Add API design guidelines (denoland/deno_std#119)

Original: bef7ba1430

README.md

@@ -59,6 +59,110 @@ Example: Instead of `file-server.ts` use `file_server.ts`.
 More specifically, code should be wrapped at 80 columns and use 2-space
 indentation and use camel-case. Use `//format.ts` to invoke prettier.
 
+### Exported functions: max 2 args, put the rest into an options object.
+
+When designing function interfaces, stick to the following rules.
+
+1. A function that is part of the public API takes 0-2 required arguments,
+   plus (if necessary) an options object (so max 3 total).
+
+2. Optional parameters should generally go into the options object.
+
+   An optional parameter that's not in an options object might be acceptable
+   if there is only one, and it seems inconceivable that we would add more
+   optional parameters in the future.
+
+3. The 'options' argument is the only argument that is a regular 'Object'.
+
+   Other arguments can be objects, but they must be distinguishable from a
+   'plain' Object runtime, by having either:
+
+   - a distinguishing prototype (e.g. `Array`, `Map`, `Date`, `class MyThing`)
+   - a well-known symbol property (e.g. an iterable with `Symbol.iterator`).
+
+   This allows the API to evolve in a backwards compatible way, even when the
+   position of the options object changes.
+
+```ts
+// BAD: optional parameters not part of options object. (#2)
+export function resolve(
+  hostname: string,
+  family?: "ipv4" | "ipv6",
+  timeout?: number
+): IPAddress[] {}
+
+// GOOD.
+export interface ResolveOptions {
+  family?: "ipv4" | "ipv6";
+  timeout?: number;
+}
+export function resolve(
+  hostname: string,
+  options: ResolveOptions = {}
+): IPAddress[] {}
+```
+
+```ts
+export interface Environment {
+  [key: string]: string;
+}
+
+// BAD: `env` could be a regular Object and is therefore indistinguishable
+// from an options object. (#3)
+export function runShellWithEnv(cmdline: string, env: Environment): string {}
+
+// GOOD.
+export interface RunShellOptions {
+  env: Environment;
+}
+export function runShellWithEnv(
+  cmdline: string,
+  options: RunShellOptions
+): string {}
+```
+
+```ts
+// BAD: more than 3 arguments (#1), multiple optional parameters (#2).
+export function renameSync(
+  oldname: string,
+  newname: string,
+  replaceExisting?: boolean,
+  followLinks?: boolean
+) {}
+
+// GOOD.
+interface RenameOptions {
+  replaceExisting?: boolean;
+  followLinks?: boolean;
+}
+export function renameSync(
+  oldname: string,
+  newname: string,
+  options: RenameOptions = {}
+) {}
+```
+
+```ts
+// BAD: too many arguments. (#1)
+export function pwrite(
+  fd: number,
+  buffer: TypedArray,
+  offset: number,
+  length: number,
+  position: number
+) {}
+
+// BETTER.
+export interface PWrite {
+  fd: number;
+  buffer: TypedArray;
+  offset: number;
+  length: number;
+  position: number;
+}
+export function pwrite(options: PWrite) {}
+```
+
 ### Use JS Doc to document exported machinery
 
 We strive for complete documentation. Every exported symbol ideally should have