diff --git a/builtin/apply.c b/builtin/apply.c
index c770d7d3d9..ecb7f1b258 100644
--- a/builtin/apply.c
+++ b/builtin/apply.c
@@ -21,131 +21,160 @@
 #include "ll-merge.h"
 #include "rerere.h"
 
-/*
- *  --check turns on checking that the working tree matches the
- *    files that are being modified, but doesn't apply the patch
- *  --stat does just a diffstat, and doesn't actually apply
- *  --numstat does numeric diffstat, and doesn't actually apply
- *  --index-info shows the old and new index info for paths if available.
- *  --index updates the cache as well.
- *  --cached updates only the cache without ever touching the working tree.
- */
-static const char *prefix;
-static int prefix_length = -1;
-static int newfd = -1;
+enum ws_error_action {
+	nowarn_ws_error,
+	warn_on_ws_error,
+	die_on_ws_error,
+	correct_ws_error
+};
+
+
+enum ws_ignore {
+	ignore_ws_none,
+	ignore_ws_change
+};
+
+/*
+ * We need to keep track of how symlinks in the preimage are
+ * manipulated by the patches.  A patch to add a/b/c where a/b
+ * is a symlink should not be allowed to affect the directory
+ * the symlink points at, but if the same patch removes a/b,
+ * it is perfectly fine, as the patch removes a/b to make room
+ * to create a directory a/b so that a/b/c can be created.
+ *
+ * See also "struct string_list symlink_changes" in "struct
+ * apply_state".
+ */
+#define SYMLINK_GOES_AWAY 01
+#define SYMLINK_IN_RESULT 02
+
+struct apply_state {
+	const char *prefix;
+	int prefix_length;
+
+	/* These are lock_file related */
+	struct lock_file *lock_file;
+	int newfd;
+
+	/* These control what gets looked at and modified */
+	int apply; /* this is not a dry-run */
+	int cached; /* apply to the index only */
+	int check; /* preimage must match working tree, don't actually apply */
+	int check_index; /* preimage must match the indexed version */
+	int update_index; /* check_index && apply */
+
+	/* These control cosmetic aspect of the output */
+	int diffstat; /* just show a diffstat, and don't actually apply */
+	int numstat; /* just show a numeric diffstat, and don't actually apply */
+	int summary; /* just report creation, deletion, etc, and don't actually apply */
+
+	/* These boolean parameters control how the apply is done */
+	int allow_overlap;
+	int apply_in_reverse;
+	int apply_with_reject;
+	int apply_verbosely;
+	int no_add;
+	int threeway;
+	int unidiff_zero;
+	int unsafe_paths;
+
+	/* Other non boolean parameters */
+	const char *fake_ancestor;
+	const char *patch_input_file;
+	int line_termination;
+	struct strbuf root;
+	int p_value;
+	int p_value_known;
+	unsigned int p_context;
+
+	/* Exclude and include path parameters */
+	struct string_list limit_by_name;
+	int has_include;
+
+	/* Various "current state" */
+	int linenr; /* current line number */
+	struct string_list symlink_changes; /* we have to track symlinks */
+
+	/*
+	 * For "diff-stat" like behaviour, we keep track of the biggest change
+	 * we've seen, and the longest filename. That allows us to do simple
+	 * scaling.
+	 */
+	int max_change;
+	int max_len;
+
+	/*
+	 * Records filenames that have been touched, in order to handle
+	 * the case where more than one patches touch the same file.
+	 */
+	struct string_list fn_table;
+
+	/* These control whitespace errors */
+	enum ws_error_action ws_error_action;
+	enum ws_ignore ws_ignore_action;
+	const char *whitespace_option;
+	int whitespace_error;
+	int squelch_whitespace_errors;
+	int applied_after_fixing_ws;
+};
 
-static int unidiff_zero;
-static int p_value = 1;
-static int p_value_known;
-static int check_index;
-static int update_index;
-static int cached;
-static int diffstat;
-static int numstat;
-static int summary;
-static int check;
-static int apply = 1;
-static int apply_in_reverse;
-static int apply_with_reject;
-static int apply_verbosely;
-static int allow_overlap;
-static int no_add;
-static int threeway;
-static int unsafe_paths;
-static const char *fake_ancestor;
-static int line_termination = '\n';
-static unsigned int p_context = UINT_MAX;
 static const char * const apply_usage[] = {
 	N_("git apply [<options>] [<patch>...]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
-static enum ws_error_action {
-	nowarn_ws_error,
-	warn_on_ws_error,
-	die_on_ws_error,
-	correct_ws_error
-} ws_error_action = warn_on_ws_error;
-static int whitespace_error;
-static int squelch_whitespace_errors = 5;
-static int applied_after_fixing_ws;
-
-static enum ws_ignore {
-	ignore_ws_none,
-	ignore_ws_change
-} ws_ignore_action = ignore_ws_none;
-
-
-static const char *patch_input_file;
-static struct strbuf root = STRBUF_INIT;
-static int read_stdin = 1;
-static int options;
-
-static void parse_whitespace_option(const char *option)
+static void parse_whitespace_option(struct apply_state *state, const char *option)
 {
 	if (!option) {
-		ws_error_action = warn_on_ws_error;
+		state->ws_error_action = warn_on_ws_error;
 		return;
 	}
 	if (!strcmp(option, "warn")) {
-		ws_error_action = warn_on_ws_error;
+		state->ws_error_action = warn_on_ws_error;
 		return;
 	}
 	if (!strcmp(option, "nowarn")) {
-		ws_error_action = nowarn_ws_error;
+		state->ws_error_action = nowarn_ws_error;
 		return;
 	}
 	if (!strcmp(option, "error")) {
-		ws_error_action = die_on_ws_error;
+		state->ws_error_action = die_on_ws_error;
 		return;
 	}
 	if (!strcmp(option, "error-all")) {
-		ws_error_action = die_on_ws_error;
-		squelch_whitespace_errors = 0;
+		state->ws_error_action = die_on_ws_error;
+		state->squelch_whitespace_errors = 0;
 		return;
 	}
 	if (!strcmp(option, "strip") || !strcmp(option, "fix")) {
-		ws_error_action = correct_ws_error;
+		state->ws_error_action = correct_ws_error;
 		return;
 	}
 	die(_("unrecognized whitespace option '%s'"), option);
 }
 
-static void parse_ignorewhitespace_option(const char *option)
+static void parse_ignorewhitespace_option(struct apply_state *state,
+					  const char *option)
 {
 	if (!option || !strcmp(option, "no") ||
 	    !strcmp(option, "false") || !strcmp(option, "never") ||
 	    !strcmp(option, "none")) {
-		ws_ignore_action = ignore_ws_none;
+		state->ws_ignore_action = ignore_ws_none;
 		return;
 	}
 	if (!strcmp(option, "change")) {
-		ws_ignore_action = ignore_ws_change;
+		state->ws_ignore_action = ignore_ws_change;
 		return;
 	}
 	die(_("unrecognized whitespace ignore option '%s'"), option);
 }
 
-static void set_default_whitespace_mode(const char *whitespace_option)
+static void set_default_whitespace_mode(struct apply_state *state)
 {
-	if (!whitespace_option && !apply_default_whitespace)
-		ws_error_action = (apply ? warn_on_ws_error : nowarn_ws_error);
+	if (!state->whitespace_option && !apply_default_whitespace)
+		state->ws_error_action = (state->apply ? warn_on_ws_error : nowarn_ws_error);
 }
 
-/*
- * For "diff-stat" like behaviour, we keep track of the biggest change
- * we've seen, and the longest filename. That allows us to do simple
- * scaling.
- */
-static int max_change, max_len;
-
-/*
- * Various "current state", notably line numbers and what
- * file (and how) we're patching right now.. The "is_xxxx"
- * things are flags, where -1 means "don't know yet".
- */
-static int linenr = 1;
-
 /*
  * This represents one "hunk" from a patch, starting with
  * "@@ -oldpos,oldlines +newpos,newlines @@" marker.  The
@@ -265,13 +294,6 @@ struct image {
 	struct line *line;
 };
 
-/*
- * Records filenames that have been touched, in order to handle
- * the case where more than one patches touch the same file.
- */
-
-static struct string_list fn_table;
-
 static uint32_t hash_line(const char *cp, size_t len)
 {
 	size_t i;
@@ -469,7 +491,10 @@ static char *squash_slash(char *name)
 	return name;
 }
 
-static char *find_name_gnu(const char *line, const char *def, int p_value)
+static char *find_name_gnu(struct apply_state *state,
+			   const char *line,
+			   const char *def,
+			   int p_value)
 {
 	struct strbuf name = STRBUF_INIT;
 	char *cp;
@@ -493,8 +518,8 @@ static char *find_name_gnu(const char *line, const char *def, int p_value)
 	}
 
 	strbuf_remove(&name, 0, cp - name.buf);
-	if (root.len)
-		strbuf_insert(&name, 0, root.buf, root.len);
+	if (state->root.len)
+		strbuf_insert(&name, 0, state->root.buf, state->root.len);
 	return squash_slash(strbuf_detach(&name, NULL));
 }
 
@@ -657,8 +682,12 @@ static size_t diff_timestamp_len(const char *line, size_t len)
 	return line + len - end;
 }
 
-static char *find_name_common(const char *line, const char *def,
-			      int p_value, const char *end, int terminate)
+static char *find_name_common(struct apply_state *state,
+			      const char *line,
+			      const char *def,
+			      int p_value,
+			      const char *end,
+			      int terminate)
 {
 	int len;
 	const char *start = NULL;
@@ -696,32 +725,39 @@ static char *find_name_common(const char *line, const char *def,
 			return squash_slash(xstrdup(def));
 	}
 
-	if (root.len) {
-		char *ret = xstrfmt("%s%.*s", root.buf, len, start);
+	if (state->root.len) {
+		char *ret = xstrfmt("%s%.*s", state->root.buf, len, start);
 		return squash_slash(ret);
 	}
 
 	return squash_slash(xmemdupz(start, len));
 }
 
-static char *find_name(const char *line, char *def, int p_value, int terminate)
+static char *find_name(struct apply_state *state,
+		       const char *line,
+		       char *def,
+		       int p_value,
+		       int terminate)
 {
 	if (*line == '"') {
-		char *name = find_name_gnu(line, def, p_value);
+		char *name = find_name_gnu(state, line, def, p_value);
 		if (name)
 			return name;
 	}
 
-	return find_name_common(line, def, p_value, NULL, terminate);
+	return find_name_common(state, line, def, p_value, NULL, terminate);
 }
 
-static char *find_name_traditional(const char *line, char *def, int p_value)
+static char *find_name_traditional(struct apply_state *state,
+				   const char *line,
+				   char *def,
+				   int p_value)
 {
 	size_t len;
 	size_t date_len;
 
 	if (*line == '"') {
-		char *name = find_name_gnu(line, def, p_value);
+		char *name = find_name_gnu(state, line, def, p_value);
 		if (name)
 			return name;
 	}
@@ -729,10 +765,10 @@ static char *find_name_traditional(const char *line, char *def, int p_value)
 	len = strchrnul(line, '\n') - line;
 	date_len = diff_timestamp_len(line, len);
 	if (!date_len)
-		return find_name_common(line, def, p_value, NULL, TERM_TAB);
+		return find_name_common(state, line, def, p_value, NULL, TERM_TAB);
 	len -= date_len;
 
-	return find_name_common(line, def, p_value, line + len, 0);
+	return find_name_common(state, line, def, p_value, line + len, 0);
 }
 
 static int count_slashes(const char *cp)
@@ -750,30 +786,30 @@ static int count_slashes(const char *cp)
  * Given the string after "--- " or "+++ ", guess the appropriate
  * p_value for the given patch.
  */
-static int guess_p_value(const char *nameline)
+static int guess_p_value(struct apply_state *state, const char *nameline)
 {
 	char *name, *cp;
 	int val = -1;
 
 	if (is_dev_null(nameline))
 		return -1;
-	name = find_name_traditional(nameline, NULL, 0);
+	name = find_name_traditional(state, nameline, NULL, 0);
 	if (!name)
 		return -1;
 	cp = strchr(name, '/');
 	if (!cp)
 		val = 0;
-	else if (prefix) {
+	else if (state->prefix) {
 		/*
 		 * Does it begin with "a/$our-prefix" and such?  Then this is
 		 * very likely to apply to our directory.
 		 */
-		if (!strncmp(name, prefix, prefix_length))
-			val = count_slashes(prefix);
+		if (!strncmp(name, state->prefix, state->prefix_length))
+			val = count_slashes(state->prefix);
 		else {
 			cp++;
-			if (!strncmp(cp, prefix, prefix_length))
-				val = count_slashes(prefix) + 1;
+			if (!strncmp(cp, state->prefix, state->prefix_length))
+				val = count_slashes(state->prefix) + 1;
 		}
 	}
 	free(name);
@@ -860,36 +896,39 @@ static int has_epoch_timestamp(const char *nameline)
  * files, we can happily check the index for a match, but for creating a
  * new file we should try to match whatever "patch" does. I have no idea.
  */
-static void parse_traditional_patch(const char *first, const char *second, struct patch *patch)
+static void parse_traditional_patch(struct apply_state *state,
+				    const char *first,
+				    const char *second,
+				    struct patch *patch)
 {
 	char *name;
 
 	first += 4;	/* skip "--- " */
 	second += 4;	/* skip "+++ " */
-	if (!p_value_known) {
+	if (!state->p_value_known) {
 		int p, q;
-		p = guess_p_value(first);
-		q = guess_p_value(second);
+		p = guess_p_value(state, first);
+		q = guess_p_value(state, second);
 		if (p < 0) p = q;
 		if (0 <= p && p == q) {
-			p_value = p;
-			p_value_known = 1;
+			state->p_value = p;
+			state->p_value_known = 1;
 		}
 	}
 	if (is_dev_null(first)) {
 		patch->is_new = 1;
 		patch->is_delete = 0;
-		name = find_name_traditional(second, NULL, p_value);
+		name = find_name_traditional(state, second, NULL, state->p_value);
 		patch->new_name = name;
 	} else if (is_dev_null(second)) {
 		patch->is_new = 0;
 		patch->is_delete = 1;
-		name = find_name_traditional(first, NULL, p_value);
+		name = find_name_traditional(state, first, NULL, state->p_value);
 		patch->old_name = name;
 	} else {
 		char *first_name;
-		first_name = find_name_traditional(first, NULL, p_value);
-		name = find_name_traditional(second, first_name, p_value);
+		first_name = find_name_traditional(state, first, NULL, state->p_value);
+		name = find_name_traditional(state, second, first_name, state->p_value);
 		free(first_name);
 		if (has_epoch_timestamp(first)) {
 			patch->is_new = 1;
@@ -905,10 +944,12 @@ static void parse_traditional_patch(const char *first, const char *second, struc
 		}
 	}
 	if (!name)
-		die(_("unable to find filename in patch at line %d"), linenr);
+		die(_("unable to find filename in patch at line %d"), state->linenr);
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_hdrend(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_hdrend(struct apply_state *state,
+			  const char *line,
+			  struct patch *patch)
 {
 	return -1;
 }
@@ -925,107 +966,135 @@ static int gitdiff_hdrend(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 #define DIFF_OLD_NAME 0
 #define DIFF_NEW_NAME 1
 
-static char *gitdiff_verify_name(const char *line, int isnull, char *orig_name, int side)
+static void gitdiff_verify_name(struct apply_state *state,
+				const char *line,
+				int isnull,
+				char **name,
+				int side)
 {
-	if (!orig_name && !isnull)
-		return find_name(line, NULL, p_value, TERM_TAB);
+	if (!*name && !isnull) {
+		*name = find_name(state, line, NULL, state->p_value, TERM_TAB);
+		return;
+	}
 
-	if (orig_name) {
-		int len = strlen(orig_name);
+	if (*name) {
+		int len = strlen(*name);
 		char *another;
 		if (isnull)
 			die(_("git apply: bad git-diff - expected /dev/null, got %s on line %d"),
-			    orig_name, linenr);
-		another = find_name(line, NULL, p_value, TERM_TAB);
-		if (!another || memcmp(another, orig_name, len + 1))
+			    *name, state->linenr);
+		another = find_name(state, line, NULL, state->p_value, TERM_TAB);
+		if (!another || memcmp(another, *name, len + 1))
 			die((side == DIFF_NEW_NAME) ?
 			    _("git apply: bad git-diff - inconsistent new filename on line %d") :
-			    _("git apply: bad git-diff - inconsistent old filename on line %d"), linenr);
+			    _("git apply: bad git-diff - inconsistent old filename on line %d"), state->linenr);
 		free(another);
-		return orig_name;
 	} else {
 		/* expect "/dev/null" */
 		if (memcmp("/dev/null", line, 9) || line[9] != '\n')
-			die(_("git apply: bad git-diff - expected /dev/null on line %d"), linenr);
-		return NULL;
+			die(_("git apply: bad git-diff - expected /dev/null on line %d"), state->linenr);
 	}
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_oldname(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_oldname(struct apply_state *state,
+			   const char *line,
+			   struct patch *patch)
 {
-	patch->old_name = gitdiff_verify_name(line, patch->is_new, patch->old_name,
-					      DIFF_OLD_NAME);
+	gitdiff_verify_name(state, line,
+			    patch->is_new, &patch->old_name,
+			    DIFF_OLD_NAME);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_newname(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_newname(struct apply_state *state,
+			   const char *line,
+			   struct patch *patch)
 {
-	patch->new_name = gitdiff_verify_name(line, patch->is_delete, patch->new_name,
-					      DIFF_NEW_NAME);
+	gitdiff_verify_name(state, line,
+			    patch->is_delete, &patch->new_name,
+			    DIFF_NEW_NAME);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_oldmode(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_oldmode(struct apply_state *state,
+			   const char *line,
+			   struct patch *patch)
 {
 	patch->old_mode = strtoul(line, NULL, 8);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_newmode(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_newmode(struct apply_state *state,
+			   const char *line,
+			   struct patch *patch)
 {
 	patch->new_mode = strtoul(line, NULL, 8);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_delete(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_delete(struct apply_state *state,
+			  const char *line,
+			  struct patch *patch)
 {
 	patch->is_delete = 1;
 	free(patch->old_name);
 	patch->old_name = xstrdup_or_null(patch->def_name);
-	return gitdiff_oldmode(line, patch);
+	return gitdiff_oldmode(state, line, patch);
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_newfile(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_newfile(struct apply_state *state,
+			   const char *line,
+			   struct patch *patch)
 {
 	patch->is_new = 1;
 	free(patch->new_name);
 	patch->new_name = xstrdup_or_null(patch->def_name);
-	return gitdiff_newmode(line, patch);
+	return gitdiff_newmode(state, line, patch);
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_copysrc(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_copysrc(struct apply_state *state,
+			   const char *line,
+			   struct patch *patch)
 {
 	patch->is_copy = 1;
 	free(patch->old_name);
-	patch->old_name = find_name(line, NULL, p_value ? p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
+	patch->old_name = find_name(state, line, NULL, state->p_value ? state->p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_copydst(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_copydst(struct apply_state *state,
+			   const char *line,
+			   struct patch *patch)
 {
 	patch->is_copy = 1;
 	free(patch->new_name);
-	patch->new_name = find_name(line, NULL, p_value ? p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
+	patch->new_name = find_name(state, line, NULL, state->p_value ? state->p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_renamesrc(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_renamesrc(struct apply_state *state,
+			     const char *line,
+			     struct patch *patch)
 {
 	patch->is_rename = 1;
 	free(patch->old_name);
-	patch->old_name = find_name(line, NULL, p_value ? p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
+	patch->old_name = find_name(state, line, NULL, state->p_value ? state->p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_renamedst(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_renamedst(struct apply_state *state,
+			     const char *line,
+			     struct patch *patch)
 {
 	patch->is_rename = 1;
 	free(patch->new_name);
-	patch->new_name = find_name(line, NULL, p_value ? p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
+	patch->new_name = find_name(state, line, NULL, state->p_value ? state->p_value - 1 : 0, 0);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_similarity(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_similarity(struct apply_state *state,
+			      const char *line,
+			      struct patch *patch)
 {
 	unsigned long val = strtoul(line, NULL, 10);
 	if (val <= 100)
@@ -1033,7 +1102,9 @@ static int gitdiff_similarity(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_dissimilarity(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_dissimilarity(struct apply_state *state,
+				 const char *line,
+				 struct patch *patch)
 {
 	unsigned long val = strtoul(line, NULL, 10);
 	if (val <= 100)
@@ -1041,7 +1112,9 @@ static int gitdiff_dissimilarity(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_index(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_index(struct apply_state *state,
+			 const char *line,
+			 struct patch *patch)
 {
 	/*
 	 * index line is N hexadecimal, "..", N hexadecimal,
@@ -1078,7 +1151,9 @@ static int gitdiff_index(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
  * This is normal for a diff that doesn't change anything: we'll fall through
  * into the next diff. Tell the parser to break out.
  */
-static int gitdiff_unrecognized(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_unrecognized(struct apply_state *state,
+				const char *line,
+				struct patch *patch)
 {
 	return -1;
 }
@@ -1087,15 +1162,17 @@ static int gitdiff_unrecognized(const char *line, struct patch *patch)
  * Skip p_value leading components from "line"; as we do not accept
  * absolute paths, return NULL in that case.
  */
-static const char *skip_tree_prefix(const char *line, int llen)
+static const char *skip_tree_prefix(struct apply_state *state,
+				    const char *line,
+				    int llen)
 {
 	int nslash;
 	int i;
 
-	if (!p_value)
+	if (!state->p_value)
 		return (llen && line[0] == '/') ? NULL : line;
 
-	nslash = p_value;
+	nslash = state->p_value;
 	for (i = 0; i < llen; i++) {
 		int ch = line[i];
 		if (ch == '/' && --nslash <= 0)
@@ -1112,7 +1189,9 @@ static const char *skip_tree_prefix(const char *line, int llen)
  * creation or deletion of an empty file.  In any of these cases,
  * both sides are the same name under a/ and b/ respectively.
  */
-static char *git_header_name(const char *line, int llen)
+static char *git_header_name(struct apply_state *state,
+			     const char *line,
+			     int llen)
 {
 	const char *name;
 	const char *second = NULL;
@@ -1130,7 +1209,7 @@ static char *git_header_name(const char *line, int llen)
 			goto free_and_fail1;
 
 		/* strip the a/b prefix including trailing slash */
-		cp = skip_tree_prefix(first.buf, first.len);
+		cp = skip_tree_prefix(state, first.buf, first.len);
 		if (!cp)
 			goto free_and_fail1;
 		strbuf_remove(&first, 0, cp - first.buf);
@@ -1147,7 +1226,7 @@ static char *git_header_name(const char *line, int llen)
 		if (*second == '"') {
 			if (unquote_c_style(&sp, second, NULL))
 				goto free_and_fail1;
-			cp = skip_tree_prefix(sp.buf, sp.len);
+			cp = skip_tree_prefix(state, sp.buf, sp.len);
 			if (!cp)
 				goto free_and_fail1;
 			/* They must match, otherwise ignore */
@@ -1158,7 +1237,7 @@ static char *git_header_name(const char *line, int llen)
 		}
 
 		/* unquoted second */
-		cp = skip_tree_prefix(second, line + llen - second);
+		cp = skip_tree_prefix(state, second, line + llen - second);
 		if (!cp)
 			goto free_and_fail1;
 		if (line + llen - cp != first.len ||
@@ -1173,7 +1252,7 @@ static char *git_header_name(const char *line, int llen)
 	}
 
 	/* unquoted first name */
-	name = skip_tree_prefix(line, llen);
+	name = skip_tree_prefix(state, line, llen);
 	if (!name)
 		return NULL;
 
@@ -1189,7 +1268,7 @@ static char *git_header_name(const char *line, int llen)
 			if (unquote_c_style(&sp, second, NULL))
 				goto free_and_fail2;
 
-			np = skip_tree_prefix(sp.buf, sp.len);
+			np = skip_tree_prefix(state, sp.buf, sp.len);
 			if (!np)
 				goto free_and_fail2;
 
@@ -1233,7 +1312,7 @@ static char *git_header_name(const char *line, int llen)
 			 */
 			if (!name[len + 1])
 				return NULL; /* no postimage name */
-			second = skip_tree_prefix(name + len + 1,
+			second = skip_tree_prefix(state, name + len + 1,
 						  line_len - (len + 1));
 			if (!second)
 				return NULL;
@@ -1249,7 +1328,11 @@ static char *git_header_name(const char *line, int llen)
 }
 
 /* Verify that we recognize the lines following a git header */
-static int parse_git_header(const char *line, int len, unsigned int size, struct patch *patch)
+static int parse_git_header(struct apply_state *state,
+			    const char *line,
+			    int len,
+			    unsigned int size,
+			    struct patch *patch)
 {
 	unsigned long offset;
 
@@ -1263,20 +1346,20 @@ static int parse_git_header(const char *line, int len, unsigned int size, struct
 	 * or removing or adding empty files), so we get
 	 * the default name from the header.
 	 */
-	patch->def_name = git_header_name(line, len);
-	if (patch->def_name && root.len) {
-		char *s = xstrfmt("%s%s", root.buf, patch->def_name);
+	patch->def_name = git_header_name(state, line, len);
+	if (patch->def_name && state->root.len) {
+		char *s = xstrfmt("%s%s", state->root.buf, patch->def_name);
 		free(patch->def_name);
 		patch->def_name = s;
 	}
 
 	line += len;
 	size -= len;
-	linenr++;
-	for (offset = len ; size > 0 ; offset += len, size -= len, line += len, linenr++) {
+	state->linenr++;
+	for (offset = len ; size > 0 ; offset += len, size -= len, line += len, state->linenr++) {
 		static const struct opentry {
 			const char *str;
-			int (*fn)(const char *, struct patch *);
+			int (*fn)(struct apply_state *, const char *, struct patch *);
 		} optable[] = {
 			{ "@@ -", gitdiff_hdrend },
 			{ "--- ", gitdiff_oldname },
@@ -1306,7 +1389,7 @@ static int parse_git_header(const char *line, int len, unsigned int size, struct
 			int oplen = strlen(p->str);
 			if (len < oplen || memcmp(p->str, line, oplen))
 				continue;
-			if (p->fn(line + oplen, patch) < 0)
+			if (p->fn(state, line + oplen, patch) < 0)
 				return offset;
 			break;
 		}
@@ -1431,7 +1514,11 @@ static int parse_fragment_header(const char *line, int len, struct fragment *fra
 	return offset;
 }
 
-static int find_header(const char *line, unsigned long size, int *hdrsize, struct patch *patch)
+static int find_header(struct apply_state *state,
+		       const char *line,
+		       unsigned long size,
+		       int *hdrsize,
+		       struct patch *patch)
 {
 	unsigned long offset, len;
 
@@ -1440,7 +1527,7 @@ static int find_header(const char *line, unsigned long size, int *hdrsize, struc
 	patch->is_new = patch->is_delete = -1;
 	patch->old_mode = patch->new_mode = 0;
 	patch->old_name = patch->new_name = NULL;
-	for (offset = 0; size > 0; offset += len, size -= len, line += len, linenr++) {
+	for (offset = 0; size > 0; offset += len, size -= len, line += len, state->linenr++) {
 		unsigned long nextlen;
 
 		len = linelen(line, size);
@@ -1461,7 +1548,7 @@ static int find_header(const char *line, unsigned long size, int *hdrsize, struc
 			if (parse_fragment_header(line, len, &dummy) < 0)
 				continue;
 			die(_("patch fragment without header at line %d: %.*s"),
-			    linenr, (int)len-1, line);
+			    state->linenr, (int)len-1, line);
 		}
 
 		if (size < len + 6)
@@ -1472,7 +1559,7 @@ static int find_header(const char *line, unsigned long size, int *hdrsize, struc
 		 * or mode change, so we handle that specially
 		 */
 		if (!memcmp("diff --git ", line, 11)) {
-			int git_hdr_len = parse_git_header(line, len, size, patch);
+			int git_hdr_len = parse_git_header(state, line, len, size, patch);
 			if (git_hdr_len <= len)
 				continue;
 			if (!patch->old_name && !patch->new_name) {
@@ -1481,14 +1568,14 @@ static int find_header(const char *line, unsigned long size, int *hdrsize, struc
 					       "%d leading pathname component (line %d)",
 					       "git diff header lacks filename information when removing "
 					       "%d leading pathname components (line %d)",
-					       p_value),
-					    p_value, linenr);
+					       state->p_value),
+					    state->p_value, state->linenr);
 				patch->old_name = xstrdup(patch->def_name);
 				patch->new_name = xstrdup(patch->def_name);
 			}
 			if (!patch->is_delete && !patch->new_name)
 				die("git diff header lacks filename information "
-				    "(line %d)", linenr);
+				    "(line %d)", state->linenr);
 			patch->is_toplevel_relative = 1;
 			*hdrsize = git_hdr_len;
 			return offset;
@@ -1508,37 +1595,44 @@ static int find_header(const char *line, unsigned long size, int *hdrsize, struc
 			continue;
 
 		/* Ok, we'll consider it a patch */
-		parse_traditional_patch(line, line+len, patch);
+		parse_traditional_patch(state, line, line+len, patch);
 		*hdrsize = len + nextlen;
-		linenr += 2;
+		state->linenr += 2;
 		return offset;
 	}
 	return -1;
 }
 
-static void record_ws_error(unsigned result, const char *line, int len, int linenr)
+static void record_ws_error(struct apply_state *state,
+			    unsigned result,
+			    const char *line,
+			    int len,
+			    int linenr)
 {
 	char *err;
 
 	if (!result)
 		return;
 
-	whitespace_error++;
-	if (squelch_whitespace_errors &&
-	    squelch_whitespace_errors < whitespace_error)
+	state->whitespace_error++;
+	if (state->squelch_whitespace_errors &&
+	    state->squelch_whitespace_errors < state->whitespace_error)
 		return;
 
 	err = whitespace_error_string(result);
 	fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: %s.\n%.*s\n",
-		patch_input_file, linenr, err, len, line);
+		state->patch_input_file, linenr, err, len, line);
 	free(err);
 }
 
-static void check_whitespace(const char *line, int len, unsigned ws_rule)
+static void check_whitespace(struct apply_state *state,
+			     const char *line,
+			     int len,
+			     unsigned ws_rule)
 {
 	unsigned result = ws_check(line + 1, len - 1, ws_rule);
 
-	record_ws_error(result, line + 1, len - 2, linenr);
+	record_ws_error(state, result, line + 1, len - 2, state->linenr);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1547,8 +1641,11 @@ static void check_whitespace(const char *line, int len, unsigned ws_rule)
  * between a "---" that is part of a patch, and a "---" that starts
  * the next patch is to look at the line counts..
  */
-static int parse_fragment(const char *line, unsigned long size,
-			  struct patch *patch, struct fragment *fragment)
+static int parse_fragment(struct apply_state *state,
+			  const char *line,
+			  unsigned long size,
+			  struct patch *patch,
+			  struct fragment *fragment)
 {
 	int added, deleted;
 	int len = linelen(line, size), offset;
@@ -1568,11 +1665,11 @@ static int parse_fragment(const char *line, unsigned long size,
 	/* Parse the thing.. */
 	line += len;
 	size -= len;
-	linenr++;
+	state->linenr++;
 	added = deleted = 0;
 	for (offset = len;
 	     0 < size;
-	     offset += len, size -= len, line += len, linenr++) {
+	     offset += len, size -= len, line += len, state->linenr++) {
 		if (!oldlines && !newlines)
 			break;
 		len = linelen(line, size);
@@ -1588,22 +1685,22 @@ static int parse_fragment(const char *line, unsigned long size,
 			if (!deleted && !added)
 				leading++;
 			trailing++;
-			if (!apply_in_reverse &&
-			    ws_error_action == correct_ws_error)
-				check_whitespace(line, len, patch->ws_rule);
+			if (!state->apply_in_reverse &&
+			    state->ws_error_action == correct_ws_error)
+				check_whitespace(state, line, len, patch->ws_rule);
 			break;
 		case '-':
-			if (apply_in_reverse &&
-			    ws_error_action != nowarn_ws_error)
-				check_whitespace(line, len, patch->ws_rule);
+			if (state->apply_in_reverse &&
+			    state->ws_error_action != nowarn_ws_error)
+				check_whitespace(state, line, len, patch->ws_rule);
 			deleted++;
 			oldlines--;
 			trailing = 0;
 			break;
 		case '+':
-			if (!apply_in_reverse &&
-			    ws_error_action != nowarn_ws_error)
-				check_whitespace(line, len, patch->ws_rule);
+			if (!state->apply_in_reverse &&
+			    state->ws_error_action != nowarn_ws_error)
+				check_whitespace(state, line, len, patch->ws_rule);
 			added++;
 			newlines--;
 			trailing = 0;
@@ -1657,7 +1754,10 @@ static int parse_fragment(const char *line, unsigned long size,
  * The (fragment->patch, fragment->size) pair points into the memory given
  * by the caller, not a copy, when we return.
  */
-static int parse_single_patch(const char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
+static int parse_single_patch(struct apply_state *state,
+			      const char *line,
+			      unsigned long size,
+			      struct patch *patch)
 {
 	unsigned long offset = 0;
 	unsigned long oldlines = 0, newlines = 0, context = 0;
@@ -1668,10 +1768,10 @@ static int parse_single_patch(const char *line, unsigned long size, struct patch
 		int len;
 
 		fragment = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*fragment));
-		fragment->linenr = linenr;
-		len = parse_fragment(line, size, patch, fragment);
+		fragment->linenr = state->linenr;
+		len = parse_fragment(state, line, size, patch, fragment);
 		if (len <= 0)
-			die(_("corrupt patch at line %d"), linenr);
+			die(_("corrupt patch at line %d"), state->linenr);
 		fragment->patch = line;
 		fragment->size = len;
 		oldlines += fragment->oldlines;
@@ -1757,7 +1857,8 @@ static char *inflate_it(const void *data, unsigned long size,
  * points at an allocated memory that the caller must free, so
  * it is marked as "->free_patch = 1".
  */
-static struct fragment *parse_binary_hunk(char **buf_p,
+static struct fragment *parse_binary_hunk(struct apply_state *state,
+					  char **buf_p,
 					  unsigned long *sz_p,
 					  int *status_p,
 					  int *used_p)
@@ -1799,13 +1900,13 @@ static struct fragment *parse_binary_hunk(char **buf_p,
 	else
 		return NULL;
 
-	linenr++;
+	state->linenr++;
 	buffer += llen;
 	while (1) {
 		int byte_length, max_byte_length, newsize;
 		llen = linelen(buffer, size);
 		used += llen;
-		linenr++;
+		state->linenr++;
 		if (llen == 1) {
 			/* consume the blank line */
 			buffer++;
@@ -1859,7 +1960,7 @@ static struct fragment *parse_binary_hunk(char **buf_p,
 	free(data);
 	*status_p = -1;
 	error(_("corrupt binary patch at line %d: %.*s"),
-	      linenr-1, llen-1, buffer);
+	      state->linenr-1, llen-1, buffer);
 	return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -1868,7 +1969,10 @@ static struct fragment *parse_binary_hunk(char **buf_p,
  *   -1 in case of error,
  *   the length of the parsed binary patch otherwise
  */
-static int parse_binary(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
+static int parse_binary(struct apply_state *state,
+			char *buffer,
+			unsigned long size,
+			struct patch *patch)
 {
 	/*
 	 * We have read "GIT binary patch\n"; what follows is a line
@@ -1889,15 +1993,15 @@ static int parse_binary(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
 	int status;
 	int used, used_1;
 
-	forward = parse_binary_hunk(&buffer, &size, &status, &used);
+	forward = parse_binary_hunk(state, &buffer, &size, &status, &used);
 	if (!forward && !status)
 		/* there has to be one hunk (forward hunk) */
-		return error(_("unrecognized binary patch at line %d"), linenr-1);
+		return error(_("unrecognized binary patch at line %d"), state->linenr-1);
 	if (status)
 		/* otherwise we already gave an error message */
 		return status;
 
-	reverse = parse_binary_hunk(&buffer, &size, &status, &used_1);
+	reverse = parse_binary_hunk(state, &buffer, &size, &status, &used_1);
 	if (reverse)
 		used += used_1;
 	else if (status) {
@@ -1915,53 +2019,53 @@ static int parse_binary(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
 	return used;
 }
 
-static void prefix_one(char **name)
+static void prefix_one(struct apply_state *state, char **name)
 {
 	char *old_name = *name;
 	if (!old_name)
 		return;
-	*name = xstrdup(prefix_filename(prefix, prefix_length, *name));
+	*name = xstrdup(prefix_filename(state->prefix, state->prefix_length, *name));
 	free(old_name);
 }
 
-static void prefix_patch(struct patch *p)
+static void prefix_patch(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *p)
 {
-	if (!prefix || p->is_toplevel_relative)
+	if (!state->prefix || p->is_toplevel_relative)
 		return;
-	prefix_one(&p->new_name);
-	prefix_one(&p->old_name);
+	prefix_one(state, &p->new_name);
+	prefix_one(state, &p->old_name);
 }
 
 /*
  * include/exclude
  */
 
-static struct string_list limit_by_name;
-static int has_include;
-static void add_name_limit(const char *name, int exclude)
+static void add_name_limit(struct apply_state *state,
+			   const char *name,
+			   int exclude)
 {
 	struct string_list_item *it;
 
-	it = string_list_append(&limit_by_name, name);
+	it = string_list_append(&state->limit_by_name, name);
 	it->util = exclude ? NULL : (void *) 1;
 }
 
-static int use_patch(struct patch *p)
+static int use_patch(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *p)
 {
 	const char *pathname = p->new_name ? p->new_name : p->old_name;
 	int i;
 
 	/* Paths outside are not touched regardless of "--include" */
-	if (0 < prefix_length) {
+	if (0 < state->prefix_length) {
 		int pathlen = strlen(pathname);
-		if (pathlen <= prefix_length ||
-		    memcmp(prefix, pathname, prefix_length))
+		if (pathlen <= state->prefix_length ||
+		    memcmp(state->prefix, pathname, state->prefix_length))
 			return 0;
 	}
 
 	/* See if it matches any of exclude/include rule */
-	for (i = 0; i < limit_by_name.nr; i++) {
-		struct string_list_item *it = &limit_by_name.items[i];
+	for (i = 0; i < state->limit_by_name.nr; i++) {
+		struct string_list_item *it = &state->limit_by_name.items[i];
 		if (!wildmatch(it->string, pathname, 0, NULL))
 			return (it->util != NULL);
 	}
@@ -1971,7 +2075,7 @@ static int use_patch(struct patch *p)
 	 * not used.  Otherwise, we saw bunch of exclude rules (or none)
 	 * and such a path is used.
 	 */
-	return !has_include;
+	return !state->has_include;
 }
 
 
@@ -1982,25 +2086,27 @@ static int use_patch(struct patch *p)
  * Return the number of bytes consumed, so that the caller can call us
  * again for the next patch.
  */
-static int parse_chunk(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
+static int parse_chunk(struct apply_state *state, char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	int hdrsize, patchsize;
-	int offset = find_header(buffer, size, &hdrsize, patch);
+	int offset = find_header(state, buffer, size, &hdrsize, patch);
 
 	if (offset < 0)
 		return offset;
 
-	prefix_patch(patch);
+	prefix_patch(state, patch);
 
-	if (!use_patch(patch))
+	if (!use_patch(state, patch))
 		patch->ws_rule = 0;
 	else
 		patch->ws_rule = whitespace_rule(patch->new_name
 						 ? patch->new_name
 						 : patch->old_name);
 
-	patchsize = parse_single_patch(buffer + offset + hdrsize,
-				       size - offset - hdrsize, patch);
+	patchsize = parse_single_patch(state,
+				       buffer + offset + hdrsize,
+				       size - offset - hdrsize,
+				       patch);
 
 	if (!patchsize) {
 		static const char git_binary[] = "GIT binary patch\n";
@@ -2010,8 +2116,8 @@ static int parse_chunk(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
 		if (llen == sizeof(git_binary) - 1 &&
 		    !memcmp(git_binary, buffer + hd, llen)) {
 			int used;
-			linenr++;
-			used = parse_binary(buffer + hd + llen,
+			state->linenr++;
+			used = parse_binary(state, buffer + hd + llen,
 					    size - hd - llen, patch);
 			if (used < 0)
 				return -1;
@@ -2031,7 +2137,7 @@ static int parse_chunk(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
 				int len = strlen(binhdr[i]);
 				if (len < size - hd &&
 				    !memcmp(binhdr[i], buffer + hd, len)) {
-					linenr++;
+					state->linenr++;
 					patch->is_binary = 1;
 					patchsize = llen;
 					break;
@@ -2043,9 +2149,9 @@ static int parse_chunk(char *buffer, unsigned long size, struct patch *patch)
 		 * without metadata change.  A binary patch appears
 		 * empty to us here.
 		 */
-		if ((apply || check) &&
+		if ((state->apply || state->check) &&
 		    (!patch->is_binary && !metadata_changes(patch)))
-			die(_("patch with only garbage at line %d"), linenr);
+			die(_("patch with only garbage at line %d"), state->linenr);
 	}
 
 	return offset + hdrsize + patchsize;
@@ -2083,7 +2189,7 @@ static const char pluses[] =
 static const char minuses[]=
 "----------------------------------------------------------------------";
 
-static void show_stats(struct patch *patch)
+static void show_stats(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	struct strbuf qname = STRBUF_INIT;
 	char *cp = patch->new_name ? patch->new_name : patch->old_name;
@@ -2094,7 +2200,7 @@ static void show_stats(struct patch *patch)
 	/*
 	 * "scale" the filename
 	 */
-	max = max_len;
+	max = state->max_len;
 	if (max > 50)
 		max = 50;
 
@@ -2117,13 +2223,13 @@ static void show_stats(struct patch *patch)
 	/*
 	 * scale the add/delete
 	 */
-	max = max + max_change > 70 ? 70 - max : max_change;
+	max = max + state->max_change > 70 ? 70 - max : state->max_change;
 	add = patch->lines_added;
 	del = patch->lines_deleted;
 
-	if (max_change > 0) {
-		int total = ((add + del) * max + max_change / 2) / max_change;
-		add = (add * max + max_change / 2) / max_change;
+	if (state->max_change > 0) {
+		int total = ((add + del) * max + state->max_change / 2) / state->max_change;
+		add = (add * max + state->max_change / 2) / state->max_change;
 		del = total - add;
 	}
 	printf("%5d %.*s%.*s\n", patch->lines_added + patch->lines_deleted,
@@ -2194,17 +2300,17 @@ static void update_pre_post_images(struct image *preimage,
 	fixed = preimage->buf;
 
 	for (i = reduced = ctx = 0; i < postimage->nr; i++) {
-		size_t len = postimage->line[i].len;
+		size_t l_len = postimage->line[i].len;
 		if (!(postimage->line[i].flag & LINE_COMMON)) {
 			/* an added line -- no counterparts in preimage */
-			memmove(new, old, len);
-			old += len;
-			new += len;
+			memmove(new, old, l_len);
+			old += l_len;
+			new += l_len;
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		/* a common context -- skip it in the original postimage */
-		old += len;
+		old += l_len;
 
 		/* and find the corresponding one in the fixed preimage */
 		while (ctx < preimage->nr &&
@@ -2223,11 +2329,11 @@ static void update_pre_post_images(struct image *preimage,
 		}
 
 		/* and copy it in, while fixing the line length */
-		len = preimage->line[ctx].len;
-		memcpy(new, fixed, len);
-		new += len;
-		fixed += len;
-		postimage->line[i].len = len;
+		l_len = preimage->line[ctx].len;
+		memcpy(new, fixed, l_len);
+		new += l_len;
+		fixed += l_len;
+		postimage->line[i].len = l_len;
 		ctx++;
 	}
 
@@ -2242,7 +2348,76 @@ static void update_pre_post_images(struct image *preimage,
 	postimage->nr -= reduced;
 }
 
-static int match_fragment(struct image *img,
+static int line_by_line_fuzzy_match(struct image *img,
+				    struct image *preimage,
+				    struct image *postimage,
+				    unsigned long try,
+				    int try_lno,
+				    int preimage_limit)
+{
+	int i;
+	size_t imgoff = 0;
+	size_t preoff = 0;
+	size_t postlen = postimage->len;
+	size_t extra_chars;
+	char *buf;
+	char *preimage_eof;
+	char *preimage_end;
+	struct strbuf fixed;
+	char *fixed_buf;
+	size_t fixed_len;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < preimage_limit; i++) {
+		size_t prelen = preimage->line[i].len;
+		size_t imglen = img->line[try_lno+i].len;
+
+		if (!fuzzy_matchlines(img->buf + try + imgoff, imglen,
+				      preimage->buf + preoff, prelen))
+			return 0;
+		if (preimage->line[i].flag & LINE_COMMON)
+			postlen += imglen - prelen;
+		imgoff += imglen;
+		preoff += prelen;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Ok, the preimage matches with whitespace fuzz.
+	 *
+	 * imgoff now holds the true length of the target that
+	 * matches the preimage before the end of the file.
+	 *
+	 * Count the number of characters in the preimage that fall
+	 * beyond the end of the file and make sure that all of them
+	 * are whitespace characters. (This can only happen if
+	 * we are removing blank lines at the end of the file.)
+	 */
+	buf = preimage_eof = preimage->buf + preoff;
+	for ( ; i < preimage->nr; i++)
+		preoff += preimage->line[i].len;
+	preimage_end = preimage->buf + preoff;
+	for ( ; buf < preimage_end; buf++)
+		if (!isspace(*buf))
+			return 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Update the preimage and the common postimage context
+	 * lines to use the same whitespace as the target.
+	 * If whitespace is missing in the target (i.e.
+	 * if the preimage extends beyond the end of the file),
+	 * use the whitespace from the preimage.
+	 */
+	extra_chars = preimage_end - preimage_eof;
+	strbuf_init(&fixed, imgoff + extra_chars);
+	strbuf_add(&fixed, img->buf + try, imgoff);
+	strbuf_add(&fixed, preimage_eof, extra_chars);
+	fixed_buf = strbuf_detach(&fixed, &fixed_len);
+	update_pre_post_images(preimage, postimage,
+			       fixed_buf, fixed_len, postlen);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int match_fragment(struct apply_state *state,
+			  struct image *img,
 			  struct image *preimage,
 			  struct image *postimage,
 			  unsigned long try,
@@ -2263,7 +2438,7 @@ static int match_fragment(struct image *img,
 		preimage_limit = preimage->nr;
 		if (match_end && (preimage->nr + try_lno != img->nr))
 			return 0;
-	} else if (ws_error_action == correct_ws_error &&
+	} else if (state->ws_error_action == correct_ws_error &&
 		   (ws_rule & WS_BLANK_AT_EOF)) {
 		/*
 		 * This hunk extends beyond the end of img, and we are
@@ -2331,63 +2506,11 @@ static int match_fragment(struct image *img,
 	 * fuzzy matching. We collect all the line length information because
 	 * we need it to adjust whitespace if we match.
 	 */
-	if (ws_ignore_action == ignore_ws_change) {
-		size_t imgoff = 0;
-		size_t preoff = 0;
-		size_t postlen = postimage->len;
-		size_t extra_chars;
-		char *preimage_eof;
-		char *preimage_end;
-		for (i = 0; i < preimage_limit; i++) {
-			size_t prelen = preimage->line[i].len;
-			size_t imglen = img->line[try_lno+i].len;
+	if (state->ws_ignore_action == ignore_ws_change)
+		return line_by_line_fuzzy_match(img, preimage, postimage,
+						try, try_lno, preimage_limit);
 
-			if (!fuzzy_matchlines(img->buf + try + imgoff, imglen,
-					      preimage->buf + preoff, prelen))
-				return 0;
-			if (preimage->line[i].flag & LINE_COMMON)
-				postlen += imglen - prelen;
-			imgoff += imglen;
-			preoff += prelen;
-		}
-
-		/*
-		 * Ok, the preimage matches with whitespace fuzz.
-		 *
-		 * imgoff now holds the true length of the target that
-		 * matches the preimage before the end of the file.
-		 *
-		 * Count the number of characters in the preimage that fall
-		 * beyond the end of the file and make sure that all of them
-		 * are whitespace characters. (This can only happen if
-		 * we are removing blank lines at the end of the file.)
-		 */
-		buf = preimage_eof = preimage->buf + preoff;
-		for ( ; i < preimage->nr; i++)
-			preoff += preimage->line[i].len;
-		preimage_end = preimage->buf + preoff;
-		for ( ; buf < preimage_end; buf++)
-			if (!isspace(*buf))
-				return 0;
-
-		/*
-		 * Update the preimage and the common postimage context
-		 * lines to use the same whitespace as the target.
-		 * If whitespace is missing in the target (i.e.
-		 * if the preimage extends beyond the end of the file),
-		 * use the whitespace from the preimage.
-		 */
-		extra_chars = preimage_end - preimage_eof;
-		strbuf_init(&fixed, imgoff + extra_chars);
-		strbuf_add(&fixed, img->buf + try, imgoff);
-		strbuf_add(&fixed, preimage_eof, extra_chars);
-		fixed_buf = strbuf_detach(&fixed, &fixed_len);
-		update_pre_post_images(preimage, postimage,
-				fixed_buf, fixed_len, postlen);
-		return 1;
-	}
-
-	if (ws_error_action != correct_ws_error)
+	if (state->ws_error_action != correct_ws_error)
 		return 0;
 
 	/*
@@ -2499,7 +2622,8 @@ static int match_fragment(struct image *img,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int find_pos(struct image *img,
+static int find_pos(struct apply_state *state,
+		    struct image *img,
 		    struct image *preimage,
 		    struct image *postimage,
 		    int line,
@@ -2543,7 +2667,7 @@ static int find_pos(struct image *img,
 	try_lno = line;
 
 	for (i = 0; ; i++) {
-		if (match_fragment(img, preimage, postimage,
+		if (match_fragment(state, img, preimage, postimage,
 				   try, try_lno, ws_rule,
 				   match_beginning, match_end))
 			return try_lno;
@@ -2594,7 +2718,8 @@ static void remove_last_line(struct image *img)
  * apply at applied_pos (counts in line numbers) in "img".
  * Update "img" to remove "preimage" and replace it with "postimage".
  */
-static void update_image(struct image *img,
+static void update_image(struct apply_state *state,
+			 struct image *img,
 			 int applied_pos,
 			 struct image *preimage,
 			 struct image *postimage)
@@ -2659,7 +2784,7 @@ static void update_image(struct image *img,
 	memcpy(img->line + applied_pos,
 	       postimage->line,
 	       postimage->nr * sizeof(*img->line));
-	if (!allow_overlap)
+	if (!state->allow_overlap)
 		for (i = 0; i < postimage->nr; i++)
 			img->line[applied_pos + i].flag |= LINE_PATCHED;
 	img->nr = nr;
@@ -2670,7 +2795,8 @@ static void update_image(struct image *img,
  * postimage) for the hunk.  Find lines that match "preimage" in "img" and
  * replace the part of "img" with "postimage" text.
  */
-static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
+static int apply_one_fragment(struct apply_state *state,
+			      struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
 			      int inaccurate_eof, unsigned ws_rule,
 			      int nth_fragment)
 {
@@ -2715,7 +2841,7 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
 		if (len < size && patch[len] == '\\')
 			plen--;
 		first = *patch;
-		if (apply_in_reverse) {
+		if (state->apply_in_reverse) {
 			if (first == '-')
 				first = '+';
 			else if (first == '+')
@@ -2748,17 +2874,17 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
 		/* Fall-through for ' ' */
 		case '+':
 			/* --no-add does not add new lines */
-			if (first == '+' && no_add)
+			if (first == '+' && state->no_add)
 				break;
 
 			start = newlines.len;
 			if (first != '+' ||
-			    !whitespace_error ||
-			    ws_error_action != correct_ws_error) {
+			    !state->whitespace_error ||
+			    state->ws_error_action != correct_ws_error) {
 				strbuf_add(&newlines, patch + 1, plen);
 			}
 			else {
-				ws_fix_copy(&newlines, patch + 1, plen, ws_rule, &applied_after_fixing_ws);
+				ws_fix_copy(&newlines, patch + 1, plen, ws_rule, &state->applied_after_fixing_ws);
 			}
 			add_line_info(&postimage, newlines.buf + start, newlines.len - start,
 				      (first == '+' ? 0 : LINE_COMMON));
@@ -2771,7 +2897,7 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
 			/* Ignore it, we already handled it */
 			break;
 		default:
-			if (apply_verbosely)
+			if (state->apply_verbosely)
 				error(_("invalid start of line: '%c'"), first);
 			applied_pos = -1;
 			goto out;
@@ -2812,7 +2938,7 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
 	 * without leading context must match at the beginning.
 	 */
 	match_beginning = (!frag->oldpos ||
-			   (frag->oldpos == 1 && !unidiff_zero));
+			   (frag->oldpos == 1 && !state->unidiff_zero));
 
 	/*
 	 * A hunk without trailing lines must match at the end.
@@ -2820,7 +2946,7 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
 	 * from the lack of trailing lines if the patch was generated
 	 * with unidiff without any context.
 	 */
-	match_end = !unidiff_zero && !trailing;
+	match_end = !state->unidiff_zero && !trailing;
 
 	pos = frag->newpos ? (frag->newpos - 1) : 0;
 	preimage.buf = oldlines;
@@ -2832,14 +2958,14 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
 
 	for (;;) {
 
-		applied_pos = find_pos(img, &preimage, &postimage, pos,
+		applied_pos = find_pos(state, img, &preimage, &postimage, pos,
 				       ws_rule, match_beginning, match_end);
 
 		if (applied_pos >= 0)
 			break;
 
 		/* Am I at my context limits? */
-		if ((leading <= p_context) && (trailing <= p_context))
+		if ((leading <= state->p_context) && (trailing <= state->p_context))
 			break;
 		if (match_beginning || match_end) {
 			match_beginning = match_end = 0;
@@ -2868,10 +2994,10 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
 		if (new_blank_lines_at_end &&
 		    preimage.nr + applied_pos >= img->nr &&
 		    (ws_rule & WS_BLANK_AT_EOF) &&
-		    ws_error_action != nowarn_ws_error) {
-			record_ws_error(WS_BLANK_AT_EOF, "+", 1,
+		    state->ws_error_action != nowarn_ws_error) {
+			record_ws_error(state, WS_BLANK_AT_EOF, "+", 1,
 					found_new_blank_lines_at_end);
-			if (ws_error_action == correct_ws_error) {
+			if (state->ws_error_action == correct_ws_error) {
 				while (new_blank_lines_at_end--)
 					remove_last_line(&postimage);
 			}
@@ -2882,13 +3008,13 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
 			 * apply_patch->check_patch_list->check_patch->
 			 * apply_data->apply_fragments->apply_one_fragment
 			 */
-			if (ws_error_action == die_on_ws_error)
-				apply = 0;
+			if (state->ws_error_action == die_on_ws_error)
+				state->apply = 0;
 		}
 
-		if (apply_verbosely && applied_pos != pos) {
+		if (state->apply_verbosely && applied_pos != pos) {
 			int offset = applied_pos - pos;
-			if (apply_in_reverse)
+			if (state->apply_in_reverse)
 				offset = 0 - offset;
 			fprintf_ln(stderr,
 				   Q_("Hunk #%d succeeded at %d (offset %d line).",
@@ -2906,9 +3032,9 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
 			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Context reduced to (%ld/%ld)"
 					     " to apply fragment at %d"),
 				   leading, trailing, applied_pos+1);
-		update_image(img, applied_pos, &preimage, &postimage);
+		update_image(state, img, applied_pos, &preimage, &postimage);
 	} else {
-		if (apply_verbosely)
+		if (state->apply_verbosely)
 			error(_("while searching for:\n%.*s"),
 			      (int)(old - oldlines), oldlines);
 	}
@@ -2922,7 +3048,9 @@ static int apply_one_fragment(struct image *img, struct fragment *frag,
 	return (applied_pos < 0);
 }
 
-static int apply_binary_fragment(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
+static int apply_binary_fragment(struct apply_state *state,
+				 struct image *img,
+				 struct patch *patch)
 {
 	struct fragment *fragment = patch->fragments;
 	unsigned long len;
@@ -2935,7 +3063,7 @@ static int apply_binary_fragment(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
 			     patch->old_name);
 
 	/* Binary patch is irreversible without the optional second hunk */
-	if (apply_in_reverse) {
+	if (state->apply_in_reverse) {
 		if (!fragment->next)
 			return error("cannot reverse-apply a binary patch "
 				     "without the reverse hunk to '%s'",
@@ -2968,7 +3096,9 @@ static int apply_binary_fragment(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
  * but the preimage prepared by the caller in "img" is freed here
  * or in the helper function apply_binary_fragment() this calls.
  */
-static int apply_binary(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
+static int apply_binary(struct apply_state *state,
+			struct image *img,
+			struct patch *patch)
 {
 	const char *name = patch->old_name ? patch->old_name : patch->new_name;
 	unsigned char sha1[20];
@@ -3029,7 +3159,7 @@ static int apply_binary(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
 		 * apply the patch data to it, which is stored
 		 * in the patch->fragments->{patch,size}.
 		 */
-		if (apply_binary_fragment(img, patch))
+		if (apply_binary_fragment(state, img, patch))
 			return error(_("binary patch does not apply to '%s'"),
 				     name);
 
@@ -3043,7 +3173,7 @@ static int apply_binary(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int apply_fragments(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
+static int apply_fragments(struct apply_state *state, struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	struct fragment *frag = patch->fragments;
 	const char *name = patch->old_name ? patch->old_name : patch->new_name;
@@ -3052,13 +3182,13 @@ static int apply_fragments(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
 	int nth = 0;
 
 	if (patch->is_binary)
-		return apply_binary(img, patch);
+		return apply_binary(state, img, patch);
 
 	while (frag) {
 		nth++;
-		if (apply_one_fragment(img, frag, inaccurate_eof, ws_rule, nth)) {
+		if (apply_one_fragment(state, img, frag, inaccurate_eof, ws_rule, nth)) {
 			error(_("patch failed: %s:%ld"), name, frag->oldpos);
-			if (!apply_with_reject)
+			if (!state->apply_with_reject)
 				return -1;
 			frag->rejected = 1;
 		}
@@ -3093,14 +3223,14 @@ static int read_file_or_gitlink(const struct cache_entry *ce, struct strbuf *buf
 	return read_blob_object(buf, ce->sha1, ce->ce_mode);
 }
 
-static struct patch *in_fn_table(const char *name)
+static struct patch *in_fn_table(struct apply_state *state, const char *name)
 {
 	struct string_list_item *item;
 
 	if (name == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 
-	item = string_list_lookup(&fn_table, name);
+	item = string_list_lookup(&state->fn_table, name);
 	if (item != NULL)
 		return (struct patch *)item->util;
 
@@ -3132,7 +3262,7 @@ static int was_deleted(struct patch *patch)
 	return patch == PATH_WAS_DELETED;
 }
 
-static void add_to_fn_table(struct patch *patch)
+static void add_to_fn_table(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	struct string_list_item *item;
 
@@ -3142,7 +3272,7 @@ static void add_to_fn_table(struct patch *patch)
 	 * file creations and copies
 	 */
 	if (patch->new_name != NULL) {
-		item = string_list_insert(&fn_table, patch->new_name);
+		item = string_list_insert(&state->fn_table, patch->new_name);
 		item->util = patch;
 	}
 
@@ -3151,12 +3281,12 @@ static void add_to_fn_table(struct patch *patch)
 	 * later chunks shouldn't patch old names
 	 */
 	if ((patch->new_name == NULL) || (patch->is_rename)) {
-		item = string_list_insert(&fn_table, patch->old_name);
+		item = string_list_insert(&state->fn_table, patch->old_name);
 		item->util = PATH_WAS_DELETED;
 	}
 }
 
-static void prepare_fn_table(struct patch *patch)
+static void prepare_fn_table(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	/*
 	 * store information about incoming file deletion
@@ -3164,7 +3294,7 @@ static void prepare_fn_table(struct patch *patch)
 	while (patch) {
 		if ((patch->new_name == NULL) || (patch->is_rename)) {
 			struct string_list_item *item;
-			item = string_list_insert(&fn_table, patch->old_name);
+			item = string_list_insert(&state->fn_table, patch->old_name);
 			item->util = PATH_TO_BE_DELETED;
 		}
 		patch = patch->next;
@@ -3185,7 +3315,9 @@ static int checkout_target(struct index_state *istate,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static struct patch *previous_patch(struct patch *patch, int *gone)
+static struct patch *previous_patch(struct apply_state *state,
+				    struct patch *patch,
+				    int *gone)
 {
 	struct patch *previous;
 
@@ -3193,7 +3325,7 @@ static struct patch *previous_patch(struct patch *patch, int *gone)
 	if (patch->is_copy || patch->is_rename)
 		return NULL; /* "git" patches do not depend on the order */
 
-	previous = in_fn_table(patch->old_name);
+	previous = in_fn_table(state, patch->old_name);
 	if (!previous)
 		return NULL;
 
@@ -3218,13 +3350,14 @@ static int verify_index_match(const struct cache_entry *ce, struct stat *st)
 
 #define SUBMODULE_PATCH_WITHOUT_INDEX 1
 
-static int load_patch_target(struct strbuf *buf,
+static int load_patch_target(struct apply_state *state,
+			     struct strbuf *buf,
 			     const struct cache_entry *ce,
 			     struct stat *st,
 			     const char *name,
 			     unsigned expected_mode)
 {
-	if (cached || check_index) {
+	if (state->cached || state->check_index) {
 		if (read_file_or_gitlink(ce, buf))
 			return error(_("read of %s failed"), name);
 	} else if (name) {
@@ -3250,7 +3383,8 @@ static int load_patch_target(struct strbuf *buf,
  * applying a non-git patch that incrementally updates the tree,
  * we read from the result of a previous diff.
  */
-static int load_preimage(struct image *image,
+static int load_preimage(struct apply_state *state,
+			 struct image *image,
 			 struct patch *patch, struct stat *st,
 			 const struct cache_entry *ce)
 {
@@ -3260,7 +3394,7 @@ static int load_preimage(struct image *image,
 	struct patch *previous;
 	int status;
 
-	previous = previous_patch(patch, &status);
+	previous = previous_patch(state, patch, &status);
 	if (status)
 		return error(_("path %s has been renamed/deleted"),
 			     patch->old_name);
@@ -3268,7 +3402,7 @@ static int load_preimage(struct image *image,
 		/* We have a patched copy in memory; use that. */
 		strbuf_add(&buf, previous->result, previous->resultsize);
 	} else {
-		status = load_patch_target(&buf, ce, st,
+		status = load_patch_target(state, &buf, ce, st,
 					   patch->old_name, patch->old_mode);
 		if (status < 0)
 			return status;
@@ -3327,7 +3461,9 @@ static int three_way_merge(struct image *image,
  * the current contents of the new_name.  In no cases other than that
  * this function will be called.
  */
-static int load_current(struct image *image, struct patch *patch)
+static int load_current(struct apply_state *state,
+			struct image *image,
+			struct patch *patch)
 {
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int status, pos;
@@ -3354,7 +3490,7 @@ static int load_current(struct image *image, struct patch *patch)
 	if (verify_index_match(ce, &st))
 		return error(_("%s: does not match index"), name);
 
-	status = load_patch_target(&buf, ce, &st, name, mode);
+	status = load_patch_target(state, &buf, ce, &st, name, mode);
 	if (status < 0)
 		return status;
 	else if (status)
@@ -3364,8 +3500,11 @@ static int load_current(struct image *image, struct patch *patch)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int try_threeway(struct image *image, struct patch *patch,
-			struct stat *st, const struct cache_entry *ce)
+static int try_threeway(struct apply_state *state,
+			struct image *image,
+			struct patch *patch,
+			struct stat *st,
+			const struct cache_entry *ce)
 {
 	unsigned char pre_sha1[20], post_sha1[20], our_sha1[20];
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -3391,7 +3530,7 @@ static int try_threeway(struct image *image, struct patch *patch,
 	img = strbuf_detach(&buf, &len);
 	prepare_image(&tmp_image, img, len, 1);
 	/* Apply the patch to get the post image */
-	if (apply_fragments(&tmp_image, patch) < 0) {
+	if (apply_fragments(state, &tmp_image, patch) < 0) {
 		clear_image(&tmp_image);
 		return -1;
 	}
@@ -3401,11 +3540,11 @@ static int try_threeway(struct image *image, struct patch *patch,
 
 	/* our_sha1[] is ours */
 	if (patch->is_new) {
-		if (load_current(&tmp_image, patch))
+		if (load_current(state, &tmp_image, patch))
 			return error("cannot read the current contents of '%s'",
 				     patch->new_name);
 	} else {
-		if (load_preimage(&tmp_image, patch, st, ce))
+		if (load_preimage(state, &tmp_image, patch, st, ce))
 			return error("cannot read the current contents of '%s'",
 				     patch->old_name);
 	}
@@ -3435,22 +3574,23 @@ static int try_threeway(struct image *image, struct patch *patch,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int apply_data(struct patch *patch, struct stat *st, const struct cache_entry *ce)
+static int apply_data(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *patch,
+		      struct stat *st, const struct cache_entry *ce)
 {
 	struct image image;
 
-	if (load_preimage(&image, patch, st, ce) < 0)
+	if (load_preimage(state, &image, patch, st, ce) < 0)
 		return -1;
 
 	if (patch->direct_to_threeway ||
-	    apply_fragments(&image, patch) < 0) {
+	    apply_fragments(state, &image, patch) < 0) {
 		/* Note: with --reject, apply_fragments() returns 0 */
-		if (!threeway || try_threeway(&image, patch, st, ce) < 0)
+		if (!state->threeway || try_threeway(state, &image, patch, st, ce) < 0)
 			return -1;
 	}
 	patch->result = image.buf;
 	patch->resultsize = image.len;
-	add_to_fn_table(patch);
+	add_to_fn_table(state, patch);
 	free(image.line_allocated);
 
 	if (0 < patch->is_delete && patch->resultsize)
@@ -3470,7 +3610,10 @@ static int apply_data(struct patch *patch, struct stat *st, const struct cache_e
  * check_patch() separately makes sure (and errors out otherwise) that
  * the path the patch creates does not exist in the current tree.
  */
-static int check_preimage(struct patch *patch, struct cache_entry **ce, struct stat *st)
+static int check_preimage(struct apply_state *state,
+			  struct patch *patch,
+			  struct cache_entry **ce,
+			  struct stat *st)
 {
 	const char *old_name = patch->old_name;
 	struct patch *previous = NULL;
@@ -3481,19 +3624,19 @@ static int check_preimage(struct patch *patch, struct cache_entry **ce, struct s
 		return 0;
 
 	assert(patch->is_new <= 0);
-	previous = previous_patch(patch, &status);
+	previous = previous_patch(state, patch, &status);
 
 	if (status)
 		return error(_("path %s has been renamed/deleted"), old_name);
 	if (previous) {
 		st_mode = previous->new_mode;
-	} else if (!cached) {
+	} else if (!state->cached) {
 		stat_ret = lstat(old_name, st);
 		if (stat_ret && errno != ENOENT)
 			return error(_("%s: %s"), old_name, strerror(errno));
 	}
 
-	if (check_index && !previous) {
+	if (state->check_index && !previous) {
 		int pos = cache_name_pos(old_name, strlen(old_name));
 		if (pos < 0) {
 			if (patch->is_new < 0)
@@ -3505,9 +3648,9 @@ static int check_preimage(struct patch *patch, struct cache_entry **ce, struct s
 			if (checkout_target(&the_index, *ce, st))
 				return -1;
 		}
-		if (!cached && verify_index_match(*ce, st))
+		if (!state->cached && verify_index_match(*ce, st))
 			return error(_("%s: does not match index"), old_name);
-		if (cached)
+		if (state->cached)
 			st_mode = (*ce)->ce_mode;
 	} else if (stat_ret < 0) {
 		if (patch->is_new < 0)
@@ -3515,7 +3658,7 @@ static int check_preimage(struct patch *patch, struct cache_entry **ce, struct s
 		return error(_("%s: %s"), old_name, strerror(errno));
 	}
 
-	if (!cached && !previous)
+	if (!state->cached && !previous)
 		st_mode = ce_mode_from_stat(*ce, st->st_mode);
 
 	if (patch->is_new < 0)
@@ -3543,15 +3686,17 @@ static int check_preimage(struct patch *patch, struct cache_entry **ce, struct s
 #define EXISTS_IN_INDEX 1
 #define EXISTS_IN_WORKTREE 2
 
-static int check_to_create(const char *new_name, int ok_if_exists)
+static int check_to_create(struct apply_state *state,
+			   const char *new_name,
+			   int ok_if_exists)
 {
 	struct stat nst;
 
-	if (check_index &&
+	if (state->check_index &&
 	    cache_name_pos(new_name, strlen(new_name)) >= 0 &&
 	    !ok_if_exists)
 		return EXISTS_IN_INDEX;
-	if (cached)
+	if (state->cached)
 		return 0;
 
 	if (!lstat(new_name, &nst)) {
@@ -3574,56 +3719,46 @@ static int check_to_create(const char *new_name, int ok_if_exists)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-/*
- * We need to keep track of how symlinks in the preimage are
- * manipulated by the patches.  A patch to add a/b/c where a/b
- * is a symlink should not be allowed to affect the directory
- * the symlink points at, but if the same patch removes a/b,
- * it is perfectly fine, as the patch removes a/b to make room
- * to create a directory a/b so that a/b/c can be created.
- */
-static struct string_list symlink_changes;
-#define SYMLINK_GOES_AWAY 01
-#define SYMLINK_IN_RESULT 02
-
-static uintptr_t register_symlink_changes(const char *path, uintptr_t what)
+static uintptr_t register_symlink_changes(struct apply_state *state,
+					  const char *path,
+					  uintptr_t what)
 {
 	struct string_list_item *ent;
 
-	ent = string_list_lookup(&symlink_changes, path);
+	ent = string_list_lookup(&state->symlink_changes, path);
 	if (!ent) {
-		ent = string_list_insert(&symlink_changes, path);
+		ent = string_list_insert(&state->symlink_changes, path);
 		ent->util = (void *)0;
 	}
 	ent->util = (void *)(what | ((uintptr_t)ent->util));
 	return (uintptr_t)ent->util;
 }
 
-static uintptr_t check_symlink_changes(const char *path)
+static uintptr_t check_symlink_changes(struct apply_state *state, const char *path)
 {
 	struct string_list_item *ent;
 
-	ent = string_list_lookup(&symlink_changes, path);
+	ent = string_list_lookup(&state->symlink_changes, path);
 	if (!ent)
 		return 0;
 	return (uintptr_t)ent->util;
 }
 
-static void prepare_symlink_changes(struct patch *patch)
+static void prepare_symlink_changes(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	for ( ; patch; patch = patch->next) {
 		if ((patch->old_name && S_ISLNK(patch->old_mode)) &&
 		    (patch->is_rename || patch->is_delete))
 			/* the symlink at patch->old_name is removed */
-			register_symlink_changes(patch->old_name, SYMLINK_GOES_AWAY);
+			register_symlink_changes(state, patch->old_name, SYMLINK_GOES_AWAY);
 
 		if (patch->new_name && S_ISLNK(patch->new_mode))
 			/* the symlink at patch->new_name is created or remains */
-			register_symlink_changes(patch->new_name, SYMLINK_IN_RESULT);
+			register_symlink_changes(state, patch->new_name, SYMLINK_IN_RESULT);
 	}
 }
 
-static int path_is_beyond_symlink_1(struct strbuf *name)
+static int path_is_beyond_symlink_1(struct apply_state *state, struct strbuf *name)
 {
 	do {
 		unsigned int change;
@@ -3633,7 +3768,7 @@ static int path_is_beyond_symlink_1(struct strbuf *name)
 		if (!name->len)
 			break;
 		name->buf[name->len] = '\0';
-		change = check_symlink_changes(name->buf);
+		change = check_symlink_changes(state, name->buf);
 		if (change & SYMLINK_IN_RESULT)
 			return 1;
 		if (change & SYMLINK_GOES_AWAY)
@@ -3644,7 +3779,7 @@ static int path_is_beyond_symlink_1(struct strbuf *name)
 			continue;
 
 		/* otherwise, check the preimage */
-		if (check_index) {
+		if (state->check_index) {
 			struct cache_entry *ce;
 
 			ce = cache_file_exists(name->buf, name->len, ignore_case);
@@ -3659,14 +3794,14 @@ static int path_is_beyond_symlink_1(struct strbuf *name)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int path_is_beyond_symlink(const char *name_)
+static int path_is_beyond_symlink(struct apply_state *state, const char *name_)
 {
 	int ret;
 	struct strbuf name = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	assert(*name_ != '\0');
 	strbuf_addstr(&name, name_);
-	ret = path_is_beyond_symlink_1(&name);
+	ret = path_is_beyond_symlink_1(state, &name);
 	strbuf_release(&name);
 
 	return ret;
@@ -3693,7 +3828,7 @@ static void die_on_unsafe_path(struct patch *patch)
  * Check and apply the patch in-core; leave the result in patch->result
  * for the caller to write it out to the final destination.
  */
-static int check_patch(struct patch *patch)
+static int check_patch(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	struct stat st;
 	const char *old_name = patch->old_name;
@@ -3706,7 +3841,7 @@ static int check_patch(struct patch *patch)
 
 	patch->rejected = 1; /* we will drop this after we succeed */
 
-	status = check_preimage(patch, &ce, &st);
+	status = check_preimage(state, patch, &ce, &st);
 	if (status)
 		return status;
 	old_name = patch->old_name;
@@ -3725,7 +3860,7 @@ static int check_patch(struct patch *patch)
 	 * B and rename from A to B is handled the same way by asking
 	 * was_deleted().
 	 */
-	if ((tpatch = in_fn_table(new_name)) &&
+	if ((tpatch = in_fn_table(state, new_name)) &&
 	    (was_deleted(tpatch) || to_be_deleted(tpatch)))
 		ok_if_exists = 1;
 	else
@@ -3733,9 +3868,9 @@ static int check_patch(struct patch *patch)
 
 	if (new_name &&
 	    ((0 < patch->is_new) || patch->is_rename || patch->is_copy)) {
-		int err = check_to_create(new_name, ok_if_exists);
+		int err = check_to_create(state, new_name, ok_if_exists);
 
-		if (err && threeway) {
+		if (err && state->threeway) {
 			patch->direct_to_threeway = 1;
 		} else switch (err) {
 		case 0:
@@ -3776,7 +3911,7 @@ static int check_patch(struct patch *patch)
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (!unsafe_paths)
+	if (!state->unsafe_paths)
 		die_on_unsafe_path(patch);
 
 	/*
@@ -3788,27 +3923,27 @@ static int check_patch(struct patch *patch)
 	 * is not deposited to a path that is beyond a symbolic link
 	 * here.
 	 */
-	if (!patch->is_delete && path_is_beyond_symlink(patch->new_name))
+	if (!patch->is_delete && path_is_beyond_symlink(state, patch->new_name))
 		return error(_("affected file '%s' is beyond a symbolic link"),
 			     patch->new_name);
 
-	if (apply_data(patch, &st, ce) < 0)
+	if (apply_data(state, patch, &st, ce) < 0)
 		return error(_("%s: patch does not apply"), name);
 	patch->rejected = 0;
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int check_patch_list(struct patch *patch)
+static int check_patch_list(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	int err = 0;
 
-	prepare_symlink_changes(patch);
-	prepare_fn_table(patch);
+	prepare_symlink_changes(state, patch);
+	prepare_fn_table(state, patch);
 	while (patch) {
-		if (apply_verbosely)
+		if (state->apply_verbosely)
 			say_patch_name(stderr,
 				       _("Checking patch %s..."), patch);
-		err |= check_patch(patch);
+		err |= check_patch(state, patch);
 		patch = patch->next;
 	}
 	return err;
@@ -3912,7 +4047,7 @@ static void build_fake_ancestor(struct patch *list, const char *filename)
 	discard_index(&result);
 }
 
-static void stat_patch_list(struct patch *patch)
+static void stat_patch_list(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	int files, adds, dels;
 
@@ -3920,13 +4055,14 @@ static void stat_patch_list(struct patch *patch)
 		files++;
 		adds += patch->lines_added;
 		dels += patch->lines_deleted;
-		show_stats(patch);
+		show_stats(state, patch);
 	}
 
 	print_stat_summary(stdout, files, adds, dels);
 }
 
-static void numstat_patch_list(struct patch *patch)
+static void numstat_patch_list(struct apply_state *state,
+			       struct patch *patch)
 {
 	for ( ; patch; patch = patch->next) {
 		const char *name;
@@ -3935,7 +4071,7 @@ static void numstat_patch_list(struct patch *patch)
 			printf("-\t-\t");
 		else
 			printf("%d\t%d\t", patch->lines_added, patch->lines_deleted);
-		write_name_quoted(name, stdout, line_termination);
+		write_name_quoted(name, stdout, state->line_termination);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -4017,49 +4153,53 @@ static void summary_patch_list(struct patch *patch)
 	}
 }
 
-static void patch_stats(struct patch *patch)
+static void patch_stats(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	int lines = patch->lines_added + patch->lines_deleted;
 
-	if (lines > max_change)
-		max_change = lines;
+	if (lines > state->max_change)
+		state->max_change = lines;
 	if (patch->old_name) {
 		int len = quote_c_style(patch->old_name, NULL, NULL, 0);
 		if (!len)
 			len = strlen(patch->old_name);
-		if (len > max_len)
-			max_len = len;
+		if (len > state->max_len)
+			state->max_len = len;
 	}
 	if (patch->new_name) {
 		int len = quote_c_style(patch->new_name, NULL, NULL, 0);
 		if (!len)
 			len = strlen(patch->new_name);
-		if (len > max_len)
-			max_len = len;
+		if (len > state->max_len)
+			state->max_len = len;
 	}
 }
 
-static void remove_file(struct patch *patch, int rmdir_empty)
+static void remove_file(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *patch, int rmdir_empty)
 {
-	if (update_index) {
+	if (state->update_index) {
 		if (remove_file_from_cache(patch->old_name) < 0)
 			die(_("unable to remove %s from index"), patch->old_name);
 	}
-	if (!cached) {
+	if (!state->cached) {
 		if (!remove_or_warn(patch->old_mode, patch->old_name) && rmdir_empty) {
 			remove_path(patch->old_name);
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-static void add_index_file(const char *path, unsigned mode, void *buf, unsigned long size)
+static void add_index_file(struct apply_state *state,
+			   const char *path,
+			   unsigned mode,
+			   void *buf,
+			   unsigned long size)
 {
 	struct stat st;
 	struct cache_entry *ce;
 	int namelen = strlen(path);
 	unsigned ce_size = cache_entry_size(namelen);
 
-	if (!update_index)
+	if (!state->update_index)
 		return;
 
 	ce = xcalloc(1, ce_size);
@@ -4074,7 +4214,7 @@ static void add_index_file(const char *path, unsigned mode, void *buf, unsigned
 		    get_sha1_hex(s, ce->sha1))
 			die(_("corrupt patch for submodule %s"), path);
 	} else {
-		if (!cached) {
+		if (!state->cached) {
 			if (lstat(path, &st) < 0)
 				die_errno(_("unable to stat newly created file '%s'"),
 					  path);
@@ -4126,9 +4266,13 @@ static int try_create_file(const char *path, unsigned int mode, const char *buf,
  * which is true 99% of the time anyway. If they don't,
  * we create them and try again.
  */
-static void create_one_file(char *path, unsigned mode, const char *buf, unsigned long size)
+static void create_one_file(struct apply_state *state,
+			    char *path,
+			    unsigned mode,
+			    const char *buf,
+			    unsigned long size)
 {
-	if (cached)
+	if (state->cached)
 		return;
 	if (!try_create_file(path, mode, buf, size))
 		return;
@@ -4169,13 +4313,14 @@ static void create_one_file(char *path, unsigned mode, const char *buf, unsigned
 	die_errno(_("unable to write file '%s' mode %o"), path, mode);
 }
 
-static void add_conflicted_stages_file(struct patch *patch)
+static void add_conflicted_stages_file(struct apply_state *state,
+				       struct patch *patch)
 {
 	int stage, namelen;
 	unsigned ce_size, mode;
 	struct cache_entry *ce;
 
-	if (!update_index)
+	if (!state->update_index)
 		return;
 	namelen = strlen(patch->new_name);
 	ce_size = cache_entry_size(namelen);
@@ -4196,7 +4341,7 @@ static void add_conflicted_stages_file(struct patch *patch)
 	}
 }
 
-static void create_file(struct patch *patch)
+static void create_file(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	char *path = patch->new_name;
 	unsigned mode = patch->new_mode;
@@ -4205,25 +4350,27 @@ static void create_file(struct patch *patch)
 
 	if (!mode)
 		mode = S_IFREG | 0644;
-	create_one_file(path, mode, buf, size);
+	create_one_file(state, path, mode, buf, size);
 
 	if (patch->conflicted_threeway)
-		add_conflicted_stages_file(patch);
+		add_conflicted_stages_file(state, patch);
 	else
-		add_index_file(path, mode, buf, size);
+		add_index_file(state, path, mode, buf, size);
 }
 
 /* phase zero is to remove, phase one is to create */
-static void write_out_one_result(struct patch *patch, int phase)
+static void write_out_one_result(struct apply_state *state,
+				 struct patch *patch,
+				 int phase)
 {
 	if (patch->is_delete > 0) {
 		if (phase == 0)
-			remove_file(patch, 1);
+			remove_file(state, patch, 1);
 		return;
 	}
 	if (patch->is_new > 0 || patch->is_copy) {
 		if (phase == 1)
-			create_file(patch);
+			create_file(state, patch);
 		return;
 	}
 	/*
@@ -4231,12 +4378,12 @@ static void write_out_one_result(struct patch *patch, int phase)
 	 * thing: remove the old, write the new
 	 */
 	if (phase == 0)
-		remove_file(patch, patch->is_rename);
+		remove_file(state, patch, patch->is_rename);
 	if (phase == 1)
-		create_file(patch);
+		create_file(state, patch);
 }
 
-static int write_out_one_reject(struct patch *patch)
+static int write_out_one_reject(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *patch)
 {
 	FILE *rej;
 	char namebuf[PATH_MAX];
@@ -4251,7 +4398,7 @@ static int write_out_one_reject(struct patch *patch)
 	}
 
 	if (!cnt) {
-		if (apply_verbosely)
+		if (state->apply_verbosely)
 			say_patch_name(stderr,
 				       _("Applied patch %s cleanly."), patch);
 		return 0;
@@ -4307,7 +4454,7 @@ static int write_out_one_reject(struct patch *patch)
 	return -1;
 }
 
-static int write_out_results(struct patch *list)
+static int write_out_results(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *list)
 {
 	int phase;
 	int errs = 0;
@@ -4320,9 +4467,9 @@ static int write_out_results(struct patch *list)
 			if (l->rejected)
 				errs = 1;
 			else {
-				write_out_one_result(l, phase);
+				write_out_one_result(state, l, phase);
 				if (phase == 1) {
-					if (write_out_one_reject(l))
+					if (write_out_one_reject(state, l))
 						errs = 1;
 					if (l->conflicted_threeway) {
 						string_list_append(&cpath, l->new_name);
@@ -4353,14 +4500,17 @@ static struct lock_file lock_file;
 #define INACCURATE_EOF	(1<<0)
 #define RECOUNT		(1<<1)
 
-static int apply_patch(int fd, const char *filename, int options)
+static int apply_patch(struct apply_state *state,
+		       int fd,
+		       const char *filename,
+		       int options)
 {
 	size_t offset;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT; /* owns the patch text */
 	struct patch *list = NULL, **listp = &list;
 	int skipped_patch = 0;
 
-	patch_input_file = filename;
+	state->patch_input_file = filename;
 	read_patch_file(&buf, fd);
 	offset = 0;
 	while (offset < buf.len) {
@@ -4370,20 +4520,20 @@ static int apply_patch(int fd, const char *filename, int options)
 		patch = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*patch));
 		patch->inaccurate_eof = !!(options & INACCURATE_EOF);
 		patch->recount =  !!(options & RECOUNT);
-		nr = parse_chunk(buf.buf + offset, buf.len - offset, patch);
+		nr = parse_chunk(state, buf.buf + offset, buf.len - offset, patch);
 		if (nr < 0) {
 			free_patch(patch);
 			break;
 		}
-		if (apply_in_reverse)
+		if (state->apply_in_reverse)
 			reverse_patches(patch);
-		if (use_patch(patch)) {
-			patch_stats(patch);
+		if (use_patch(state, patch)) {
+			patch_stats(state, patch);
 			*listp = patch;
 			listp = &patch->next;
 		}
 		else {
-			if (apply_verbosely)
+			if (state->apply_verbosely)
 				say_patch_name(stderr, _("Skipped patch '%s'."), patch);
 			free_patch(patch);
 			skipped_patch++;
@@ -4394,45 +4544,45 @@ static int apply_patch(int fd, const char *filename, int options)
 	if (!list && !skipped_patch)
 		die(_("unrecognized input"));
 
-	if (whitespace_error && (ws_error_action == die_on_ws_error))
-		apply = 0;
+	if (state->whitespace_error && (state->ws_error_action == die_on_ws_error))
+		state->apply = 0;
 
-	update_index = check_index && apply;
-	if (update_index && newfd < 0)
-		newfd = hold_locked_index(&lock_file, 1);
+	state->update_index = state->check_index && state->apply;
+	if (state->update_index && state->newfd < 0)
+		state->newfd = hold_locked_index(state->lock_file, 1);
 
-	if (check_index) {
+	if (state->check_index) {
 		if (read_cache() < 0)
 			die(_("unable to read index file"));
 	}
 
-	if ((check || apply) &&
-	    check_patch_list(list) < 0 &&
-	    !apply_with_reject)
+	if ((state->check || state->apply) &&
+	    check_patch_list(state, list) < 0 &&
+	    !state->apply_with_reject)
 		exit(1);
 
-	if (apply && write_out_results(list)) {
-		if (apply_with_reject)
+	if (state->apply && write_out_results(state, list)) {
+		if (state->apply_with_reject)
 			exit(1);
 		/* with --3way, we still need to write the index out */
 		return 1;
 	}
 
-	if (fake_ancestor)
-		build_fake_ancestor(list, fake_ancestor);
+	if (state->fake_ancestor)
+		build_fake_ancestor(list, state->fake_ancestor);
 
-	if (diffstat)
-		stat_patch_list(list);
+	if (state->diffstat)
+		stat_patch_list(state, list);
 
-	if (numstat)
-		numstat_patch_list(list);
+	if (state->numstat)
+		numstat_patch_list(state, list);
 
-	if (summary)
+	if (state->summary)
 		summary_patch_list(list);
 
 	free_patch_list(list);
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
-	string_list_clear(&fn_table, 0);
+	string_list_clear(&state->fn_table, 0);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -4446,220 +4596,281 @@ static void git_apply_config(void)
 static int option_parse_exclude(const struct option *opt,
 				const char *arg, int unset)
 {
-	add_name_limit(arg, 1);
+	struct apply_state *state = opt->value;
+	add_name_limit(state, arg, 1);
 	return 0;
 }
 
 static int option_parse_include(const struct option *opt,
 				const char *arg, int unset)
 {
-	add_name_limit(arg, 0);
-	has_include = 1;
+	struct apply_state *state = opt->value;
+	add_name_limit(state, arg, 0);
+	state->has_include = 1;
 	return 0;
 }
 
 static int option_parse_p(const struct option *opt,
-			  const char *arg, int unset)
+			  const char *arg,
+			  int unset)
 {
-	p_value = atoi(arg);
-	p_value_known = 1;
+	struct apply_state *state = opt->value;
+	state->p_value = atoi(arg);
+	state->p_value_known = 1;
 	return 0;
 }
 
 static int option_parse_space_change(const struct option *opt,
-			  const char *arg, int unset)
+				     const char *arg, int unset)
 {
+	struct apply_state *state = opt->value;
 	if (unset)
-		ws_ignore_action = ignore_ws_none;
+		state->ws_ignore_action = ignore_ws_none;
 	else
-		ws_ignore_action = ignore_ws_change;
+		state->ws_ignore_action = ignore_ws_change;
 	return 0;
 }
 
 static int option_parse_whitespace(const struct option *opt,
 				   const char *arg, int unset)
 {
-	const char **whitespace_option = opt->value;
-
-	*whitespace_option = arg;
-	parse_whitespace_option(arg);
+	struct apply_state *state = opt->value;
+	state->whitespace_option = arg;
+	parse_whitespace_option(state, arg);
 	return 0;
 }
 
 static int option_parse_directory(const struct option *opt,
 				  const char *arg, int unset)
 {
-	strbuf_reset(&root);
-	strbuf_addstr(&root, arg);
-	strbuf_complete(&root, '/');
+	struct apply_state *state = opt->value;
+	strbuf_reset(&state->root);
+	strbuf_addstr(&state->root, arg);
+	strbuf_complete(&state->root, '/');
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int cmd_apply(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix_)
+static void init_apply_state(struct apply_state *state,
+			     const char *prefix,
+			     struct lock_file *lock_file)
+{
+	memset(state, 0, sizeof(*state));
+	state->prefix = prefix;
+	state->prefix_length = state->prefix ? strlen(state->prefix) : 0;
+	state->lock_file = lock_file;
+	state->newfd = -1;
+	state->apply = 1;
+	state->line_termination = '\n';
+	state->p_value = 1;
+	state->p_context = UINT_MAX;
+	state->squelch_whitespace_errors = 5;
+	state->ws_error_action = warn_on_ws_error;
+	state->ws_ignore_action = ignore_ws_none;
+	state->linenr = 1;
+	strbuf_init(&state->root, 0);
+
+	git_apply_config();
+	if (apply_default_whitespace)
+		parse_whitespace_option(state, apply_default_whitespace);
+	if (apply_default_ignorewhitespace)
+		parse_ignorewhitespace_option(state, apply_default_ignorewhitespace);
+}
+
+static void clear_apply_state(struct apply_state *state)
+{
+	string_list_clear(&state->limit_by_name, 0);
+	string_list_clear(&state->symlink_changes, 0);
+	strbuf_release(&state->root);
+
+	/* &state->fn_table is cleared at the end of apply_patch() */
+}
+
+static void check_apply_state(struct apply_state *state, int force_apply)
+{
+	int is_not_gitdir = !startup_info->have_repository;
+
+	if (state->apply_with_reject && state->threeway)
+		die("--reject and --3way cannot be used together.");
+	if (state->cached && state->threeway)
+		die("--cached and --3way cannot be used together.");
+	if (state->threeway) {
+		if (is_not_gitdir)
+			die(_("--3way outside a repository"));
+		state->check_index = 1;
+	}
+	if (state->apply_with_reject)
+		state->apply = state->apply_verbosely = 1;
+	if (!force_apply && (state->diffstat || state->numstat || state->summary || state->check || state->fake_ancestor))
+		state->apply = 0;
+	if (state->check_index && is_not_gitdir)
+		die(_("--index outside a repository"));
+	if (state->cached) {
+		if (is_not_gitdir)
+			die(_("--cached outside a repository"));
+		state->check_index = 1;
+	}
+	if (state->check_index)
+		state->unsafe_paths = 0;
+	if (!state->lock_file)
+		die("BUG: state->lock_file should not be NULL");
+}
+
+static int apply_all_patches(struct apply_state *state,
+			     int argc,
+			     const char **argv,
+			     int options)
 {
 	int i;
 	int errs = 0;
-	int is_not_gitdir = !startup_info->have_repository;
-	int force_apply = 0;
-
-	const char *whitespace_option = NULL;
-
-	struct option builtin_apply_options[] = {
-		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "exclude", NULL, N_("path"),
-			N_("don't apply changes matching the given path"),
-			0, option_parse_exclude },
-		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "include", NULL, N_("path"),
-			N_("apply changes matching the given path"),
-			0, option_parse_include },
-		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 'p', NULL, NULL, N_("num"),
-			N_("remove <num> leading slashes from traditional diff paths"),
-			0, option_parse_p },
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "no-add", &no_add,
-			N_("ignore additions made by the patch")),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "stat", &diffstat,
-			N_("instead of applying the patch, output diffstat for the input")),
-		OPT_NOOP_NOARG(0, "allow-binary-replacement"),
-		OPT_NOOP_NOARG(0, "binary"),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "numstat", &numstat,
-			N_("show number of added and deleted lines in decimal notation")),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "summary", &summary,
-			N_("instead of applying the patch, output a summary for the input")),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "check", &check,
-			N_("instead of applying the patch, see if the patch is applicable")),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "index", &check_index,
-			N_("make sure the patch is applicable to the current index")),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "cached", &cached,
-			N_("apply a patch without touching the working tree")),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "unsafe-paths", &unsafe_paths,
-			N_("accept a patch that touches outside the working area")),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "apply", &force_apply,
-			N_("also apply the patch (use with --stat/--summary/--check)")),
-		OPT_BOOL('3', "3way", &threeway,
-			 N_( "attempt three-way merge if a patch does not apply")),
-		OPT_FILENAME(0, "build-fake-ancestor", &fake_ancestor,
-			N_("build a temporary index based on embedded index information")),
-		/* Think twice before adding "--nul" synonym to this */
-		OPT_SET_INT('z', NULL, &line_termination,
-			N_("paths are separated with NUL character"), '\0'),
-		OPT_INTEGER('C', NULL, &p_context,
-				N_("ensure at least <n> lines of context match")),
-		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "whitespace", &whitespace_option, N_("action"),
-			N_("detect new or modified lines that have whitespace errors"),
-			0, option_parse_whitespace },
-		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "ignore-space-change", NULL, NULL,
-			N_("ignore changes in whitespace when finding context"),
-			PARSE_OPT_NOARG, option_parse_space_change },
-		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "ignore-whitespace", NULL, NULL,
-			N_("ignore changes in whitespace when finding context"),
-			PARSE_OPT_NOARG, option_parse_space_change },
-		OPT_BOOL('R', "reverse", &apply_in_reverse,
-			N_("apply the patch in reverse")),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "unidiff-zero", &unidiff_zero,
-			N_("don't expect at least one line of context")),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "reject", &apply_with_reject,
-			N_("leave the rejected hunks in corresponding *.rej files")),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "allow-overlap", &allow_overlap,
-			N_("allow overlapping hunks")),
-		OPT__VERBOSE(&apply_verbosely, N_("be verbose")),
-		OPT_BIT(0, "inaccurate-eof", &options,
-			N_("tolerate incorrectly detected missing new-line at the end of file"),
-			INACCURATE_EOF),
-		OPT_BIT(0, "recount", &options,
-			N_("do not trust the line counts in the hunk headers"),
-			RECOUNT),
-		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "directory", NULL, N_("root"),
-			N_("prepend <root> to all filenames"),
-			0, option_parse_directory },
-		OPT_END()
-	};
-
-	prefix = prefix_;
-	prefix_length = prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0;
-	git_apply_config();
-	if (apply_default_whitespace)
-		parse_whitespace_option(apply_default_whitespace);
-	if (apply_default_ignorewhitespace)
-		parse_ignorewhitespace_option(apply_default_ignorewhitespace);
-
-	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_apply_options,
-			apply_usage, 0);
-
-	if (apply_with_reject && threeway)
-		die("--reject and --3way cannot be used together.");
-	if (cached && threeway)
-		die("--cached and --3way cannot be used together.");
-	if (threeway) {
-		if (is_not_gitdir)
-			die(_("--3way outside a repository"));
-		check_index = 1;
-	}
-	if (apply_with_reject)
-		apply = apply_verbosely = 1;
-	if (!force_apply && (diffstat || numstat || summary || check || fake_ancestor))
-		apply = 0;
-	if (check_index && is_not_gitdir)
-		die(_("--index outside a repository"));
-	if (cached) {
-		if (is_not_gitdir)
-			die(_("--cached outside a repository"));
-		check_index = 1;
-	}
-	if (check_index)
-		unsafe_paths = 0;
+	int read_stdin = 1;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
 		const char *arg = argv[i];
 		int fd;
 
 		if (!strcmp(arg, "-")) {
-			errs |= apply_patch(0, "<stdin>", options);
+			errs |= apply_patch(state, 0, "<stdin>", options);
 			read_stdin = 0;
 			continue;
-		} else if (0 < prefix_length)
-			arg = prefix_filename(prefix, prefix_length, arg);
+		} else if (0 < state->prefix_length)
+			arg = prefix_filename(state->prefix,
+					      state->prefix_length,
+					      arg);
 
 		fd = open(arg, O_RDONLY);
 		if (fd < 0)
 			die_errno(_("can't open patch '%s'"), arg);
 		read_stdin = 0;
-		set_default_whitespace_mode(whitespace_option);
-		errs |= apply_patch(fd, arg, options);
+		set_default_whitespace_mode(state);
+		errs |= apply_patch(state, fd, arg, options);
 		close(fd);
 	}
-	set_default_whitespace_mode(whitespace_option);
+	set_default_whitespace_mode(state);
 	if (read_stdin)
-		errs |= apply_patch(0, "<stdin>", options);
-	if (whitespace_error) {
-		if (squelch_whitespace_errors &&
-		    squelch_whitespace_errors < whitespace_error) {
+		errs |= apply_patch(state, 0, "<stdin>", options);
+
+	if (state->whitespace_error) {
+		if (state->squelch_whitespace_errors &&
+		    state->squelch_whitespace_errors < state->whitespace_error) {
 			int squelched =
-				whitespace_error - squelch_whitespace_errors;
+				state->whitespace_error - state->squelch_whitespace_errors;
 			warning(Q_("squelched %d whitespace error",
 				   "squelched %d whitespace errors",
 				   squelched),
 				squelched);
 		}
-		if (ws_error_action == die_on_ws_error)
+		if (state->ws_error_action == die_on_ws_error)
 			die(Q_("%d line adds whitespace errors.",
 			       "%d lines add whitespace errors.",
-			       whitespace_error),
-			    whitespace_error);
-		if (applied_after_fixing_ws && apply)
+			       state->whitespace_error),
+			    state->whitespace_error);
+		if (state->applied_after_fixing_ws && state->apply)
 			warning("%d line%s applied after"
 				" fixing whitespace errors.",
-				applied_after_fixing_ws,
-				applied_after_fixing_ws == 1 ? "" : "s");
-		else if (whitespace_error)
+				state->applied_after_fixing_ws,
+				state->applied_after_fixing_ws == 1 ? "" : "s");
+		else if (state->whitespace_error)
 			warning(Q_("%d line adds whitespace errors.",
 				   "%d lines add whitespace errors.",
-				   whitespace_error),
-				whitespace_error);
+				   state->whitespace_error),
+				state->whitespace_error);
 	}
 
-	if (update_index) {
-		if (write_locked_index(&the_index, &lock_file, COMMIT_LOCK))
+	if (state->update_index) {
+		if (write_locked_index(&the_index, state->lock_file, COMMIT_LOCK))
 			die(_("Unable to write new index file"));
+		state->newfd = -1;
 	}
 
 	return !!errs;
 }
+
+int cmd_apply(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int force_apply = 0;
+	int options = 0;
+	int ret;
+	struct apply_state state;
+
+	struct option builtin_apply_options[] = {
+		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "exclude", &state, N_("path"),
+			N_("don't apply changes matching the given path"),
+			0, option_parse_exclude },
+		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "include", &state, N_("path"),
+			N_("apply changes matching the given path"),
+			0, option_parse_include },
+		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 'p', NULL, &state, N_("num"),
+			N_("remove <num> leading slashes from traditional diff paths"),
+			0, option_parse_p },
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "no-add", &state.no_add,
+			N_("ignore additions made by the patch")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "stat", &state.diffstat,
+			N_("instead of applying the patch, output diffstat for the input")),
+		OPT_NOOP_NOARG(0, "allow-binary-replacement"),
+		OPT_NOOP_NOARG(0, "binary"),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "numstat", &state.numstat,
+			N_("show number of added and deleted lines in decimal notation")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "summary", &state.summary,
+			N_("instead of applying the patch, output a summary for the input")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "check", &state.check,
+			N_("instead of applying the patch, see if the patch is applicable")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "index", &state.check_index,
+			N_("make sure the patch is applicable to the current index")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "cached", &state.cached,
+			N_("apply a patch without touching the working tree")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "unsafe-paths", &state.unsafe_paths,
+			N_("accept a patch that touches outside the working area")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "apply", &force_apply,
+			N_("also apply the patch (use with --stat/--summary/--check)")),
+		OPT_BOOL('3', "3way", &state.threeway,
+			 N_( "attempt three-way merge if a patch does not apply")),
+		OPT_FILENAME(0, "build-fake-ancestor", &state.fake_ancestor,
+			N_("build a temporary index based on embedded index information")),
+		/* Think twice before adding "--nul" synonym to this */
+		OPT_SET_INT('z', NULL, &state.line_termination,
+			N_("paths are separated with NUL character"), '\0'),
+		OPT_INTEGER('C', NULL, &state.p_context,
+				N_("ensure at least <n> lines of context match")),
+		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "whitespace", &state, N_("action"),
+			N_("detect new or modified lines that have whitespace errors"),
+			0, option_parse_whitespace },
+		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "ignore-space-change", &state, NULL,
+			N_("ignore changes in whitespace when finding context"),
+			PARSE_OPT_NOARG, option_parse_space_change },
+		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "ignore-whitespace", &state, NULL,
+			N_("ignore changes in whitespace when finding context"),
+			PARSE_OPT_NOARG, option_parse_space_change },
+		OPT_BOOL('R', "reverse", &state.apply_in_reverse,
+			N_("apply the patch in reverse")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "unidiff-zero", &state.unidiff_zero,
+			N_("don't expect at least one line of context")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "reject", &state.apply_with_reject,
+			N_("leave the rejected hunks in corresponding *.rej files")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "allow-overlap", &state.allow_overlap,
+			N_("allow overlapping hunks")),
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&state.apply_verbosely, N_("be verbose")),
+		OPT_BIT(0, "inaccurate-eof", &options,
+			N_("tolerate incorrectly detected missing new-line at the end of file"),
+			INACCURATE_EOF),
+		OPT_BIT(0, "recount", &options,
+			N_("do not trust the line counts in the hunk headers"),
+			RECOUNT),
+		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "directory", &state, N_("root"),
+			N_("prepend <root> to all filenames"),
+			0, option_parse_directory },
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	init_apply_state(&state, prefix, &lock_file);
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, state.prefix, builtin_apply_options,
+			apply_usage, 0);
+
+	check_apply_state(&state, force_apply);
+
+	ret = apply_all_patches(&state, argc, argv, options);
+
+	clear_apply_state(&state);
+
+	return ret;
+}