sometimes you would need to override an setting of an attribute
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for a path to `unspecified` state. This can be done by listing
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the name of the attribute prefixed with an exclamation point `!`.
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EFFECTS
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-------
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Certain operations by git can be influenced by assigning
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particular attributes to a path. Currently, the following
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operations are attributes-aware.
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Checking-out and checking-in
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These attributes affect how the contents stored in the
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repository are copied to the working tree files when commands
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such as 'git checkout' and 'git merge' run. They also affect how
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git stores the contents you prepare in the working tree in the
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repository upon 'git add' and 'git commit'.
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`crlf`
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^^^^^^
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This attribute controls the line-ending convention.
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Set::
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Setting the `crlf` attribute on a path is meant to mark
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the path as a "text" file. 'core.autocrlf' conversion
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takes place without guessing the content type by
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inspection.
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Unset::
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Unsetting the `crlf` attribute on a path tells git not to
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attempt any end-of-line conversion upon checkin or checkout.
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Unspecified::
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Unspecified `crlf` attribute tells git to apply the
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`core.autocrlf` conversion when the file content looks
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like text.
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Set to string value "input"::
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This is similar to setting the attribute to `true`, but
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also forces git to act as if `core.autocrlf` is set to
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`input` for the path.
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Any other value set to `crlf` attribute is ignored and git acts
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as if the attribute is left unspecified.
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The `core.autocrlf` conversion
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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If the configuration variable `core.autocrlf` is false, no
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conversion is done.
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When `core.autocrlf` is true, it means that the platform wants
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CRLF line endings for files in the working tree, and you want to
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convert them back to the normal LF line endings when checking
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in to the repository.
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When `core.autocrlf` is set to "input", line endings are
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converted to LF upon checkin, but there is no conversion done
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upon checkout.
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If `core.safecrlf` is set to "true" or "warn", git verifies if
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the conversion is reversible for the current setting of
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`core.autocrlf`. For "true", git rejects irreversible
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conversions; for "warn", git only prints a warning but accepts
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an irreversible conversion. The safety triggers to prevent such
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a conversion done to the files in the work tree, but there are a
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few exceptions. Even though...
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- 'git add' itself does not touch the files in the work tree, the
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next checkout would, so the safety triggers;
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- 'git apply' to update a text file with a patch does touch the files
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in the work tree, but the operation is about text files and CRLF
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conversion is about fixing the line ending inconsistencies, so the
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safety does not trigger;
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- 'git diff' itself does not touch the files in the work tree, it is
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often run to inspect the changes you intend to next 'git add'. To
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catch potential problems early, safety triggers.
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`ident`
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^^^^^^^
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When the attribute `ident` is set for a path, git replaces
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`$Id$` in the blob object with `$Id:`, followed by the
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40-character hexadecimal blob object name, followed by a dollar
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sign `$` upon checkout. Any byte sequence that begins with
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`$Id:` and ends with `$` in the worktree file is replaced
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with `$Id$` upon check-in.
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`filter`
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^^^^^^^^
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A `filter` attribute can be set to a string value that names a
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filter driver specified in the configuration.
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A filter driver consists of a `clean` command and a `smudge`
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command, either of which can be left unspecified. Upon
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checkout, when the `smudge` command is specified, the command is
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fed the blob object from its standard input, and its standard
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output is used to update the worktree file. Similarly, the
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`clean` command is used to convert the contents of worktree file
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upon checkin.
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A missing filter driver definition in the config is not an error
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but makes the filter a no-op passthru.
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The content filtering is done to massage the content into a
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shape that is more convenient for the platform, filesystem, and
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the user to use. The key phrase here is "more convenient" and not
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"turning something unusable into usable". In other words, the
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intent is that if someone unsets the filter driver definition,
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or does not have the appropriate filter program, the project
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should still be usable.
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For example, in .gitattributes, you would assign the `filter`
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attribute for paths.
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------------------------
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*.c filter=indent
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------------------------
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Then you would define a "filter.indent.clean" and "filter.indent.smudge"
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configuration in your .git/config to specify a pair of commands to
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modify the contents of C programs when the source files are checked
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in ("clean" is run) and checked out (no change is made because the
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command is "cat").
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------------------------
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[filter "indent"]
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clean = indent
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smudge = cat
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------------------------
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Interaction between checkin/checkout attributes
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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In the check-in codepath, the worktree file is first converted
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with `filter` driver (if specified and corresponding driver
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defined), then the result is processed with `ident` (if
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specified), and then finally with `crlf` (again, if specified
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and applicable).
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In the check-out codepath, the blob content is first converted
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with `crlf`, and then `ident` and fed to `filter`.
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Generating diff text
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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`diff`
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^^^^^^
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The attribute `diff` affects how 'git' generates diffs for particular
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files. It can tell git whether to generate a textual patch for the path
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or to treat the path as a binary file. It can also affect what line is
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shown on the hunk header `@@ -k,l +n,m @@` line, tell git to use an
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external command to generate the diff, or ask git to convert binary
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files to a text format before generating the diff.
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Set::
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A path to which the `diff` attribute is set is treated
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as text, even when they contain byte values that
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normally never appear in text files, such as NUL.
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Unset::
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A path to which the `diff` attribute is unset will
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generate `Binary files differ` (or a binary patch, if
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binary patches are enabled).
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Unspecified::
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A path to which the `diff` attribute is unspecified
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first gets its contents inspected, and if it looks like
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text, it is treated as text. Otherwise it would
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generate `Binary files differ`.
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String::
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Diff is shown using the specified diff driver. Each driver may
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specify one or more options, as described in the following
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section. The options for the diff driver "foo" are defined
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by the configuration variables in the "diff.foo" section of the
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git config file.
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Defining an external diff driver
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The definition of a diff driver is done in `gitconfig`, not
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`gitattributes` file, so strictly speaking this manual page is a
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wrong place to talk about it. However...
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To define an external diff driver `jcdiff`, add a section to your
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`$GIT_DIR/config` file (or `$HOME/.gitconfig` file) like this:
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----------------------------------------------------------------
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[diff "jcdiff"]
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command = j-c-diff
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----------------------------------------------------------------
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When git needs to show you a diff for the path with `diff`
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attribute set to `jcdiff`, it calls the command you specified
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with the above configuration, i.e. `j-c-diff`, with 7
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parameters, just like `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` program is called.
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See linkgit:git[1] for details.
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Defining a custom hunk-header
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Each group of changes (called a "hunk") in the textual diff output
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is prefixed with a line of the form:
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@@ -k,l +n,m @@ TEXT
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This is called a 'hunk header'. The "TEXT" portion is by default a line
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that begins with an alphabet, an underscore or a dollar sign; this
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matches what GNU 'diff -p' output uses. This default selection however
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is not suited for some contents, and you can use a customized pattern
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to make a selection.
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First, in .gitattributes, you would assign the `diff` attribute
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for paths.
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------------------------
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*.tex diff=tex
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------------------------
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Then, you would define a "diff.tex.xfuncname" configuration to
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specify a regular expression that matches a line that you would
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want to appear as the hunk header "TEXT". Add a section to your
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`$GIT_DIR/config` file (or `$HOME/.gitconfig` file) like this:
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------------------------
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[diff "tex"]
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xfuncname = "^(\\\\(sub)*section\\{.*)$"
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------------------------
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Note. A single level of backslashes are eaten by the
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configuration file parser, so you would need to double the
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backslashes; the pattern above picks a line that begins with a
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backslash, and zero or more occurrences of `sub` followed by
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`section` followed by open brace, to the end of line.
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There are a few built-in patterns to make this easier, and `tex`
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is one of them, so you do not have to write the above in your
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configuration file (you still need to enable this with the
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attribute mechanism, via `.gitattributes`). The following built in
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patterns are available:
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- `bibtex` suitable for files with BibTeX coded references.
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- `cpp` suitable for source code in the C and C++ languages.
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- `html` suitable for HTML/XHTML documents.
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- `java` suitable for source code in the Java language.
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- `objc` suitable for source code in the Objective-C language.
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- `pascal` suitable for source code in the Pascal/Delphi language.
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- `php` suitable for source code in the PHP language.
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- `python` suitable for source code in the Python language.
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- `ruby` suitable for source code in the Ruby language.
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- `tex` suitable for source code for LaTeX documents.
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Customizing word diff
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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You can customize the rules that `git diff --color-words` uses to
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split words in a line, by specifying an appropriate regular expression
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in the "diff.*.wordRegex" configuration variable. For example, in TeX
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a backslash followed by a sequence of letters forms a command, but
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several such commands can be run together without intervening
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whitespace. To separate them, use a regular expression in your
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`$GIT_DIR/config` file (or `$HOME/.gitconfig` file) like this:
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------------------------
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[diff "tex"]
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wordRegex = "\\\\[a-zA-Z]+|[{}]|\\\\.|[^\\{}[:space:]]+"
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------------------------
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A built-in pattern is provided for all languages listed in the
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previous section.
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Performing text diffs of binary files
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Sometimes it is desirable to see the diff of a text-converted
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version of some binary files. For example, a word processor
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document can be converted to an ASCII text representation, and
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the diff of the text shown. Even though this conversion loses
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some information, the resulting diff is useful for human
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viewing (but cannot be applied directly).
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The `textconv` config option is used to define a program for
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performing such a conversion. The program should take a single
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argument, the name of a file to convert, and produce the
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resulting text on stdout.
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For example, to show the diff of the exif information of a
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file instead of the binary information (assuming you have the
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exif tool installed), add the following section to your
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`$GIT_DIR/config` file (or `$HOME/.gitconfig` file):
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------------------------
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[diff "jpg"]
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textconv = exif
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------------------------
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NOTE: The text conversion is generally a one-way conversion;
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in this example, we lose the actual image contents and focus
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just on the text data. This means that diffs generated by
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textconv are _not_ suitable for applying. For this reason,
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only `git diff` and the `git log` family of commands (i.e.,
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log, whatchanged, show) will perform text conversion. `git
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format-patch` will never generate this output. If you want to
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send somebody a text-converted diff of a binary file (e.g.,
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because it quickly conveys the changes you have made), you
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should generate it separately and send it as a comment _in
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addition to_ the usual binary diff that you might send.
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Performing a three-way merge
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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`merge`
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^^^^^^^
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The attribute `merge` affects how three versions of a file is
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merged when a file-level merge is necessary during `git merge`,
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and other commands such as `git revert` and `git cherry-pick`.
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Set::
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Built-in 3-way merge driver is used to merge the
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contents in a way similar to 'merge' command of `RCS`
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suite. This is suitable for ordinary text files.
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Unset::
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Take the version from the current branch as the
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tentative merge result, and declare that the merge has
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conflicts. This is suitable for binary files that does
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not have a well-defined merge semantics.
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Unspecified::
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By default, this uses the same built-in 3-way merge
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driver as is the case the `merge` attribute is set.
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However, `merge.default` configuration variable can name
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different merge driver to be used for paths to which the
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`merge` attribute is unspecified.
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String::
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3-way merge is performed using the specified custom
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merge driver. The built-in 3-way merge driver can be
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explicitly specified by asking for "text" driver; the
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built-in "take the current branch" driver can be
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requested with "binary".
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Built-in merge drivers
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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There are a few built-in low-level merge drivers defined that
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can be asked for via the `merge` attribute.
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text::
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Usual 3-way file level merge for text files. Conflicted
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regions are marked with conflict markers `<<<<<<<`,
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`=======` and `>>>>>>>`. The version from your branch
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appears before the `=======` marker, and the version
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from the merged branch appears after the `=======`
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marker.
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binary::
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Keep the version from your branch in the work tree, but
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leave the path in the conflicted state for the user to
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sort out.
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union::
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Run 3-way file level merge for text files, but take
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lines from both versions, instead of leaving conflict
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markers. This tends to leave the added lines in the
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resulting file in random order and the user should
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verify the result. Do not use this if you do not
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understand the implications.
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Defining a custom merge driver
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The definition of a merge driver is done in the `.git/config`
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file, not in the `gitattributes` file, so strictly speaking this
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manual page is a wrong place to talk about it. However...
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To define a custom merge driver `filfre`, add a section to your
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`$GIT_DIR/config` file (or `$HOME/.gitconfig` file) like this:
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----------------------------------------------------------------
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[merge "filfre"]
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name = feel-free merge driver
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driver = filfre %O %A %B
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recursive = binary
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----------------------------------------------------------------
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The `merge.*.name` variable gives the driver a human-readable
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name.
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The `merge.*.driver` variable's value is used to construct a
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command to run to merge ancestor's version (`%O`), current
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version (`%A`) and the other branches' version (`%B`). These
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three tokens are replaced with the names of temporary files that
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hold the contents of these versions when the command line is
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built.
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The merge driver is expected to leave the result of the merge in
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the file named with `%A` by overwriting it, and exit with zero
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status if it managed to merge them cleanly, or non-zero if there
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were conflicts.
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The `merge.*.recursive` variable specifies what other merge
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driver to use when the merge driver is called for an internal
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merge between common ancestors, when there are more than one.
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When left unspecified, the driver itself is used for both
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internal merge and the final merge.
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`conflict-marker-size`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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This attribute controls the length of conflict markers left in
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the work tree file during a conflicted merge. Only setting to
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the value to a positive integer has any meaningful effect.
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For example, this line in `.gitattributes` can be used to tell the merge
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machinery to leave much longer (instead of the usual 7-character-long)
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conflict markers when merging the file `Documentation/git-merge.txt`
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results in a conflict.
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------------------------
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Documentation/git-merge.txt conflict-marker-size=32
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------------------------
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Checking whitespace errors
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
`whitespace`
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
The `core.whitespace` configuration variable allows you to define what
|
|
'diff' and 'apply' should consider whitespace errors for all paths in
|
|
the project (See linkgit:git-config[1]). This attribute gives you finer
|
|
control per path.
|
|
|
|
Set::
|
|
|
|
Notice all types of potential whitespace errors known to git.
|
|
|
|
Unset::
|
|
|
|
Do not notice anything as error.
|
|
|
|
Unspecified::
|
|
|
|
Use the value of `core.whitespace` configuration variable to
|
|
decide what to notice as error.
|
|
|
|
String::
|
|
|
|
Specify a comma separate list of common whitespace problems to
|
|
notice in the same format as `core.whitespace` configuration
|
|
variable.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Creating an archive
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
`export-ignore`
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
Files and directories with the attribute `export-ignore` won't be added to
|
|
archive files.
|
|
|
|
`export-subst`
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
If the attribute `export-subst` is set for a file then git will expand
|
|
several placeholders when adding this file to an archive. The
|
|
expansion depends on the availability of a commit ID, i.e., if
|
|
linkgit:git-archive[1] has been given a tree instead of a commit or a
|
|
tag then no replacement will be done. The placeholders are the same
|
|
as those for the option `--pretty=format:` of linkgit:git-log[1],
|
|
except that they need to be wrapped like this: `$Format:PLACEHOLDERS$`
|
|
in the file. E.g. the string `$Format:%H$` will be replaced by the
|
|
commit hash.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Packing objects
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
`delta`
|
|
^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
Delta compression will not be attempted for blobs for paths with the
|
|
attribute `delta` set to false.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Viewing files in GUI tools
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
|
|
`encoding`
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
The value of this attribute specifies the character encoding that should
|
|
be used by GUI tools (e.g. linkgit:gitk[1] and linkgit:git-gui[1]) to
|
|
display the contents of the relevant file. Note that due to performance
|
|
considerations linkgit:gitk[1] does not use this attribute unless you
|
|
manually enable per-file encodings in its options.
|
|
|
|
If this attribute is not set or has an invalid value, the value of the
|
|
`gui.encoding` configuration variable is used instead
|
|
(See linkgit:git-config[1]).
|
|
|
|
|
|
USING ATTRIBUTE MACROS
|
|
----------------------
|
|
|
|
You do not want any end-of-line conversions applied to, nor textual diffs
|
|
produced for, any binary file you track. You would need to specify e.g.
|
|
|
|
------------
|
|
*.jpg -crlf -diff
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
but that may become cumbersome, when you have many attributes. Using
|
|
attribute macros, you can specify groups of attributes set or unset at
|
|
the same time. The system knows a built-in attribute macro, `binary`:
|
|
|
|
------------
|
|
*.jpg binary
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
which is equivalent to the above. Note that the attribute macros can only
|
|
be "Set" (see the above example that sets "binary" macro as if it were an
|
|
ordinary attribute --- setting it in turn unsets "crlf" and "diff").
|
|
|
|
|
|
DEFINING ATTRIBUTE MACROS
|
|
-------------------------
|
|
|
|
Custom attribute macros can be defined only in the `.gitattributes` file
|
|
at the toplevel (i.e. not in any subdirectory). The built-in attribute
|
|
macro "binary" is equivalent to:
|
|
|
|
------------
|
|
[attr]binary -diff -crlf
|
|
------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
EXAMPLE
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
If you have these three `gitattributes` file:
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
(in $GIT_DIR/info/attributes)
|
|
|
|
a* foo !bar -baz
|
|
|
|
(in .gitattributes)
|
|
abc foo bar baz
|
|
|
|
(in t/.gitattributes)
|
|
ab* merge=filfre
|
|
abc -foo -bar
|
|
*.c frotz
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
the attributes given to path `t/abc` are computed as follows:
|
|
|
|
1. By examining `t/.gitattributes` (which is in the same
|
|
directory as the path in question), git finds that the first
|
|
line matches. `merge` attribute is set. It also finds that
|
|
the second line matches, and attributes `foo` and `bar`
|
|
are unset.
|
|
|
|
2. Then it examines `.gitattributes` (which is in the parent
|
|
directory), and finds that the first line matches, but
|
|
`t/.gitattributes` file already decided how `merge`, `foo`
|
|
and `bar` attributes should be given to this path, so it
|
|
leaves `foo` and `bar` unset. Attribute `baz` is set.
|
|
|
|
3. Finally it examines `$GIT_DIR/info/attributes`. This file
|
|
is used to override the in-tree settings. The first line is
|
|
a match, and `foo` is set, `bar` is reverted to unspecified
|
|
state, and `baz` is unset.
|
|
|
|
As the result, the attributes assignment to `t/abc` becomes:
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
foo set to true
|
|
bar unspecified
|
|
baz set to false
|
|
merge set to string value "filfre"
|
|
frotz unspecified
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GIT
|
|
---
|
|
Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
|